CHEMISTRY 160 THE CELL
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CHEMISTRY 160THE CELL
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CELLS
Basic building blocks of life Smallest living unit of an organism
Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt,respond to their environment
A cell may be an entire organism or it maybe one of billions of cells that make up theorganism
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CELLS MAY BE
PROKARYOTIC
OR
EUKARYOTIC
Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack anucleus or membrane-bound structures
called organelles
Eukaryotes include most other cells &
have a nucleus and membrane-boundorganelles (plants, fungi, & animals)
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Nucleoid region contains the DNA •Cell membrane & cell wall• Contain ribosomes(no membrane) to make proteinsin their cytoplasm
Contain 3 basic cell structures:• Nucleus• Cell Membrane• Cytoplasm with organelles
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Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells
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Animal Cell
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Plant Cell
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Characteristic Bio-membranes and Organelles
Mitochondrion Surrounded by a double membrane with a series of foldscalled cristae. Functions in energy production throughmetabolism. Contains its own DNA, and is believed to haveoriginated as a captured bacterium.
Plasma Membrane A lipid/protein/carbohydrate complex, providing a barrierand containing transport and signaling systems.
Nucleus Double membrane surrounding the chromosomes and thenucleolus. Pores allow specific communication with thecytoplasm. The nucleolus is a site for synthesis of RNA makingup the ribosome
Chloroplasts (plastids) Surrounded by a double membrane, containing stacked thylakoidmembranes. Responsible for photosynthesis, the trapping of lightenergy for the synthesis of sugars. Contains DNA, and likemitochondria is believed to have originated as a capturedbacterium.
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) A network of interconnected membranes forming channels withinthe cell. Covered with ribosomes (causing the "rough"appearance) which are in the process of synthesizing proteins for
secretion or localization in membranes.Ribosomes
Protein and RNA complex responsible for protein synthesis
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) A network of interconnected membranes forming channels withinthe cell. A site for synthesis and metabolism of lipids. Also containsenzymes for detoxifying chemicals including drugs and pesticides.
Golgi apparatus A series of stacked membranes. Vesicles (small membranesurrounded bags) carry materials from the RER to the Golgiapparatus. Vesicles move between the stacks while the proteins
are "processed" to a mature form. Vesicles then carry newlyformed membrane and secreted proteins to their final destinationsincluding secretion or membrane localization.
Lysozomes A membrane bound organelle that is responsible for degradingproteins and membranes in the cell, and also helps degradematerials ingested by the cell.
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Vacuoles Membrane surrounded "bags" that contain water andstorage materials in plants.
Peroxisomes or Microbodies Produce and degrade hydrogen peroxide, a toxiccompound that can be produced during metabolism.
Cell wall
Plants have a rigid cell wall in addition to their cell membranes
Cytoplasm enclosed by the plasma membrane, liquid portion called cytosoland it houses the membranous organelles.
Cytoskeleton Arrays of protein filaments in the cytosol. Gives the cell itsshape and provides basis for movement.E.g. microtubules and microfilaments.
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ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
lysosome Chloroplast
Starch granule
Thylakoid disk
Cell wall
Vacuole
Glyoxysome
plasmodesma