2. Nervous System, Neuroanatomy, Neurotransmitters · 2/1/2016 1 Nervous System, Neuroanatomy, Neurotransmitters Neurons • Structure of neurons • Soma • Dendrites • Spines

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Nervous System, Neuroanatomy,

Neurotransmitters

Neurons

• Structure of neurons

• Soma

• Dendrites

• Spines

• Axon

• Myelin

• Nodes of Ranvier

Neurons

• Structure of neurons

• Axon collaterals

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Neurons

• Structure of neurons

• Synapse

• Presynaptic

• Postsynaptic

Neural Communication

• Membrane potential

• Resting membrane potential

• Ions

• Sodium (Na+)

• Potassium (K+)

• Calcium (Ca2+)

• Chloride (Cl-)

• Ion channels

• Ion Pumps

• Electrical gradient

Neural Communication

• Membrane potential

• Ion channels

• Ion Pumps

• Electrical gradient

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Neural Communication

• Action potential

• Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)

• Electrotonic conduction

• Voltage-gated ion channels

• Spike-triggering zone

• Axon hillock

Neural Communication

• Action potential

• Depolarization

• Threshold of excitation

• Repolarization

• Equilibrium potential

• Hyperpolarization

• Refractor period

Neural Communication

• Chemical Transmission

• Vesicles

• Neurotransmitters

• Excitatory

• Inhibitory

• Conditional

• Inactivation of neurotransmitters

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Neural Communication

• Chemical Transmission

Neural Communication

• NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitter Primary Effects

Drugs that Interact w/

NeurotransmitterEffects of the Drug

GlutamatePrimary excitatory

Neurotransmitter

Alcohol Desensitization of NMDA Receptor

GABAPrimary inhibitory

Neurotransmitter

Barbiturates, Alcohol,

Tranquilizers

Desensitization of GABA-A Receptor

Acetylcholine (Ach)Muscular contraction

Control hippocampus

Botulinum Toxin,

Nicotine

Blocks release of Ach

Stimulates Ach receptor

Dopamine (DA)Facilitate movement,

Attention & learning

Amphetamine, Cocaine,

Antipsychotics, Prozac, LSD

Inc. Dopamine synthesis

Inhib. Dopamine reuptake

Norepinephrine (NE)Increases vigilance &

Controls REM sleep

Block Dopamine receptors

SerotoninRegulates mood,

eating, sleep, arousal

Inhibit serotonin reuptake

Stim. serotonin receptors

Endogenous OpioidsReduce pain, reinforce

behavior

Heroin, Morphine

Naloxone

Stimulate opioid receptors

Block opioid receptors

Anandamide

(endogenous cannabinoid)

Analgesia, nausea

reduction, appetite

THC Stimulated cannabinoid receptors

Neural Communication

• Glial Cells (neuroglial cells)

• Astrocytes

• Microglial cells

• Oligodendrocytes

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Nervous System

• Central Nervous System (CNS)

• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Nervous System

• Autonomic Nervous System (CNS)

• Central Nervous System (PNS)

• Dura matter

• Nucleus

• Layer

• Cerebral Cortex

Nervous System

• Cerebral Cortex

• White matter

• Gray matter

• Tracts

• Commissures

• Corpus Callosum

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The Brain

• Anatomical Directions

• Lateral-medial

• Anterior-posterior

• Dorsal-ventral

The Brain

• Anatomical Sections/Planes

• Coronal (frontal, transverse)

• Horizontal (axial)

• Sagittal

The Brain

• Brainstem

• Medulla

• Pons

• Cerebellum

• Midbrain

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The Brain

• Diencephalon

• Thalamus

• Hypothalamus

• Pituitary Gland

The Brain

• Telencephalon

• Limbic System

• Hippocampus

• Amygdala

• Basal Ganglia

• Cerebral Cortex

The Brain

• Cerebral Cortex

• Sulci

• Gyri

• Two Hemispheres

• Corpus Callosum

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The Brain

• Cerebral Cortex

• Four Lobes

• Frontal

• Parietal

• Temporal

• Occipital

• Central Sulcus

• Sylvian (lateral) fissure

The Brain

• Cytoarchitectonics

• Korbinian Brodmann

• Brodman Areas

Functional Divisions of the Cortex

• Frontal Lobe

• Motor Areas

• Prefrontal cortex

• Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

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Functional Divisions of the Cortex

• Parietal Lobe

• Somatosensory areas

• Topographical mapping

• Homunculus

• Somatotopy

Functional Divisions of the Cortex

• Occipital Lobe

• Visual Processing Areas

• Striate cortex (V1)

• Extrastriate areas

Functional Divisions of the Cortex

• Temporal Lobe

• Auditory processing areas

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Image References

• http://humanphysiology.academy/Neurosciences%202015/Chapter%201/P.1.3p%20Neurone%20Micro.html

• https://droualb.faculty.mjc.edu/Course%20Materials/Physiology%20101/Chapter%20Notes/Fall%202007/chapter_7%20Fall%202007.htm

• https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/psych-chapter-3/deck/12232144

• https://cnx.org/contents/73d8f8a7-46a3-4a3a-9afa-970f2f03deb3@3/Neurons-and-Glial-Cells

• http://s-f-walker.org.uk/optionintranet/brodmann.html

• http://www.flanderstoday.eu/innovation/ku-leuven-discovers-brain-process-responsible-gripping

• http://www.slideshare.net/shahnazsyeda/frontal-lobe-functions-and-assessmeny-20th-july-2013