2 nd Year, M.Planning (2008-10) Department of Environmental Planning

2nd Year, M.Planning (2008-10)Department of Environmental Planning

Contributions by: Ashish, Debashish, Garfield, Jyoti , Priyanka, Raina, Rajni, Roshni, Ruth, Sneha, Tamosi, Vivekanand

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHISCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI

Seminar onIndo-British Perspectives on Planning and Architecture EducationIndo-British Perspectives on Planning and Architecture Education

August 19-20, 2010August 19-20, 2010

USE OF TOOLS AND TECHNIQUESUSE OF TOOLS AND TECHNIQUESIntegrated Water Resource Management Plan,Integrated Water Resource Management Plan,

Bharatpur Bharatpur

INTRODUCTION

Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Plan for Bharatpur, Rajasthan taken up for Studio Exercise as a part of 3rd Sem, Master’s in Environmental Planning course curriculum. (Aug – Nov’ 2009)

AIM: Conservation of Biodiversity in the threatened Keoladeo National Park (KNP) in context of Climate Change & arising water scarcity.

Application of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) approach for managing water resource and conservation of Biodiversity.

WATER BIODIVERSITY

CLIMATE CHANGE

MITIGATION

THREAT

STRUCTURE of PRESENTATION

• PROJECT INTRODUCTION

• DATA COLLECTION AND ISSUE IDENTIFICATION

• FORMULATION OF STUDY APPROACH

• METHODOLOGY

• SOFTWARE TOOLS USED FOR ANALYSIS

• FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSIS

• PLANNING APPROACH

PROJECT INTRODUCTION Spatial extents of KNP 27º7’6”N – 27º 12’2”N and 77º 29’5” E – 77º 33’9”E Area of 29 sq.km, situated on the western edge of the Gangetic basin on confluence of

R. Ruparel and R. Banganga in Bharatpur, Rajasthan. Created 250 years ago by flooding a natural depression through Ajan Bund. It is a freshwater marshy wetland. One of the 25 Ramsar Wetlands in India & an outstanding important bird areas . Only wetland to be a Protected area (1928), Ramsar site (1981) & World Heritage site (1985)

in north India.

BharatpurDistt

--Source: Envis centre on Wetland, MOEF

Location of Keoladeo National Park in Bharatpur District

DATA COLLECTION & ISSUE IDENTIFICATIONDATA COLLECTION & ISSUE IDENTIFICATION

Literature ReviewLiterature ReviewNEWS ReviewNEWS ReviewPrimary SurveysPrimary SurveysData Collection from Secondary sourcesData Collection from Secondary sourcesStakeholder ConsultationsStakeholder Consultations

• Local Govt. OfficialsLocal Govt. Officials• Non-Govt Organizations Non-Govt Organizations • Academicians & Environmental Research GroupsAcademicians & Environmental Research Groups• Local Public RepresentativesLocal Public Representatives• Local CommunityLocal Community

ECOLOGICAL: Annually supports more than 40,000 birds of 390 species. Over 130 nesting species. Wintering area for massive congregations of waterfowl and is the only wintering ground

for the highly endangered Siberian crane, migrating 6,400 km. Supports a number of other endangered species.

KADAMB TREEKADAMB TREE EMPLOYMENT GENERATIONEMPLOYMENT GENERATION

IMPORTANCE OF THE WETLAND

WATER FOWLWATER FOWL

REPTILESREPTILES

SOCIO- ECONOMIC:Supports Tourism Supports local economy by employment generation.

BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT UNDER THREAT

“The Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan, better known as the Bharatpur bird sanctuary, is in the danger of losing its Unesco World Heritage Site status if the state government fails to build a drain to bring water into the reserve. The bird sanctuary, which receives more than 300 species of birds, including the Siberian crane, has been facing a severe water crisis.”

The Times of India“Normally thronged by different varieties of winged guests during this time of the year, Keoladeo National Park in Bharatpur district this time wears a deserted look due to delayed and scanty rainfall.”

The Tribune

“The world-renowned park is in dire need of immediate intervention to restore its past glory by ensuring supply of 550-mcft water annually. Several species of birds have deserted the park following failure of projects to bring in water.”

December 5, 2009, The Hindu

“India's famous Keoladeo National Park at Bharatpur in Rajasthan is facing de-recognition from the list of Unesco's world heritage site after a two-member team of the world organisation pointed out the persistent water crisis in the sanctuary”. March 13, 2008, The Hindustan Times

80% decrease in Park Area: 154 sq.km (1850) - 29 sq.km (2009): Change in Land Cover from Forest to Agriculture.

Decline in Water supply from 14,000 million litres (1964) - 5000 million litres (2005) : Conflict of Interest groups.

BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT UNDER THREAT

19851985 20092009

Decrease in Area of KNPDecrease in Area of KNP

Declining bird population and changing habitats: grassland birds over dry marshlands

Increase in dead trees. Occurrence of dry land vegetation like cactus. Invasion of prosopis juliflora: threat to native

species. Mining of groundwater for supply to wetland

resulted in lowering of water table and affected soil quality.

Steep Decline in population of Siberian Crane & Sarus Crane.

IMPLICATIONS

0

50

100

150

200

250

NO

.OF

SIB

ER

IAN

CR

AN

E

YEARS

WINTERING POPULATION OF SIBERIAN CRANE IN KNP

Decrease in Population of Siberian CraneDecrease in Population of Siberian Crane Incidence of Dead TreesIncidence of Dead Trees

Issues Issues

FORMULATION OF STUDY APPROACHFORMULATION OF STUDY APPROACH

International Case StudiesInternational Case Studies• Murray Basin Strategic Wetland Management Plan, AustraliaMurray Basin Strategic Wetland Management Plan, Australia• Peri-Urban Wetland Management, East Calsutta, IndiaPeri-Urban Wetland Management, East Calsutta, India• Watershed Management in Alwar District, Rajasthan, IndiaWatershed Management in Alwar District, Rajasthan, India

National & State Policy FrameworkNational & State Policy Framework

IWRM APPROACH

IWRMP is based on the fact that all different uses of water are interdependent

“IWRM is a process that promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems.” Source: The Global Water Partnership GWP- 2002

An IWRM plan is set within geographical and political context, and takes into account all activities and developments requiring water or influencing the water resource. Source: Global Water Partnership

IWRM AT POLICY LEVEL

National Action Plan on Climate Change

Conservation of wetland through catchment area planning with importance to Land Use & Land Cover.

The National Environmental Policy, 2005

It underlines the need of water resource conservation and appropriate management through an integrated approach.

The Rajasthan State Water Policy (1999), Draft State Water Policy (2005)

National Water Policy (2002)

The adoption and implementation of Integrated Water Resources Management, involving the community.

Paradigm Shift in National & State level Policy for Water Management: from water supply to integrated management of water resources.

Wetland Policy under E(P) Act, 1986 Integrate wetland conservation, including conservation of village ponds and tanks, into sectoral development plans for poverty alleviation and livelihood improvement

The Plan of Implementation adopted at The World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg In 2002 called for countries To “Develop Integrated Water Resources

Management and Water Efficiency Plans by 2005”.

METHODOLOGY Introduction to Exercise

Background Studies

Aim, Objective, Methodology,Scope, Limitation

Concept of IWRM Case Studies

Delineation of Study Area

Baseline Study

Regional Urban Wetland

Analysis

Regional•Slope Analysis•GW Extraction Potentiality•Assessment of water requirement based on availability

Urban•Slope Analysis•Land Use Analysis•Infrastructural Stress Analysis•Environmental Analysis

Wetland•Slope Analysis•Habitat Analysis•Water Availability Analysis

Organization & Management

Issues & Gaps

Proposal

Regional Urban Wetland

Organization & Management

Stakeholder ConsultationsStakeholder Consultations

Stakeholder ConsultationsStakeholder Consultations

SOFTWARE TOOLS USED FOR ANALYSIS AND SOFTWARE TOOLS USED FOR ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION

ADOBE PhotoshopADOBE PhotoshopArc GISArc GISAuto CADAuto CADMS OfficeMS Office

FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSISFRAMEWORK OF ANALYSIS

Regional Level AnalysisRegional Level Analysis

Urban Area Level AnalysisUrban Area Level Analysis

Institutional AnalysisInstitutional Analysis

REGIONAL LEVEL ANALYSISREGIONAL LEVEL ANALYSIS

K.N.P. Watershed Area Delineation K.N.P. Watershed Area Delineation Surface Water Hydrology StatusSurface Water Hydrology Status Ground Water Extraction PotentialGround Water Extraction Potential Water Availability and Requirement ProjectionsWater Availability and Requirement Projections

KNP WATER SHED AREA DELINEATION

WATER SHED OF KNP

Water sheds of Ruparel, Banganga & R. Gambhir

WATER RESOURCE REGIONYamuna subbasin -2 -Ruparel - Banganga - Gambhir

Districts (Partly) - Bharatpur - Alwar - Jaipur - Dausa - Kaurali

CLIMATE

Annual Avg Rainfall (1960 -2007): 525-575 mmAnnual Avg. Rainfall Variation is 29.33% Reduction of Rainy days : 1 33.5(1970) to 16.6(2005)

LAND USE & LAND COVERLAND USE -1991

AREA (in sq Km) IN (%)ARABLE IRRIGATED 1426 61.01ARABLE UNIRRIGATED 812.35 34.75FOREST 52.52 2.25SCRUB 16.23 0.69WASTELAND 8.7 0.37URBAN 22.23 0.95TOTAL AREA 2337.37

SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY STATUS

Drying of Rivers due to harvesting structures upstream accross Bangana in Jaipur and Ruparail in Alwar)

Inland river system - a reason behind the reduced surface water flow. Borrowing water from R.Gambhir watershed for irrigation and KNP. Over-exploitation of ground water for irrigation and other uses.

River Ruparel BanGangaLength 12.34km 52.07kmCatchment Area

898.20 sq.km 1438.97 sq.km

Bunds 34 81Capacity of bunds 19.12mcm 78.16mcmArea irrigated

174.64 sq.km 263.07 sq.km

GROUND WATER EXTRACTION POTENTIAL

PARAMETERS : Quantitative Analysis: Depth to Water Table, Yeild, Development stage of Ground Water Qualitative Analysis : Fluoride content, Salinity, Nitrate content

Hydrological cycle in Bharatpur

WATER AVAILABILITY & REQUIREMENT PROJECTIONS

Annual Present Water Requirement By Use (Million Lts./Yr)

Annual Present Water Requirement & Availability (Million Litres/Yr)

Present demand- 1231 lpcd Availability- 1045 lpcd which is less than FAO standard of 1370 lpcd Gap- 158.25 lpcd or 92998 mlts per yr

PHASE Quantity (in mlts) % SHARE

Rainfall 1345692 100

Evapotranspiration 807415 60

Percolation 524820 39

Run-off 13456 1

This gap is created because of overexploitation of ground water.

Flood irrigation practice in arid area with sandy alluvial soil

Water Scarcity leading to shift in Agriculture from wheat to mustard and barley.

URBAN AREA LEVEL ANALYSISURBAN AREA LEVEL ANALYSIS

Land UseLand Use InfrastructureInfrastructure Environmental StatusEnvironmental Status

LAND USE Population Municipal Area: 2.05 lacs (2001 Census). Bharatpur urban area spreads over 29 sq kms, with Fort as the core & walled city

around it. Newer developments spread from Walled City along the NH-6. Increase in Slum areas and decreasing percentage of Open spaces. Degrading status of water bodies & open areas due to Urbanization pressure:

Encroachment & Reclamation of water bodies, stress on Urban Infrastructure.

Land Use, 2001

INFRASTRUCTURETRADITIONAL WATER SYSTEM: Traditional Water Management system based on natural drainage: rain-water harvesting &

prevention of flooding. Two moats around Lohagarh fort: Sujan Ganga (Inner Moat) & Outer Moat. Canals, Bunds & Drains Sources of Domestic Water Supply: Moti Jheel (R. Ruparel & R.Banganga), Wells in Outer &

Inner Moats, Wells & Diggis elsewhere.

Water System in Bharatpur

Drains flow into CFCD

Sujan GangaMoti Jheel

Outer Moat

InfrastructurePRESENT WATER SYSTEM: Sources of Water Supply: Bandh Baretha (Surface water) 40%

Mandoli (Ground water) 60% Total demand - 27.6 MLD; Supply - 19.4 MLD. GAP of 8.2 MLD. 40% Distribution losses. Large scale Ground water extraction taking place. Degradation of traditional water system & water harvesting structures.

Coverage of Municipal Water Supply

Bandh Baretha

Over-exploitation of GW

ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS

40% of Municipal Area with 65% population under high environmental stress.

Environmental Status

PARAMETERS:•Physiography•Density•Land Use•Infrastructure •Status of Open spaces & Water bodies

CONCLUSION

INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS

ISSUES

Lack of co-ordination amongst various organisations at distt. & state level urban & rural areas leading to lack of infrastructure or ad-hoc provisions

Missing Links in the current Institutional set-up at Distt level: Lack of Funds, National Water Fund cannot be availed.

Field level agencies not identified making it impossible to derive funds for IWRM of implement them.

Non-implementation of 73th & 74th CAA; required for required Institutional set-up under National Water Policy.

No Powers to community causing lack of participation in plan.

PLANNING APPROACH

PROPOSALS

REGIONAL

Water Budgeting for:

Domestic water demand

Irrigation water demand

URBAN

Land Management

Provision of Sustainable Infrastructure

WETLAND

• Water Management

• Vegetation Management

37777.5

16132.8

16014.4

14078.5

53791.9

30211.4

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

R ural Urban T otal

P rojec tetd P res ent

0200000400000600000800000

10000001200000

Present Projected

617691

1143336

Present & Projected (2029)domestic Water Requirement (Million Litres/Yr)

Present & Projected (2029) Water Requirement For All Uses (Million Litres/Yr)

Total Projected Population (2029) is 2262377 Total domestic water demand by 2029 would increase 1.78 times over the present That of rural area would increase 1.6 times & that of urban will be 2.2 times Increase in total water demand by 2029 will be by 85% of present or 1.8 times.

WATER BUDGET

UseExisting Standard

Requirement Losses Total ReqdProposed Standard

Remarks

Residential (lpcd) 135Existing (lpcd) 60 9 69 70 lpcd Without SewerageNew (lpcd) 81 12.15 93 95 lpcd With Sewerage

PSP

Offices (lpcd) 45 37.5 5.625 4310780 lt per ha per day Density 250 pph

Institutional (lpcd)

Hospital (lpcd) 450 220 33 253 250 lpcdPer Bed for >100 beds

Boardings (lpcd) 135 30 4.5 35 35 lpcd Per PupilHostel (lpcd) 135 80 12 92 90 lpcd Per Resident

CommercialRetail, Wholesale & Entertainment (lpcd)

45 20 3 23 5750 lt per ha per day

Density 250 pph

Hotels (lpcd) 180 135 13.5 149 150 lpcd Per BedRestaurant (lpcd) 70 70 70 70 70 lpcd Per seat

Mixed (lpcd) 152 85.05 12.7575 98 95 lpcd5% additional to Residential

IndustryKnowledge based Industry (lpcd)

45 37.5 5.625 43 10780 lt per ha per day

Considering as PSP/Offices,Density 250 pph

Medium & Small Scale (lt per ha per day) 8500 1275 9775

9775 lt per ha per day

Low water consuming SSI

For existing standards, guidelines of UDPFI & PHED, Rajasthan have been considered. For minimum required quantities, Design Manual for Water Supply & Treatment, India 1991 and

Construction Manual for Large & Medium Projects, MoEF 2007 have been referred. Wastage and Distribution losses upto a maximum of 15% have been accounted. Waste Water generation is assumed to be 80% of the consumed water as a thumb rule.

DERIVED STANDARDS FOR WATER DEMAND

2029Population Water Demand Population Water Demand Waste Water Generation

2,05,235 21.49 mld. 2,90,000 30.55 mld. 24.44 mld.

2001 2029Water Demand Calculation

PROJECTED WATER DEMAND IN URBAN AREA

STRATEGIES FOR REGIONAL LEVEL WATER MANAGEMENT

STRATEGIES FOR REGIONAL LEVEL WATER MANAGEMENT

STRATEGY FOR WATER MANAGEMENT IN CITY

THRUST ON:1.Reduce, re-use and recycle2.Decentralisation3.Rejuvenation of traditional Systems

LAND MANAGEMENT PROPOSALSZones of Poor environmental status:

Decongestion, Upgradation of existing infrastructureZones of Fair environmental status

Medium development zone:Residential, Non

polluting/light engineering/skill based industriesPotential Zone

No built & Low development zone:

Institutions, Ecological sites, Eco-hotels

Prioritization of Focus Areas

Waste Management Rejuvenation

INFRASTRUCTURE PROPOSAL

WATER SUPPLYManagement of Piped supply network & new sources.Revival of potable water sources in/around Moats.

WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT Decentralized System: 3 stagesCombination of Free Floating (Outer Moat), Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetland System & Maturation Pond : 80% efficiencyUse of Vegetation & FishesSupply of treated waste water(Category D) to KNP.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTSanitary Landfill site (10 ha)Considerations: Natural Slope, Wind Direction, Ground Water Table, Distance from Surface Water bodies, Residential areas, Transport Routes

DRAINAGE Supply to KNP in Wet spell & Discharge to CFCD in Dry spell. Decentralised system for Rain Water Harvesting at Plot level & Community level.Considerations:

Natural Slope, Existing Drainage Channels

Constructed Wetland

Recharge shaft

PROPOSED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM FOR KNP

From Ajan Bundh (400-500mcft) in times of good monsoon. Low water consuming crops & checkdams in the surrounding region will help raise the

ground water table & sustain the base flow Treated Wastewater from urban area would be additional source

5329 mlts of treated wastewater can be provided to park even during drought periods Maintenance of wildlife habitat even during times of acute water shortage.

Period Volume of Water (mld) Volume of wastewater in ML

Volume of water from Ajan Bundh in

ML July-October 14.6 1796 12,204

November-March 14.6 2205 11,796

April- June 14.6 1328 0

Estimation of Water Supply to KNP

VEGETATION MANAGEMENT

Management of invasive species: Removal of unwanted species through manual, mechanical & biological methods and re-introducing buffalo-grazing

Less water consuming plant species should be grown. Some of these are: Pennisetum polystachyon (L.) Schult-(thin Napier grass)- drought resistant and suitable for

semi-arid areas in India Leucaena leucocephala- High photosynthesis and low transpiration

Controlling growth of eucalyptus around KNP as it is high water-consuming tree and replace them with other hardy species like neem.

Grow plant species that prevent evapo-transpiration like:

Nymphaea Lotus

Water Lily

Aquatic Plant Species Present in

KNP or District

Comments

Numphaea Lotus YES Retard loss by 5-18%Water Lilly, YES Floating leaved plants reduce ET

when plant leave coverage is high Salvinia, Azolla,

Nymphaea, Nelumbo, Memna, Walffia, Spirodela

NO Floating leaved plants reduce ET when plant leave coverage is high

Duckweed

(Lemna Mina & Spirodela Polyrheiza

YES Transpires b/w 0.85 -0.9*.

*Plants with transpiration of < 1 reduce water loss.

PROPOSED USE ZONING IN KNP

EXISTING ZONES:At present the entire national park has been

divided into three zones: 1. core/ bird watching zone,2. administrative cum tourist facility zone and3. eco-restoration zone.

PROPOSED ZONES: It is essential to create distinct zones within

the park area depending on ecological, logistic and recreational usage.

Depending on the season and propriety, certain areas in the park are designated as follows:

1. Core zone2. Buffer zone3. Controlled use area4. Intensive use area5. Multiple use area

Proposed Spatial Zoning

PROPOSED IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK FOR IWRM

PROPOSAL ( I) Integration of PHED, RUIDP & WRD at directorate of watershed & soil Solutions to agreement between ALWAR, JAIPUR & BHARATPUR Identification of distt. & local level nodal agencies for Plan formulation & implementation.

PROPOSED IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK FOR IWRMPROPOSAL ( II ) Implementation of 73th &74th CAA can help to bridge missing link institutional set up &inter departmental co-ordination Establishment of State Finance Commission of DPC under CAA for integration & funding of DPRs.

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