2. Maslows New Slides

8/7/2019 2. Maslows New Slides

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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

is a theory ofAbrahamMaslow

proposed in his 1943 paperA Theory of Human

Motivation, which hesubsequently extended toinclude his observations ofhumans' innate curiosity

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This diagram shows Maslow's hierarchy of needs, represented

as a pyramid with the more primitive needs at the bottom.

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Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Depicted as a

pyramid consistingof five levels:

the four lower levelsare groupedtogether as

deficiency needs

associated withphysiological needs,

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Maslow's hierarchy of needs

the top level istermed growthneeds associated

withpsychologicalneeds

Deficiency needsmust be met first.

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The higher needs = come intofocus when the lower needs in the

pyramid are satisfied.

Once an individual has movedupwards to the next level, needsin the lower level will no longer be

prioritized.

If a lower set of needs is nolonger being met, the individualwill temporarily re-prioritize thoseneeds by focusing attention on

the unfulfilled needs, but will notpermanently regress to the lowerlevel.

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For instance, a businessman (atthe esteem level) who isdiagnosed with cancer willspend a great deal of time

concentrating on his health(physiological needs),

but will continue to value hisworkperformance (esteemneeds) and will likely return towork during periods ofremission.

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Deficiency needs

The first four layers of the pyramid arewhat Maslow called "deficiency

needs" or"D-needs

the individual does not feel anything ifthey are met, but feels anxious if theyare not met.

The deficiency needs are:

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Physiological needs

These are the basic needs forsuch things as

food, warmth, shelter, sex, water,and other body needs.

If a person is hungry or thirsty orhis body is chemicallyunbalanced, all of his energies

turn toward remedying thesedeficiencies, and other needsremain inactive.

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The physiological needs of the organism(those enabling homeostasis) consist mainly of:

Excretion

Eating Sex

Drinking

Sleeping Shelter

Warmth

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Safety needs

With his physical needsrelatively satisfied, theindividual's safety needs

take over and dominatehis behavior.

These needs have to dowith man's yearning for a

predictable,orderly worldin which injustice and

inconsistency are undercontrol.

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In the world of work, thesesafety needs manifestthemselves in such things as a

preference for job security, savings accounts,

insurance policies, and thelike.

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For the most partphysiological and safetyneeds are reasonably wellsatisfied in our society.

Obvious exceptions, arepeople outside the

mainstream the poor,the disadvantaged, and

members of minoritygroups.

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If frustration has not led toweakness, such people stillstruggle to satisfy the basicphysiological and safety needs.

They are primarily concernedwith survival: obtaining adequate food,

clothing,

shelter,

and seeking justice from thedominant societal groups.

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Safety needs include:

Personal security fromcrime

Health and well-being

Safety againstaccidents/illness and the

adverse impacts

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Love/Belonging/Social needs

Afterphysiological and safety

needs are fulfilled, the third

layer of human needs is social. This involves emotionally-based

relationships in general, such as:

friendship

sexual intimacy having a supportive and

communicative family

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Humans need to feel a sense

of belongingess andacceptance, whether itcomes from a large socialgroup such as:

clubs, office culture ,

religious groups

professional organizations,

sports teams, or

small social connections (familymembers, intimate partners,mentors, close colleagues)

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In the absence of these elements,many people become susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety, and depression.

This need for belonging can oftenovercome the physiological andsecurity needs.

e.g. an anorexic ignores the need toeat and the security of health for afeeling of belonging.

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Esteem needs

All humans have a need to be respected, to have self-esteem, self-respect,

and to respect others.

People need to engage themselves to gainrecognition and have activities

sense of contribution, to feel accepted and

self-valued, be it in a profession or hobby.

Imbalances at this level can result in lowself-esteem, inferiority complexes.

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Growth needs

self-actualization alsotermed "B-needs

they are enduringmotivations or drivers of

behavior

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Cognitive needs

Maslow believed that humanshave the need to

= increase their intelligence andthereby chase knowledge.

Cognitive needs is the expressionof the natural human need to

learn,

explore,

discover and

create to get a better understandingof the world around them

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Aesthetic needs

Based on Maslow's beliefs, it is stated in thehierarchy that humans need beautifulimagery or something new andaesthetically pleasing to continue uptowards

Self-Actualization.

Humans need to refresh themselves in thepresence and beauty of nature whilecarefully absorbing and observing theirsurroundings to extract the beauty that theworld has to offer.

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Self-actualization

a concept Maslowattributed to Kurt

Goldstein,one of hismentors is the need of

humans to make the mostof their abilities and to

strive to be the best theycan.

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This final stage ofpsychological developmentcomes when the individualfeels assured that his

physiological,

security,

affiliation and affection, s

elf-respect,

and recognition needs havebeen satisfied.

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Maslow's need hierarchy

is set forth as a general

proposition

and does not imply thateveryone's needs follow

the same rigid pattern.For some people, self-esteem seems to be a

stronger motivation thanlove.

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Similarly,persons who havesuffered hunger or someother deprivation for a

long period of time maylive happily for the rest oftheir lives if only they canget enough of what they

lacked.

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Maslow writes the following about

the self-actualizing people:

They embrace the facts

and realities of the world(including themselves)rather than denying oravoiding them.

They are spontaneous intheir ideas and actions.

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Maslow writes the following about

the self-actualizing people:

They are creative.

They are interested insolving problems; this oftenincludes the problems ofothers. Solving these

problems is often a keyfocus in their lives.

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They feel a closeness to otherpeople, and generallyappreciate life.

They have a system of moralitythat is fully internalized and

independent of externalauthority.

They have discernment and are

able to view all things in anobjective manner.

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In short,self-actualization is

reaching one's fullest

potential.

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AndAccording to Maslow,the self-

actualizing people tend to be asfollows:

1. Have sense of awareness

efficient perception ofreality

freshness of appreciation peak experiences

ethical awareness

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2. Honest

deep interpersonalrelationships

democratic characterstructure

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3. Freedom

need for solitude

autonomous, independent

creativity, originality

spontaneous

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4. Can be trusted

problem centered acceptance of self, others, nature

resistance to enculturation - identitywith humanity

Enculturation = a process whereby anestablished culture teaches anindividual its accepted norms andvalues so that

the individual can become anaccepted member of the societyand find their suitable role

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