2. Energy Balance and Energy Metabolism by dr. Gaga Irawan (29 September 2011).pptx

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Energy Balance& Energy

Metabolism

Gaga IrawanNur Fatimah

Departement of Medical

Nutrition

EnergyRequiremen

t

Energiintake

EnergyStatus



Energy: Fuel for or!

Energy source Chemical energy in carbohydrates, fat, protein

Food energy to cellular energy

Stage 1: digestion, absorption, transport Stage 2: breakdown of molecules

Stage 3: transfer of energy to a form cells canuse



Cell is the metabolic

processing center ucleus

Cytoplasm

• Cytosol ! organelles

"#$ is the body%s energy currency "#$ & adenosine triphosphate

Form of energy cells use

"' and F"': transport shuttles

"ccept high energy electrons for use in "#$ production



(etabolism is an integrated set ofchemical reactions occuring in the

body that enable us to e)tract

energy from the en*ironment and

use it to synthesi+e building blocks

that are used to make essential

proteins, carbohydrates and lipids



Catabolism -eactions that

breakdowncompounds into smallunits

"nabolism -eactions that build

comple) moleculesfrom smaller ones

e a o sm pa ways can e c ass e aseither catabolism or anabolism



Catabolism pathways names end islysis meaning to breakdown

glycogenolysis: glycogen breakdownproteolysis: protein breakdown

lipolysis: lipid breakdown

glycolysis: glucose breakdown



"nabolic pathways names end in

genesis meaning to create

glycogenesis: glycogen synthesislipogenesis: fatty acid synthesis

gluconeogenesis: glucose synthesis

protein synthesis



#he transfer of energy in reactions:

when chemical bond breaks, energy

can be released as heat, captured in

another chemical bond, or both



#he site of reactions: metabolic work isgoing on all the time within the cells

Catabolism of energy.rich compound

/carbohydrate, protein 0 fat: anaerobic reactions /cytosol

aerobic reactions /mitochondria



-egulations of pathways: metabolic

reactions almost always reuire en+yme

/or hormone to facilitate their action

En+ymes need coen+ymes #he en+ymes

are subect to strict regulation to ensurethat: #he rate of the pathway is adapted to the

cell%s needs "nabolic 0 catabolic pathways are not

acti*e at the same time



$roduction of 425 0 Energy in the mitochondria:

#he energy potential produced, could form highenergy phosphate molecules /"#$ 0 6#$

ADP + phosphate + energy ATP

GDP + phosphate+ energy GTP

H 2 + O2 H 2O+ energy



6lucose: brain, red blood cells, adrenal gland and muscle

in anaerobic acti*ity and high intensity aerobic acti*ity

Fatty acids: heart, li*er, smooth muscle and skeletalmuscle in low intensity aerobic acti*ity

7etone bodies: heart, skeletal muscle and after adaptation

of star*ation, by the brain

8ranch chain amino acids /8c"": skeletal muscle5ther amino acid: li*er

Each organ has a preferential fuel" that is# the substrate

that it prefers to use for energy production$



Brea!down and %elease of Energy

E)tracting energy from carbohydrate

6lycolysis• $athway splits glucose into 2

pyru*ates

• #ransfers electrons to "'

• $roduces some "#$

$yru*ate to acetyl Co"

• -eleases C52





E)tracting energy from carbohydrate

Citric acid cycle• -eleases C52

• $roduces 6#$ /like "#$


and F"'

Electron transport chain• "ccepts electrons from "'

and F"'

• $roduces large amounts of "#$

•$roduces water

End products of glucose

breakdown• "#$, 425, C52



E)tracting energy from fat

Split triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids

8eta.o)idation•

8reaks apart fatty acids into acetyl Co"• #ransfers electrons to "' and F"'

Citric acid cycle• "cetyl Co" from beta.o)idation enters cycle

Electron transport chain End products of fat breakdown

• "#$, 425, C52




E)tracting energy from protein

Split protein into amino acids

Split off amino group• Con*erted to urea for e)cretion

Carbon skeleton enters breakdown

pathways

End products• "#$, 425, C52, urea




Functions of the energy released:

to conduct ner*e impulse /electric

actin 0 myosin contraction /mechanic

transfer of molecules across membrane

/osmotic to produce heat /thermic

anabolism /chemical



Biosynthesis and torage

(aking carbohydrate /glucose

6luconeogenesis• 9ses pyru*ate, lactate, glycerol, certain amino acids

Storing carbohydrate /glycogen i*er, muscle make glycogen from glucose

(aking fat /fatty acids ipogenesis

• 9ses acetyl Co" from fat, amino acids, glucose Storing fat /triglyceride

Stored in adipose tissue (aking ketone bodies /ketogenesis

(ade from acetyl Co"•

;nadeuate glucose in cells (aking protein /amino acids "mino acid pool supplied from

• 'iet, protein breakdown, cell synthesis



%egulation of Metabolism

(ay fa*or either anabolic or catabolic functions

-egulating hormones

;nsulin

6lucagon

Cortisol Epinephrine



pecial tates

E)cess energy intake

fromcarbohydrate, fat,

protein

• $romotes storage

;nadeuate energy

intake

• $romotes breakdown

$rolonged fasting

• $rotects body protein

as long as possible



ENE%G' B()(N*E

7ey #erm:

Energy intake Energy e)penditure

Energy reuirement

Energy balance



Energy inta!e

Food composition 8omb calorimeter

Food intake:

4unger

"ppetite

Satiation Satiety

5*erriding hunger and satiety



Euilibrium of energy intake and energy e)pendituredetermine the energy status

Energy st assessment for children weight for age

Energy st assessment for adults weight for height:8ody (ass ;nde) /8(;

E N E R G Y

E X P E N D I T U R E

E N E R G Y

I N TA K E

ENERGY STATUS



8alanced energy: if energy intake sufficient with

the energy e)penditure

Surplus of energy: if energy intake larger than

energy e)penditure energy storage increase:

C4 stored as glycogen /limited and as lipid/abundance

Fatty acids stored as lipid

$rotein stored as lipid













Energy deficit & if energy intake insufficient

for energy e)penditure Storage molecules

will be used

< 7kal of energy similar to 1 gram of bodytissue

oss of energy: =>> 7kal?day or 3=>>

7kal?week catabolism of body tissue:

3=>> : < & =>> g body tissue?week



Energy intake obtain from the food

@arious amount of energy in the food, depends on

the composition of the foods

1 gram C4 A 7kal

1 gram $rotein A 7kal1 gram fatty acid B 7kal

@itamin, mineral and water do not pro*ide adeuate

energy



'aily amount of energy intake depends on: foodclass, uantity per portion, and freuency of food

intake per day

utrient composition 0 amount of energy per 1>>gram food stuff are a*ailable in Food

Composition ist Food stuff weight comes from

4ousehold measurement



#otal Energy E)penditure?#EE :

sum of 8asal Energy E)penditure /8EE, $hysical "cti*ity /$" and Spesific 'ynamic "ction of food

/S'" or #hermic Effect of Food /#EF

#he calculation:

TEE = BEE + PA + SDA (TEF)



8EE is energy e)penditure in basal condition, the

ongoing acti*ity while the body rest: heart beat,peristaltic, hormone secretion, en+yme secretion,muscle contraction, etc

8asal condition: 12 1D hours after the last meal

ying position

o physical acti*ity an hour before the test

-ela)ormal body temperature

-oom temperature should be 21.2=oC

ormal humidity



4arris 0 8enedict calculation for 8EE:

Simple calculation for 8EE:

Men : 66 + (13,7 x BW kg) + ( x B! "#) $ (6,% x &ge)

W'#en: 66 + (,6 x BW kg) + (1,7 x B! "#) $ (,7 x &ge)

Men : 1 Kk&* BW Kg - . Kk&* BW Kg /

W'#en: 0, Kk&* BW Kg - .1,6 Kk&* BW Kg /



Factors that influence BEE

Body weight# height# age# gender# growth# temperature#

muscle mass# sleep# endocrine acti+ity# nutrition status$

"ge : abo*e 2> 8EE will decrease 2 e*ery 1> y

6ender : 8EE in men women /at age 1> y6rowth : highest for baby and adolescence

4eight : the taller the higher 8EE

(uscle mass : the greater the higher 8EE

#emperature : e*ery 1oC ele*ation of body temperature/body temp abo*e 3<oC8EE will increase 13



Sleep : 8EE decrease 1>

Endocrine :. hiperthyroid: 8EE increase<=.1>>

. hipothyroid : 8EE decrease

3>.A> . right before menstruation 8EE

slightly increase and during

menstruation 8EE decrease

utrition status : 8EE decrease in $E(

$regnancy : 8EE increase 1=.2=

,h i l ( ti it -,(.



,hysical (cti+ity -,(.

$" *ery light & 1>.3> 8EE

$" light & 3>.=> 8EE

$" moderate & =>.G> 8EE$" hea*y & G>.1>> 8EE

"F *ery hea*y& 1>> 8EE



)e+el of (cti+ity

@ery light: . "cti*ity in sitting position. 8edrest

ight: #eacher, lecturer, general practitioner,

housewife

(oderate: Farmer, student/! sport, office

worker 4ea*y : "thlete during #C, unskilled worker,

manual laborer, army during training

@ery hea*y : Sawyer of wood,blacksmith,

ricksaw carrier, becak dri*er



D( or /EF

is the amount of energy used for digestion,

absorption and utili+ation of food consumed

. S'" of protein 3> 8EE

. S'" of carbohydrate H protein

. S'" of fat the lowest

S'" of ;ndonesian food on the a*erage is 1>

of 8EE ! "F

/EE f h t b li



/EE for hypermetabolism

#EE & 8EE ) SF ) $"

Simple calculation:

I#he rule thumbJ 2=.3> of kkal?kg 8K



Stress Factor /SF$ostoperati*e /without comp1>>.11>

Fracture of long bone 11=.13>

Cancer 11>.13>

$eritonitis?sepsis 11>.13>

Serious infection?mult #rauma12>.1A>(ultiple organ failure syndr 12>.1A>

8urn 12>.2>>

$hysical acti*ity /$"

8edridden 11

"mbulatory 12



)0G0

Thank You !

2. Energy Balance and Energy Metabolism by dr. Gaga Irawan (29 September 2011).pptx

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