2 1.To distinguish between innate and learned behavior 2.To learn the different types of learned behavior 3.To learn how an animal’s behavior is affected.

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1. To distinguish between innate and learned behavior

2. To learn the different types of learned behavior

3. To learn how an animal’s behavior is affected by nature

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• What an animal does

• How an animal cares for itself

• How an animal reacts to other organisms and the environment in which it lives

• Genetics play a huge role in deciding the behavior of an animal

• The nervous and endocrine body systems also determine the behavior of an animal

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• Is determined by the nervous system and is usually inherited

• Cannot be changed in most animals

• Examples:

− fight-or-flight response

− instincts

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Fight-or-flight response• Occurs when animal senses danger

• Prepares the body for greater activity

• Is controlled by hormones and other chemical functions within the body

• Example: a cat with its hair raised and back arched while hissing at a threat to its environment

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Instincts• Are unlearned actions

• Are inborn complex behavior patterns which are hard to change and very useful in helping an animal adapt to its environment

• Some instincts, such as a mating routine, could have several different parts and take weeks to complete

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• Is a change in behavior based on experience

• Is more common in vertebrates

• Allows an animal to change in response to its environment

• Types of learned behavior include:

− habituation

− classical conditioning

− operant conditioning

− insight learning

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Habituation

• Is when the animal reduces or quits reacting to a repetitious stimulus not associated with any punishment or reward

• Is the simplest type of learning

• Allows animals to save time an energy

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Classical Conditioning

• Is when an animal makes a mental association between a stimulus and a reward or punishment

• Is also know as learning by association

• Was researched in 1900 by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist

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Operant Conditioning

• Is when an animal learns to act a certain way in order to receive a reward

• Is also known as trial and error learning

• Usually happens quicker due to animal’s motivation

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Insight Learning• Is the most complicated

form of learning

• Is also known as reasoning

• Occurs when an animal uses previous experiences to react to a new situation

• Is common among humans and other primates

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• Is when an animal forms a social attachment to another object during a critical time early in life

• Behaviors cannot be reversed

• Involves both innate and learned behavior

• Examples: young ducks attaching to their mothers and salmon remembering their stream

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• Are when animals react to changes in their environment

− some changes are during a 24-hour period, while others are seasonal

− cycles occurring in 24-hour periods are called circadian rhythms

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• Migrations is the instinctive movement of some animals during certain seasons

• Hibernation is when reptiles and mammals phase into a sleeplike state during cold seasons

• Estivation is when the body’s metabolism rate is reduced in order to maintain energy

− animals living extremely hot areas sometimes go through estivation

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• Is a behavior carried out before mating

− both males and females of the same species carry out specific behaviors before mating

− behaviors are meant to ensure animals of the same specie mate

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• Is used to threaten and intimidate other animals in order to protect their young, territory and resources

• Is an animal’s way of communicating to keep other animals away

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• Is an occupied land containing resources necessary for an animal’s survival

• Animals must protect their territory and keep others away

− prevents others from using their resources

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• Is a method of social ranking within a group

− some animals are ranked higher than others

• The alpha animal takes the lead role and occupies the dominant position in the group

− usually leads the group to food, water and other resources

• Several levels can exist within the order

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• Is known as the sending of information from one animal to another

• Usually this information results in a change in behavior

• Animals communicate in three ways:

1.visual signals

2.chemical signals

3.sound signals

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• There are two main types of animal behavior

1. innate

2. learned

• Animals illustrate behavioral cycles and seasonal cycles

• Genetics, hormones and the nervous system all interact to determine the behavior of an animal

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1. Animal _________ is what animal does, how it cares for itself and how it reacts to other organisms and the environment in which it lives.

2. The _________ response prepares the body for greater activity.

3. __________ are actions animals are born with.

4. __________ is a change in behavior based on experience.

5. __________ is used to threaten and intimidate other animals.

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6. Name four types of learned behavior.

7. __________ involves both innate and learned behavior.

8. __________ are cycles happening in 24-hour periods.

9. __________ is when the body’s metabolism rate is reduced in order to maintain energy.

10.Name three ways animals communicate.

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University of South Carolina www.biol.sc.edu/courses/bio102/41-ol.html

Animal Behavior Glossary www.casper.bgsu.edu/~courses/Ethlogy/glossary_Ethor.html

Social Behavior www.biol.sc.edu/courses/bio102/42-ol.html

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