2 -1 Lesson 2 Whole Farm Nutrient Planning By Rick Koelsch, University of Nebraska.

Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -1

Lesson 2Whole Farm Nutrient Planning

By Rick Koelsch, University of Nebraska


Why the Focus Why the Focus on Nutrients?on Nutrients?


Water Quality Contaminantsin Manure

PossiblePossible EnvironmentalEnvironmentalPollutants Pollutants RiskRisk

What are the What are the top 5 components of manure top 5 components of manure

that may cause that may cause water quality problems?water quality problems?



1) Nitrate-N Health

2) Ammonia-N Fish Kills

3) Phosphorus Eutrophication

4) Pathogens Health

5) Organic Matter Oxygen Depletion



1)1) Nitrate-N Nitrate-N HealthHealth

2)2) Ammonia-N Ammonia-N Fish KillsFish Kills

3)3) Phosphorus Phosphorus EutrophicationEutrophication

4) Pathogens Health

5) Organic Matter Oxygen Depletion




Lesson 2 Objectives

• Define “Whole Farm” nutrient balance for animal feeding operations

• Is “Whole Farm” nutrient imbalance an issue for my animal operation?

• Identify solutions to a “Whole Farm” nutrient imbalance.


Fundamental nutrient question:Fundamental nutrient question:

Is My Livestock or Is My Livestock or Poultry Operation Poultry Operation

Concentrating Nutrients?Concentrating Nutrients?


Nutrient Concentration

• Regional nutrient concentration issues

Manure P vs. Crop Land P Use

< 25%25 - 50%50 - 100%>100%


< 25%25 - 50%50 - 100%>100%


< 25%25 - 50%50 - 100%>100%

< 25%25 - 50%50 - 100%>100%Manure P vs. Crop

Land P Use

Do you live in region of Do you live in region of regional nutrient concentration?regional nutrient concentration?



• Regional nutrient concentration issues• Individual farm nutrient concentration issues

Nutrient concentration Nutrient concentration is common for manyis common for many individual livestock individual livestock

operationsoperations..

Nutrient concentration Nutrient concentration is common for manyis common for many individual livestock individual livestock

operations.operations.

Often caused by separation of Often caused by separation of ownership or distanceownership or distance

between crop and livestock between crop and livestock production.production.



• Regional nutrient concentration issues• Individual farm nutrient concentration issues.• Single field nutrient concentration issues.


What is “Whole Farm” Nutrient What is “Whole Farm” Nutrient BalanceBalance


Nutrient Flows on Livestock Farms

FarmBoundary


Nutrient Inputs

FarmBoundary

Inputs

Feed

Animals

IrrigationWater

Fertilizer

Legume N


Managed Nutrient Outputs

FarmBoundary

Inputs

ManagedOutputs

Meat &Milk

Crops

Manure


FarmBoundary

Losses or Soil Losses or Soil StorageStorage

Losses & Soil Storage

ManagedOutputs

Inputs


FarmBoundary

ManagedOutputs

Recycling of Nutrients

Feed Manure

Inputs



FarmBoundary

ManagedOutputs

Are Nutrient Inputs & Managed Outputs in Balance?

Inputs


Are Nutrient Inputs & Outputs In Balance?

Farm Pond

1 gal

1 gal

Water OutWater In

Are Nutrient Inputs & Outputs In Balance?

Water Out

Farm Pond1 gal

1 gal

Water In

2 gal

Plugging the Leaks . . .Temporary Solution to Imbalance

Water In Water Out

Farm Pond1 gal

Sand Bags

2 gal

Water In Water Out

Farm Pond

Sand Bags

Sustainable Solutions Must Correct the Imbalance!

1.5 gal.

1.5 gal

Sustainable Solutions Must Correct the Imbalance!

Water Out

Farm Pond

1.5 gal.

1.5 gal

Water In

Sand Bags


Typical Nutrient Balance Typical Nutrient Balance on AFO’son AFO’s

Are Inputs & Outputs In Balance? (11,000-Head Feedlot)

Inputs ManagedOutputs

1,080 ton N/yr.

240 ton P/yr.

430 ton N/yr

120 ton P/yr

Losses or Soil Storage650 ton N/yr. 120 ton P/yr

Farm boundary

0

1

2

3

4

5

10 100 1,000 10,000

Livestock Capacity (Animal Units)

Ph

osp

ho

rus

Bal

ance

(R

atio

of

In/O

ut)

100,000

Livestock Capacity vs P BalanceLivestock Capacity vs P Balance

0

1

2

3

4

5

10 100 1,000 10,000


Ph

osp

ho

rus

Bal

ance

(R

atio

of

In/O

ut)

100,000


Low Risk

0

1

2

3

4

5

10 100 1,000 10,000


Ph

osp

ho

rus

Bal

ance

(R

atio

of

In/O

ut)

100,000

Low Risk

High Risk


Ph

osp

ho

rus

Inp

uts

(%

of

To

tal)

<250 250-2500 >2500

One Time Animal Capacity (animal units)

Animals

Fertilizer

Feeds

Phosphorus Inputs to Livestock Systems

Which P input is Which P input is largest?largest?

Ph

osp

ho

rus

Inp

uts

(%

of

To

tal)

<250 250-2500 >2500


35%

62%

3%Animals

Fertilizer

Feeds


Ph

osp

ho

rus

Inp

uts

(%

of

To

tal)

<250 250-2500 >2500


35%

62%

3%

33%

47%

20%Animals

Fertilizer

Feeds


Ph

osp

ho

rus

Inp

uts

(%

of

To

tal)

<250 250-2500 >2500


35%

62%

3%

33%

47%

20%

1%

74%

25%Animals

Fertilizer

Feeds


Nit

rog

en I

np

uts

(%

of

To

tal)


Nitrogen Inputs to Livestock Systems

<250 250-2500 >2500

15%

50%

3%

10%

50%

30%

3%

75%

20%

Animals

Fertilizer

Feeds

Legumes

32%

10%

2%


Are Nutrients “Out Of Balance” On Are Nutrients “Out Of Balance” On My Animal Feeding My Animal Feeding

Operation?Operation?


Indicators of Nutrient Imbalance

___ ___ Soil P increasing with time?

___ ___ High soil P levels?

___ ___ Majority of feed protein and P comes from off-farm sources?

___ ___ Feed rations exceed NRC or university recommendations

___ ___ No nutrient plan for manure?

___ ___ < 1acre per animal unit

Yes No Indicator


What are AppropriateWhat are AppropriateStrategies for Managing Strategies for Managing

Nutrient Imbalances?Nutrient Imbalances?

LossesLosses

FarmBoundary

““Plug the Leaks” Approach: Plug the Leaks” Approach:

Losses or Soil StorageLosses or Soil Storage

Does this Does this correct a correct a nutrientnutrient

imbalance?imbalance?

LossesLosses

FarmBoundary



Does this Does this correct a correct a nutrientnutrient

imbalance?imbalance?NONO

LossesLosses

FarmBoundary



Sustainable Strategy No.1:Sustainable Strategy No.1:Credit Manure Nutrients in CropsCredit Manure Nutrients in Crops

FarmBoundary

Crops

Fertilizer

Legumes

Crops Manure


FarmBoundary


FarmBoundary

Crops

Fertilizer

Legumes

Crops Manure



FarmBoundary

Crops

Fertilizer

Legumes

Crops Manure


Farm # 1 2

Acres/AU 1.7 0.4 .

N Inputs Manure 25 208 t/yr Fertilizer 59 37 t/yr Legume N 4 21 t/yrN Output 51 111 t/yr

ImbalanceImbalance 2727 155155 t/yrt/yr

Cropping System N Balance

Farm # 1 2

Acres/AU 1.7 0.4 .

N Inputs Manure 25 208 t/yr Fertilizer 59 37 t/yr Legume N 4 21 t/yrN Output 51 111 t/yr

ImbalanceImbalance 2727 155155 t/yrt/yr

Cropping System N Balance

Will efficient use of manure to replace commercial fertilizer correct the

imbalance?

Sustainable Strategy No. 2:Sustainable Strategy No. 2:Reducing Feed InputsReducing Feed Inputs

FarmBoundary

Meat&

MilkRecycling

Feed &Forages

Losses or Soil Storage


FarmBoundary

Meat&

MilkRecycling

Feed &Forages



FarmBoundary

Meat&

MilkRecycling

Feed &Forages



Influence of By-Products of Influence of By-Products of Corn Processing on Nutrient ImbalanceCorn Processing on Nutrient Imbalance

(16 feedlots)(16 feedlots)

N BalanceN Balance P BalanceP Balance

By-product used?By-product used? YesYes NoNo





By-product used?By-product used? YesYes 2.6 to 12.6 to 1 NoNo 2.5 to 12.5 to 1



By-product used?By-product used? YesYes 2.6 to 12.6 to 1 2 to 12 to 1 NoNo 2.5 to 12.5 to 1 1.1 to 11.1 to 1




Sustainable Strategy No. 3:Sustainable Strategy No. 3:Move Manure Nutrients Off FarmMove Manure Nutrients Off Farm

FarmBoundary

Recycling


ManagedOutputs



FarmBoundary

Recycling

ManagedOutputs




FarmBoundary

Recycling


ManagedOutputs


No ManureNo Manure MarketedMarketed4.2 to 14.2 to 1 2.0 to 12.0 to 1 2.6 2.6 to 1to 1

CurrentCurrent MarketingMarketing1 to 11 to 1 1.1 to 11.1 to 1 1.5 1.5 to 1to 1 EffortEffort

Animal Units: 4,300 11,500 21,000

Phosphorus Imbalance Resulting

from Manure Marketing


Sustainable Strategy No. 4:Sustainable Strategy No. 4:Manure TreatmentManure Treatment

FarmBoundary

Recycling


ManagedOutputs


LowLowImpactImpactLossesLosses


FarmBoundary

Recycling


ManagedOutputs



FarmBoundary

Recycling

ManagedOutputs


LowLowImpactImpactLossesLosses


Nutrient Balance

FarmBoundary

Inputs

Feed

Animals

IrrigationWater

Fertilizer

Legume N

ManagedOutputs

Meat &Milk

Crops

Manure



Managing Nutrients withManaging Nutrients withCNMP’sCNMP’s


Importance of CNMP’s

“EPA, working jointly with USDA NRCS, has determined that the most effective way for all AFO’s to minimize water quality and public health risks is to develop and implement ... Comprehensive Nutrient Management Plans.”

US EPA Guidance Manual for NPDES Permit for

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations


What Is a CNMP?

• Environmental “Operating Plan” for AFO• Nutrient plan for “Whole Farm” and individual

component (e.g. crop nutrient plan)• Integrate nutrient plan with other issues (e.g.

soil conservation and odor)• Environmental record keeping system


What is Included in a CNMP?

• Manure handling and storage plan• Land application plan• Site management plan• Record keeping• Alternative manure use plan• Feed management plan


One State CNMP Approach

Annual Review

Review as NecessaryStrategic Plan

Inventory

Annual Plan

Documentation & Records

Plan Modification


Assessing Your Compliance Assessing Your Compliance With Environmental With Environmental

RegulationsRegulations

((See Table 2-5)


Agencies Involved in Regulating Nutrient Issues

Federal• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency• (regional office contact information)

State• (Agency Name)• (contact information)


Summary of Nutrient Management Requirements

• (list primary issues that are regulated)• (list primary issues that are regulated)• (list primary issues that are regulated)• (list primary issues that are regulated)


Take HomeTake HomeMessageMessage


Take Home Message• “Whole Farm” nutrient balance defines the

magnitude of nutrient related risks.

• Many AFO’s exhibit nutrient imbalance.

• Nutrient strategies must address nutrient imbalance

• A CNMP will be the operating plan for nutrient planning.


Thank-youThank-you


This material is based upon work supported by the

Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension

Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; the U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, the National Agriculture

Assistance Center; and the University of Nebraska

Cooperative Extension, University of Nebraska-Lincoln,

under Cooperative Agreement Number 97-EXCA-3-0642.

Funding

Are Inputs & Outputs Out of Balance? (120 cow dairy)

Managed Outputs

Inputs



Managed Outputs

Inputs

29.2 ton N/yr. 2.6 ton P/yr.



Managed Outputs

6.9 ton N/yr0.8 ton P/yr

Inputs




Managed Outputs

6.9 ton N/yr0.8 ton P/yr

Inputs


Losses or Soil StorageLosses or Soil Storage22.3 ton N/yr 1.8 ton P/yr22.3 ton N/yr 1.8 ton P/yr

ARE INPUTS & OUTPUTS IN BALANCE?

(190 Sow Farrow to Finish)

Managed Outputs

Inputs




Managed Outputs

Inputs

58 ton N/yr. 7 ton P/yr.




Inputs


Managed Outputs

15 ton N/yr3 ton P/yr


Losses or Soil StorageLosses or Soil Storage43 ton N/yr. 4.4 ton P/yr43 ton N/yr. 4.4 ton P/yr



Inputs


Managed Outputs

15 ton N/yr3 ton P/yr

2 -1 Lesson 2 Whole Farm Nutrient Planning By Rick Koelsch, University of Nebraska.

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