2 - 1 CH110 Chapter 4: Atoms & Elements Elements & Symbols The Periodic Table Atomic Structure Isotopes Electron Energy Levels
Jan 03, 2016
2 - 1CH110
Chapter 4: Atoms & Elements
Elements & Symbols
The Periodic Table
Atomic Structure
Isotopes
Electron Energy Levels
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Each element is assigned a unique symbol1-2 letters; 1st is capitalized
Atomic Symbols
BromineNickelHydrogen Nitrogen
Aluminum
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Atomic Symbols
The original name is often of Latin or Greek origin
Potassium (Kalium)
Lead (Plumbum)
Sodium (Natrium)
Iron(Ferrum)
Silver (Argentum)
Gold (Aurum)
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Elements with same starting letter, get second letter added to the symbol
Atomic Symbols
ChlorineChromiumCalcium
Carbon
Cobalt Copper (Cu)
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Periodic Table: Groups
H
Li
Na
Cs
Rb
K
TlHgAuHfLsBa
Fr
PtIrOsReWTa
He
RnAtPoBiPb
Be
Mg
Sr
Ca
CdAgZrY PdRhRuTcMoNb
AcRa
ZnCuTiSc NiCoFeMnCrV
In XeITeSbSn
Ga KrBrSeAsGe
Al ArClSPSi
B NeFONC
I A
III B IVB V B VIB VIIB VIII B IB IIB
Gd
Cm
Tb
Bk
Sm
Pu
Eu
Am
Nd
U
Pm
Np
Ce
Th
Pr
Pa
Yb
No
Lu
Lr
Er
Fm
Tm
Md
Dy
Cf
Ho
Es
Alkali Metals
Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metals Halogens
Halogens
Noble gases
Noble gases
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III A IV A V A VI A VIIA
VIIIA
II A
Transition Metals
Transition Metals
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He
Rn
XeI
KrBrSe
ArClS
NeFO
P
NC
H
Li
Na
Cs
Rb
K
TlHgAuHfLsBa
Fr
PtIrOsReWTa PoBiPb
Be
Mg
Sr
Ca
CdAgZrY PdRhRuTcMoNb
AcRa
ZnCuTiSc NiCoFeMnCrV
In SbSn
Ga Ge
Al
Gd
Cm
Tb
Bk
Sm
Pu
Eu
Am
Nd
U
Pm
Np
Ce
Th
Pr
Pa
Yb
No
Lu
Lr
Er
Fm
Tm
Md
Dy
Cf
Ho
Es
At
Te
As
Si
B
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Periods areassigned numbers
Periods areassigned numbers
3 - 15
Periodic Table: Periods
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At
Te
As
Si
B
He
Rn
XeI
KrBrSe
ArClS
NeFO
P
NC
H
Li
Na
Cs
Rb
K
TlHgAuHfLsBa
Fr
PtIrOsReWTa PoBiPb
Be
Mg
Sr
Ca
CdAgZrY PdRhRuTcMoNb
AcRa
ZnCuTiSc NiCoFeMnCrV
In SbSn
Ga Ge
Al
Gd
Cm
Tb
Bk
Sm
Pu
Eu
Am
Nd
U
Pm
Np
Ce
Th
Pr
Pa
Yb
No
Lu
Lr
Er
Fm
Tm
Md
Dy
Cf
Ho
Es
MetalsMetals Lustrous, malleable and ductile.
Conductors (heat & electricity)
Solids at room temp (except Hg)
Lose electrons to non-metals.
Lustrous, malleable and ductile.
Conductors (heat & electricity)
Solids at room temp (except Hg)
Lose electrons to non-metals.
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He
Rn
XeI
KrBrSe
ArClS
NeFO
P
NC
H
Li
Na
Cs
Rb
K
TlHgAuHfLsBa
Fr
PtIrOsReWTa PoBiPb
Be
Mg
Sr
Ca
CdAgZrY PdRhRuTcMoNb
AcRa
ZnCuTiSc NiCoFeMnCrV
In SbSn
Ga Ge
Al
Gd
Cm
Tb
Bk
Sm
Pu
Eu
Am
Nd
U
Pm
Np
Ce
Th
Pr
Pa
Yb
No
Lu
Lr
Er
Fm
Tm
Md
Dy
Cf
Ho
Es
At
Te
As
Si
B
Non-metalsNon-metals
Gas, liquid, solid (dull, brittle)
Poor conductors = Insulators
Many are diatomic molecules.
Gain e’s from metals
Share e’s with other non-metals
Gas, liquid, solid (dull, brittle)
Poor conductors = Insulators
Many are diatomic molecules.
Gain e’s from metals
Share e’s with other non-metals
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He
Rn
XeI
KrBrSe
ArClS
NeFO
P
NC
H
Li
Na
Cs
Rb
K
TlHgAuHfLsBa
Fr
PtIrOsReWTa PoBiPb
Be
Mg
Sr
Ca
CdAgZrY PdRhRuTcMoNb
AcRa
ZnCuTiSc NiCoFeMnCrV
In SbSn
Ga Ge
Al
Gd
Cm
Tb
Bk
Sm
Pu
Eu
Am
Nd
U
Pm
Np
Ce
Th
Pr
Pa
Yb
No
Lu
Lr
Er
Fm
Tm
Md
Dy
Cf
Ho
Es
At
Te
As
Si
B
MetaloidsMetaloids
Intermediate properties
Semi conductors
Intermediate properties
Semi conductors
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H
Li
Na
Cs
Rb
K
TlHgAuHfLsBa
Fr
PtIrOsReWTa PoBiPb
Be
Mg
Sr
Ca
CdAgZrY PdRhRuTcMoNb
AcRa
ZnCuTiSc NiCoFeMnCrV
In Sn
Ga
Al
Gd
Cm
Tb
Bk
Sm
Pu
Eu
Am
Nd
U
Pm
Np
Ce
Th
Pr
Pa
Yb
No
Lu
Lr
Er
Fm
Tm
Md
Dy
Cf
Ho
Es
He
Rn
XeI
KrBrSe
ArClS
NeFO
P
NC
Sb
Ge
At
Te
As
Si
B
MetaloidsMetaloids
MetalsMetals Non-metalsNon-metals
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A model of matter
Atom - The smallest unit of an element that is still that element.
Molecule -The smallest unit of a pure substance that is still that substance.
May contain > 1 atom or element.
ie. Aluminum (Al)
ie. Water (H2O)
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& neutrons
Structure of the atom Nucleus =
Small, dense, + charge in the center of an atom.
contains
protons +
+
++
+ +
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Structure of the atom Nucleus
Electrons
- charged particles that surround the nucleus.
Electrons move around nucleus in orbitals.
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Structure of the atom
The nucleus is a small part of an atom.
If the nucleus was the sizeof a marble, the atom wouldfill a football stadium.
The nucleus would weighover 10,000 tons.
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The atomic symbol
XA
Z
A = Atomic mass (amu)
= # protons + # neutrons
Z = Atomic number
= # protons = # electrons
++
++
+ +
-
-
---
-
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The atomic symbol
X12
6
A = Atomic mass
= # protons + # neutrons
Z = Atomic number
= # protons = # electrons
++
++
+ +
-
-
---
-
6 6
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The atomic symbol
C12
6
A = Atomic mass
= # protons + # neutrons
Z = Atomic number
= # protons = # electrons
++
++
+ +
-
-
---
-
Ag107.87
Silver47 Atomic number
Name of the element
Elemental Symbol
Atomic mass (weight)Atomic mass (weight)
Atomic weight = The average, relative mass of an atom in an element.
Why is the atomic weight on the tables not a whole #?
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Isotopes of HydrogenIsotopes = Atoms of the same element but
having different masses.
11
21
31
+
H H H
-
+
-+
-
Protium99.99%
Deuterium0.01%
TritiumTrace %
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Isotopes of HydrogenIsotopes = Atoms of the same element but
having different masses.
11
21
31
+
H H H
-
+
-+
-
Average Atomic weight of Hydrogen = 1.00794 amu
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++
++
+ +
Isotopes of Carbon
-
Average Atomic weight of C= 12.011 amu
98.89%
C612 C6
13C6
14
++
++
+ +
-
1.11%
++
++
+ +
-
Trace %
-
-
-
-- -
-
- -
-
-
-
--
-
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Radioactive Isotopes
C614
++
++
+ +
-
-
-
--
-
31
+
H
-
Nucleus is unstableSo falls apart (decays)
Giving radioactive particles
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The atomic symbol & isotopes
Determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each of the following.
P3115 Ba
138 56 U
238 92
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Atomic Structure
Symbol At# Mass P N e-
____ ____ ____ 4 5 ___
Cl ____ 37 ___ ___ ___
Si ____ ____ ___ 14 ___
Be 4 9 4
17 17 20 17
14 28 14 14
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Electron arrangement
28
1832
Electronsfill layers
around nucleusLow High
Electronsfill layers
around nucleusLow High
Shells = Energy levels
2412Mg
A new layer isadded for each row or period in the table.
A new layer isadded for each row or period in the table.
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33
2412Mg
11H
73Li
2311Na
94Be
115 B
2713Al
Valence electronsWhere most chemical
Reactions occur.
11
22
Inner electrons: No rxns if normal conditions.Inner electrons: No rxns if normal conditions.
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Inner vs. valence electrons
Valence electronsThis is wheremost chemicalreactionsoccur.
Inner electronsNot much happenshere under normalconditions.
With added energy inner electrons jump to higher levels, then fall back giving E