1.Write down the items below. Consider what materials are used in making that item. Tell whether each item is made from fossil fuels, minerals, plants, or animals. Some items are made from multiple sources. 2.Tell whether each item is made from mostly renewable or nonrenewable resources.
1.Write down the items below. Consider what materials are used in making that item. Tell whether each item is made from fossil fuels, minerals, plants,
Dec 22, 2015
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
1. Write down the items below. Consider what materials are used in making that item. Tell whether each item is made from fossil fuels, minerals, plants, or animals. Some items are made from multiple sources.
2. Tell whether each item is made from mostly renewable or nonrenewable resources.
Nonrenewable Energy
Nonrenewable resource is a natural resource which cannot be reproduced, grown, or regenerated
It cannot be sustained at its current consumption rate
Once depleted there will be no more available for future use
What is a nonrenewable resource?
Fossil fuels are the remains of ancient organisms that changed into coal, oil, or natural gas through very specific geologic processes.
Fossil fuels are a type of nonrenewable energy resources
What is a fossil fuel?
Fossil fuel supplies are limited.
Obtaining & using fossil fuels causes environmental problems such as air pollution & global warming.
What are problems associated with using fossil fuels?
Cooking
Transportation
Manufacturing
Heating & cooling
Generating electricity to run machines & appliances.
What are the 5 main uses of fuels?
No!
Different fuels are used for different needs.
For example: Airplanes cannot run on coal because you would need hundreds of tons of coal to power the plane.
Fuel usage depends on:• Fuel’s energy content• Cost • Availability• Safety• Byproducts of fuel usage
Are all fuels created equal?
1. Coal
2. Oil/Petroleum
3. Natural Gas
What are the 3 types of fossil fuels most commonly used?
How did coal form?
What are uses of coal?
What are the types of coal?
What are the advantages & disadvantages to using coal?
What methods are used to make coal burning cleaner?
1. COAL
Remains of swamp plants repeatedly covered in sediment as ocean levels rose and fell 320-300 million years ago.
The sediment compressed the plant remains.
Heat & pressure from with Earth turned plant remains into coal.
Most abundant coal deposits in world are in U.S. and Asia (China)
Most abundant coal deposits in U.S. are in eastern U.S.
How did coal form?
Coal is burned to:•CREATE ELECTRICITY•Manufacture cement, steel, other industrial products
•Heating homes
What are the uses of coal?
Lignite (Brown Coal): A brownish-black coal of low quality and low carbon content. 25-30% Carbon. Higher smoke and pollution. Crumbly texture. Gulf Coast and Northern Plains.Sub-bituminous: Higher carbon content than lignite. 35-45% Carbon. Slightly harder than lignite and slightly higher quality fuel source. Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Washington, AlaskaBituminous: Most common coal is dense and black (often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material). High Carbon content 35-86%. Harder and shinier. Common throughout the US. Anthracite: Hard and shiny coal. Contains a high percentage (86%-97%) of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. Least smoke & pollution. Most valuable. Pennsylvania
What are the types of coal?
Charcoal
Wood is chopped down and cooked slowly in kilns to make charcoal. The kilns limit the amount of oxygen which stops the wood from actually burning and leaves a solid fuel. Charcoal briquettes contain small amounts of Anthracite.
Coal
Coal is a carbon-based fossil fuel created over millions of years from decaying matter. Less than a century ago coal was the fuel of choice for both industry and heating homes. Still, more than half the electricity used in the United States is generated in coal-burning plants.
What is the difference between charcoal and coal?
Advantages PROS
Most abundant fossil fuel (300-900 years left)
U.S. has a lot of it!
Low cost
High net energy yield
Have reduced air pollution problems with better technology
CONS
Dirtiest fuel- releases
tons of SO2, CO2, NOx and mercury
Air & water pollution• Sulfur causes acid rain• Carbon dioxide increases global warming
Major environmental damage in mining
Major threat to health
Coal ash and slurry
Disadvantages
Coal washing- removes sulfur
Scrubbers- spray neutralizing solution on coal gas before it leaves smoke stack.
Clean Air Act- sets standards for emissions released from coal burning facilities & imposes fines as needed.
What methods are used to make coal burning cleaner?
Scrubber Device
How did oil form?
What are uses of oil?
What are the advantages & disadvantages to using oil?
What methods are used to make oil use cleaner?
2. OIL/PETROLEUM
Tiny marine organisms decayed, accumulated, and were covered in sediment on ocean floor millions of years ago.
Heat & pressure turned the bodies & sediment into oil.
How did oil form?
Crude oil comes straight out of ground.
Must be refined to make products thru a process called fractional distillation.
Crude oil is heated to different temperatures. At different boiling points the oil is condensed and removed to make a variety of products• Fuels- jet fuel, gasoline, diesel
• Plastics • Lubricating oils, waxes• Some household items
What are the uses for oil/petroleum?
How do you make gasoline?
Crude Oil
Hydrocarbon
• Oil and gas are made of a mixture of different hydrocarbons.
• As the name suggests these are large molecules made up of hydrogen atoms attached to a backbone of carbon.
At the Refinery
• Before it can be used crude oil must be refined. • Hydrocarbons can be separated using distillation, which produces different fractions (or types) of oil and gas
DistillationPlant
Jet fuelCar fuel
Road tar
Household Items made from oil
Cons
Projected to run out in about 40 years.
Artificially low price encourages waste
Releases CO2 and other air pollution when burned
Water pollution from oil tankers/spills
Pros
Low cost
High net energy yield
Easy transportation
Advantages and Disadvantages
Catalytic converters- clean car exhaust before it leaves car.
Unleaded fuel- removing lead from gasoline reduces air pollution problems
Double-hull on oil tankers prevents some oil spills in ocean.
What methods are used to make oil use cleaner?
How did natural gas form?
What are uses of natural gas?
What are the advantages & disadvantages to using natural gas?
What is fracking?
3. NATURAL GAS
Natural gas is formed as a by-product of oil formation.
It is usually found in pockets around oil deposits.
The main component of natural gas is methane.
How did natural gas form?
Composition of Natural Gas
Mostly methane CH4
Some ethane C2H6
Propane C3H8
Butane C4H10
Hydrogen H2
Some Nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide
Texas is the top producer of natural gas!
Cooking
Heating & cooling
Some electricity
Car fuel
What are the uses of natural gas?
• Cleaner emissions than gasoline while providing similar fuel economy and performance
• Reduces the dependency on foreign oil
• Most prevalent in California and New York
• 12-15% of public transit buses in the US run on natural gas.
• NG cars are more expensive
• Fueling stations are sparse
CNG Cars
2014 Honda Civic Natural
Gas
Cons
Releases some CO2
Releases methane (greenhouse gas)
Explosive
Fracking (see next slide)
Pros
125-200 year supply
90% of the natural gas used in U.S. comes from U.S.- we don’t rely on foreign countries for this like we do oil.
High net energy yield
Low cost (huge subsidies)
Less air pollution & CO2 emissions than oil & coal
Less land degradation
Easily transported by pipes
Advantages & Disadvantages
What is Hydraulic FracturingAKA…“Fracking”?
Fracking is used to get pockets of natural gas out of the ground.
Process: Water, sand & chemicals are forced thru a drilled hole, rock is cracked, forces natural gas upward to be collected
Cons: Chemicals find their way into water supplies, poisoning people, livestock, and soil. (20-40% of fracking chemicals stay underground.)
Halliburton Loophole- placed in the 2005 Energy Bill created by former vice president Dick Cheney (once a Halliburton vice president) says natural gas companies that use fracking are exempt from Safe Drinking Water Act and don’t have to disclose what type of chemicals they are using.
Related Documents
