1st Week - Computer

7/28/2019 1st Week - Computer

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Raymond Bahana - Unika Atma Jaya - 2008

S e m e s t e r G e n a p 2 0 0 7 / 2 0 0 8

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TKI 234: Pemrograman Komputer


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1. Introduction of Computer


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Introduction3

A computer is a programmable machine.

The two principal characteristics of a computer are:

It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-

defined manner It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a

program)

There are two basic parts to a computer:

Hardware - wires, transistors, and circuits Software - instructions and data


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Hardware4

The hardware are the parts of computer itself includingthe Central Processing Unit (CPU) and related microchipsand micro-circuitry, keyboards, monitors, case and drives(floppy, hard, CD, DVD, optical, tape, etc...).

Other extra parts called peripheral components or devicesinclude mouse, printers, modems, scanners, digitalcameras and cards (sound, colour, video) etc...

Together they are often referred to as a personalcomputer or PC.


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Central Processing Unit (CPU)5

A central processing unit (CPU), or sometimes justprocessor, is a description of a class of logic machines thatcan execute computer programs.

Currently the Pentium chip or processor, made by Intel, isthe most common CPU though there are many othercompanies that produce processors for personalcomputers. Examples are the CPU made by Motorola and

AMD.


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Monitor6

A monitor shows information on the screen when you type.This is called outputting information.

Monitors come in many types and sizes from the simplemonochrome (one color) screen to full color screens.

A cathode ray tube (CRT) and a liquid crystal display (LCD)

To get the full benefit of today's software with full colorgraphics and animation, computers need a color monitor

with a display or graphics card.


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Printer7

A printer takes the information on your screen andtransfers it to paper or a hard copy.

The three basic types of printer are:

Dot matrix printers work like a typewriter transferring inkfrom a ribbon to paper with a series or 'matrix' of tiny pins.

Ink jet printers work like dot matrix printers but fires a streamof ink from a cartridge directly onto the paper.

Laser printers use the same technology as a photocopier using

heat to transfer toner onto paper.


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Other Devices8


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Software9

The software is the information that the computer uses to getthe job done.

Software needs to be accessed before it can be used.

There are many terms used for process of accessing software

including running, executing, starting up, opening, and others.

Examples of software programs or applications would be theOperating System (DOS, Windows 9x/Millenium/XP, O/S2,UNIX, MacOS 9.x/10.x and various others), Wordprocessor

(typing letters), Spreadsheet (financial info), Database(inventory control and address book), Graphics program,Internet Browser, Email and many others.


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Software10

The three basic types of software are: Commercial softwarecomes prepackaged and is available from

software stores and through the Internet. Shareware is software developed by individual or small

companies that cannot afford to market their software worldwide or by a company that wants to release a demonstrationversion of their commercial product. You will have an evaluationperiod in which you can decide whether to purchase the productor not. Shareware software often is disabled in some.

Open Source software is released into the public domain forpublic use. There is usually a copyright notice that must remainwith the software product. Many popular Open Sourceapplications are being developed and upgraded regularly byindividuals and companies that believe in the Open Sourceconcept.


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Units of Measure for Digital Information11

Bit

A bit is abinary digit, taking a value of either 0 or 1.

For example, the number 10010111 is 8 bits long.

Byte

A byte is a unit of measurement of information storage.

Most often consisting of 8 bits (1 byte = 8 bits)

KiloByte

1 KB = 210 KB = 1 KiloByte = 1 KibiByte = 1024 Bytes


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Units of Measure for Digital Information12

Prefix Name SI Meaning Binary Meaning Size difference

K or k kilo 103 = 10001 210 = 10241 2.40%

M mega 106 = 10002 220 = 10242 4.86%

G giga 109 = 10003 230 = 10243 7.37%

T tera 1012 = 10004 240 = 10244 9.95%

P peta 1015 = 10005 250 = 10245 12.59%

E exa 1018 = 10006 260 = 10246 15.29%


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Logical Operators13

A logic gate is an elementary building block of a digitalcircuit.

Most logic gates have two inputs and one output.

There are seven basic logic gates:

AND

OR

XOR

NOT NAND

NOR

XNOR


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AND Gate14

The AND gate is a digital logic gate that implements logicalconjunction

A HIGH output (1) results only if both the inputs to theAND gate are HIGH (1).

If neither or only one input to the AND gate is HIGH, aLOW output results.

INPUT OUTPUT

A B A AND B

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1


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OR Gate15

The OR gate is a digital logic gate that implements logicaldisjunction.

A HIGH output (1) results if one or both the inputs to thegate are HIGH (1).

If neither input is HIGH, a LOW output (0) results.

INPUT OUTPUT

A B A OR B

0 0 00 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1


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XOR Gate16

The XOR gate (sometimes EOR gate) is a digital logic gatethat implements exclusive disjunction.

A HIGH output (1) results if one, and only one, of the inputsto the gate is HIGH (1).

If both inputs are LOW (0) or both are HIGH (1), a LOWoutput (0) results.

INPUT OUTPUT

A B A XOR B

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0


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NOT Gate17

The NOT gate or inverter is a digital logic gate thatimplements logical negation.

A HIGH output (1) results if the inputs is LOW (0).

If the input is HIGH (1), a LOW output (0) results.

INPUTA

OUTPUTNOT A

0 1

1 0

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