PROJECT REPORT on ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF UNDERGROUND DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN SRM UNIVERSITY KATTANKULATHUR CAMPUS (HOSTELS) Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in CIVIL ENGINEERING by ROHIT SAHAI 1011010177 Under the guidance of Mr. J. Rajprasad (Assistant Professor) DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SRM UNIVERSITY (Under section 3 of UGC Act 1956) SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur- 603203 Kancheepuram District 1
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PROJECT REPORT
on
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF UNDERGROUND DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN SRM UNIVERSITY KATTANKULATHUR CAMPUS (HOSTELS)
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
by
ROHIT SAHAI 1011010177
Under the guidance of
Mr. J. Rajprasad
(Assistant Professor)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SRM UNIVERSITY
(Under section 3 of UGC Act 1956)
SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur- 603203
Kancheepuram District
APRIL 201
1
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
ABSTRACT iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
ABBRIVATIONS x
1 OVERVIEW 1
1.1 OBJECTIVE 1
1.2 NECESSITY 1
1.3 SCOPE 1
1.4 METHODOLOGY 2
1.5 MAJOR DESIGN EXPERIENCE 2
1.6 REALISTIC DESIGN CONSTARINTS 2
1.7 REFERNCE TO CODES AND STANDARDS 3
1.8 APPLICATION OF EARLIER COURSE WORKS 3
1.9 MULTIDISCIPLINARY AND TEAM WORK 4
1.10 SOFTWARE USED 4
2 INTRODUCTION 5
2.1 GENERAL 5
2.2 LITERATURE RIVIEW 5
2
2.2.1 Soil profile 6
2.2.2 Effects of drainage 6
2.2.3 Hydrology 6
2.2.4 Annual drain flow 6
2.3 SUMMARY 6
3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE 8
3.1 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE 8
3.2 CATCHMENT AREA 9
3.3 STORM DRAINAGE AND STANDARD POLICIES 9
3.4 SITE SELECTION 10
3.5 PREVIOUS YEAR STUDIES 11
3.6 DATA COLLECTED 11
3.7 POPULATION FORECAST AND AVERAGE DRY
WEATHER FLOW
14
3.8 PERCAPITA CONSUMPTION OF WATER 15
3.9 WASTE WATER CHARACTERSTICS 15
3.10 STORM WATER DRAINAGE 17
3.11 RUNOFF DEPTH 17
3.12 RUNOFF RATE 18
3.13 PIPE MATERIAL 24
3.13.1 Vitrified clay pipes 25
3.13.2 Properties of vitrified clay pipes 26
3.13.3 Economic considerations 28
3
3.14 JOINTS 29
3.14.1 Assemblies 29
3.15 SAFETY ISSUES 30
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 31
4.1 BASIC INFORMATION 31
4.1.1 Preliminary Investigation for Design of Sewer System 31
4.1.2 Detailed Survey 32
4.1.3 Profile of Sewer System 32
4.2 SEWER CONSTRUCTION 38
4.3 LAYING OF PIPE SEWERS 40
4.3.1 Depth of flow 40
4.4 TRENCH DESIGN 44
4.4.1 Trench condition 44
4.4.2 Load producing forces 45
4.4.3 Load calculations 45
4.4.4 Type of bedding 46
4.5 PIPE DIMENSIONS 49
4.5.1 Spigot 50
4.5.2 Bends 51
4.5.3 Tees 52
4.6 MANHOLES 53
4.6.1 Junction manholes 53
4
4.6.2 Spacing of manholes 54
4.6.3 Size of manholes 54
4.6.4 Construction 54
4.6.5 Safety measures 56
4.7 COST ESTIMATION AS PER QUANTITY 58
4.8 ABSTRACT ESTIMATE 60
5 CONCLUSION 61
5.1 CONCLUSION
61
5.2 FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT 61
REFERENCES 62
5
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE
1.1 Reference to codes and standard 3
1.2 The application of earlier course work 3
3.1 The rainfall data for last five years in Kanchipuram district 12
3.2 The water consumption data in hostel blocks 14
3.3 The designed sewage flow 16
3.4 The annual rainfall depth 18
3.5 The drainage area with soil type 19
3.6 The runoff curve number (CN) 19
3.7 The slope adjustment factor 24
3.8 The different types of pipe material 25
3.9 The mechanical properties 27
3.10 The angular deflection (after 5mm draw) 29
4.1 Tabulation of the calculated pipe diameter 39
4.2 Peak flow to facilitate the hydraulic properties 41
4.3 Slope and length of the open channel 43
4.4 Weight of 650 mm diameter pipe 46
4.5 Spigot dimensions as per manual 50
4.6 Bends dimensions as per manual 51
4.7 Tees dimensions as per manual 53
4.8 Cost estimation of underground drainage system 58
4.9 Abstract estimation of underground drainage system 60
6
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
3.1 Methodology followed for the project 8
3.2 The campus plan of SRM university 13
3.3 The catchment area of SRM hostels 17
3.4 The hydraulic length and drainage area relationship. 21
3.5 The discharge Vs equivalent drainage area for average
watershed slope 5 %
22
3.6 The peak discharge adjustment factor for impervious area 23
3.7 The vitrified clay pipes 26
3.8 The biological induced H2S corrosion 27
3.9 The economic viability and service life 38
3.10 The jointing system C and F 39
4.1 Flow of water at a lower level. 32
4.2 Most economical open channel 41
4.3 Dimensions of open channel 43
4.4 Free body diagram of sewer 45
4.5 Bedding dimensions 47
4.6 Class B bedding 47
4.7 Bedding dimensions for 650mm diameter pipe 48
4.8 Bedding dimensions for 150mm diameter pipe 48
4.9 Bedding dimensions for 230mm diameter pipe 49
4.10 Spigot 50
4.11 90° Bend 51
4.12 Tees 52
4.13 Typical illustration of circular manhole 55
4.14 Pipes, Bends and tees nomenclature 57
7
ABBREVIATIONS
A - Cross section area of pipe.
ADWF - Average dry water flow
b - Width of channel
B - Width of trench
C - Dimension coefficient that measures the effect
Cd - Load coefficient
CN - Runoff curve number
d - Depth of flow
LID - Low impact development
n - Manning’s coefficient
p - Average annual depth of rainfall
PVC - Polyvinyl chloride
Qa - average dry weather flow
qa - Total water consumption
q - Water consumption
Q - Design peak flow
R - Runoff depth
W - Load on pile
w - Weight of soil
8
WL - Load on pi
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report titled ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
OF UNDERGROUND DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN SRM
UNIVERSITY KATTANKULATHUR CAMPUS is the bonafide
work of ROHIT SAHAI (1011010177), who carried out the project
under my supervision. Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge
the work reported herein does not form part of any other project report or
dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an
earlier occasion or any other candidate.
Signature of the Guide
Mr.J.RAJ PRASADAsst.Professor O.G.Department of Civil EngineeringSRM UniversityKattankulathur- 603203
Signature of the HOD
Dr. R. ANNADURAIProfessor & HeadDepartment of Civil EngineeringSRM UniversityKattankulathur- 603203
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
DATE:
9
ABSTRACT
This project was done primarily to present an alternate solution for
the problem caused due to open channel drainage system in SRM
University, Kattankulathur campus. This project explores the possibility
of construction of systematic sewerage system which is directly treated
by the treatment plant and the excess storm water which is drained by
providing open channel, making its way to the rainwater collecting
trench. The geographical location of the catchment area is such that it
paves the way for the entire waste water extracted from the hostels.
In this project analysis of waste water is carried out by collecting
the per capita consumption of water and the annual rainfall for last five
years. Pipe networking was done according to Indian Standard code
recommendations using software AutoCAD. The design of pipe
including dimensions, network, and dimensions of trench, slope and
manhole was done manually as per Indian Standard codes. The cost of
the project was estimated as per the latest pricing by PWD and the
abstract cost of the project was calculated. The environmental constraints
were eradicated by undergoing the construction in winters to increase
efficiency and optimum anti-corrosive measures are undertaken. Use
high performance concrete is adopted in order to resolve the
sustainability constraint. Most economical design methods are done
using economically efficient products in order to avoid economical
drawbacks. The project presented the analysis and design of
underground drainage system at SRM University.
10
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to place on record, our grateful thanks to Dr.T.P.GANESAN, Pro
Vice Chancellor (P&D), for providing all facilities and help in carrying out this project. We
thank Dr.C.MUTHAMIZHCHELVAN, Director (E&T) for the stimulus provided.
We are extremely grateful to Dr.R.ANNADURAI, Professor and Head, Department
of Civil Engineering for the encouragement and support provided during the project work.
We express our sincere thanks to the coordinator Dr.K.GUNASEKARAN,
Professor, for his valuable suggestions for improvement during project reviews.
Our deepest thanks to MR.J.RAJPRASAD (Asst. Prof, O.G.) for guiding us by
elaborating the analysis process with attention, patience and care. He has taken pain to help
us through the project and make necessary corrections and when needed.
We also thank the staff of SRM DTP section for their efforts in composing the
project report. We record our sincere thanks to our parents for the support and motivation.
Last, but by no means the least, we thank all our friends, who freely helped us in
many ways towards the successful completion of this project work.
ROHIT SAHAI
11
CHAPTER 1
OVERVIEW
1.1 OBJECTIVE
The objective of the project is to construct the underground drainage system
in SRM University (Hostel).
To estimate the total cost of construction.
1.2 NECESSITY
The basic necessities of an underground drainage system are given below.
Drainage of storm water from the surface to avoid settling of water on the
paths.
To induce sanitation foul water with surface rain water to abate the foul
smell.
To facilitate the overall flow in the drainage pipes.
Flooding of surface and subsurface may cause heavy loss of property
(buildings and roads) and health (people and vegetation) of the people residing in the
campus during extremely heavy rains. Hence in order to exterminate such problem
underground drainage system is necessary.
The provision of such a scheme shall ensure a constant, reliable drainage and
reduce environmental pollution.
1.3 SCOPE
The scope of the project is given below.
To gain an understanding of basic excavation techniques.
To test the applicability of perforated pipes.
12
To assess the adequacy of the existing drainage system.
1.4 METHODOLOGY
Literature survey: Books and codes required for the project are collected.
Surveying: Selection of site, study of old drainage system, soil exploration,
type of soil, preparing layout.
Analysis and Design: Analysis of types of pipe material, flow rate, discharge
and estimation total runoff. Design of surface inlet and outlet, manholes, cover,
trenches and pipe network.
1.5 MAJOR DESIGN EXPERIENCE
The project is an “Underground Design Project”. Design experience in the
following areas has been gained during the course of the project.
Design of pipeline network.
Design of manholes.
Design and cost estimation of trenches and pipe laying operations.
1.6 REALISTIC DESIGN CONSTRAINTS
Environmental constraints: Consideration of actual environmental factors
(extreme working temperature, corrosive fluid, abrasive air, etc.) in design.
To overcome the environmental constraints the construction is scheduled in
winters to increase efficiency and optimum anti-corrosive measures are undertaken.
Sustainability constraints: Consideration of sustainability factors in
application of dead and live loads on the underground pipelines.
To overcome these constraints the high performance concrete is used for the
construction.
Economical constraints: Availability of funds for successful completion of
project.
In order to overcome economical constraints, most economical design
methods are adopted using economically efficient products.
1.7 REFERENCE TO CODES AND STANDARDS
13
As far as the codes and standards are concerned, for the design of some
components such as pipe network, trenches and manholes, the Indian Standard (IS)
codes have been used. The various IS codes and standards used for the project are
listed below in the Table 1.1.
Table 1.1 Reference to codes and standard
CODES CONTEXT
IS 2527:1984 Code Of Practice For Fixing Rainwater Gutters And
Downpipes For Roof Drainage (First Revision)
IS 1172:1993 Code Of Basic Requirements For Water Supply, Drainage
And Sanitation (Fourth Revision)
IS 1742:1983 Code Of Practice For Building Drainage (Second Revision))
IS 4111
(Part 1):1986
Code Of Practice For Ancillary Structures In Sewerage
System: Part I Manholes (First Revision)
IRC:SP:42-1994 Guidelines On Road Drainage
1.8 APPLICATION OF EARLIER COURSE WORK
The knowledge gained from some of the earlier courses are used in this
project and are listed in Table 1.2.
Table 1.2 Application of earlier course work
14
COURSE
CODE
COURSE NAME CONTEXT
CE0104 Computer Aided Building
Drawing
Pipe layout and alignment
CE0205 Fluid Mechanics Evaluation of discharge ,inlet
outlet diameter
CE0206 Applied Hydraulic
Engineering
Evaluation of catchment area,
hydrological parameter
CE0306 Foundation Engineering Determination of water Table
and depth of excavation.
Table 1.2 (continued)
CE0307 Environmental
engineering I
Design of pits, manholes, pipe
material, joints
CE0411 Estimation, Costing And
Professional Practice
Estimation and costing
1.9 MULTIDISCIPLINARY COMPONENT AND TEAM WORK
This project involves students in multidisciplinary team work like interacting
with the common people while procuring the dimensions of the streets, evaluation of
ground water Table, chemical and physical properties of the soil with the
maintenance department for the allocation of labor force.
1.10 SOFTWARE USED
The various software used in the project are given below.
AutoCAD
Microsoft Office
SAP
CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION
15
2.1 GENERAL
Drainage is the process of interception and removal of water from over, and
under the vicinity of the road surface. Drainage can be surface (where water is
conveyed on the road surface and drainage channels) or subsurface (water flows
underneath the pavement structure).
Surface and subsurface drainage of roads critically affects their structural
integrity, life and safety to users, and is thus important during highway design and
construction. Road designs therefore have to provide efficient means for removal of
this water; hence the need for road drainage designs.
Drainage facilities are required to protect the road against damage from
surface and sub surface water. Traffic safety is also important as poor drainage can
result in dangerous conditions like hydroplaning. Poor drainage can also compromise
the structural integrity and life of a pavement. Drainage systems combine various
natural and a manmade facility e.g. ditches, pipes, culverts, curbs to convey this
water safely (Ref. 1).
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
This project demands through the study of terminology and the methods of
construction of an underground drainage system. The required details are collected
from the literature and also from earlier course study that is environmental
engineering are summarized here.
2.2.1 Soil profile
Soil which does not drain quickly and naturally can be improved by the
installation of a subsurface tile drainage system. Tile drainage provides storage
capacity in the soil profile. This storage acts as a reservoir which fills and reduces
surface runoff for low intensity storms (Ref. 1).
2.2.2 Effects of drainage
16
Soil water regimes and water balances are presented for a series of drained
and undrained experimental grassland plots, intended to examine the agronomic
consequences of drainage. The major effect of drainage is to alter the route of water
loss from the site (Ref. 1).
2.2.3 Hydrology
Research conducted for the last 35 years has shown that subsurface drainage
has a significant impact on hydrology and contaminant transport. As a first step
towards incorporating drainage systems into large-scale hydrological models, an
equivalent representation of drains buried in a soil profile by using a homogeneous
anisotropic porous medium without drains (Ref. 1).
2.2.4 Annual drain flow
Drainage water management showed potential for reducing annual average
(1915–2006) drain flow from all drain spacing (10–35 m) regardless of the growing
season operational strategy, with reductions varying between 52% and 55% for the
drain spacing considered. Approximately, 81% to 99% of the annual drain flow
reduction occurred during the non- growing season, depending on the operational
strategy (Ref. 1).
2.3 SUMMARY
The effects of climate variability, drain spacing, and growing season
operational strategy on annual drain flow were studied for a hypothetical drainage
water management system.
Drainage has lowered the water tables, reduced the duration of water logging
in the drained plots and its effects in terms either of the total water quantities leaving
the site or of peak flows is quite small. In order to facilitate easy cleaning in sewer
lines whenever blockage occurs in sewer line, adequate number of manholes is
provided at regular intervals. Manholes with cast iron frames and covers are provided
in heavy traffic roads, on small lanes and cross roads with less traffic with RCC
frames and covers for the manholes.
17
CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE
18
3.1 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE
Drainage and sewerage system have always been part of essential
infrastructure in modern cities and town. In SRM university separate systems are
provided for collection and disposal of sewage and storm water. These systems are
unsanitary for the environment hence the project intends to provide a sanitary source
of drainage which is underground system which collects the sewage and leads it to
the sewage treatment plant.
Over the past ten years, population in SRM University has increase
significantly. This has led to an increase in water consumption and a consequential
increase in quantity of waste water to be handled. Today our community generates
about 50 million liters per day of waste water daily which required proper collection
and disposal. The methodology followed in the project is shown in Figure 3.1.
Fig. 3.1 Methodology followed in the project
3.2 CATCHMENT AREA
The catchment area of any point is defined by the limits from where surface
runoff will make its way, either by natural or manmade paths, to this point. The
catchment boundary is determined by using the most accurate information available
subject to such information being acceptable to council as appropriate. This is
presented to Council in a contour map along with the source of information.
Catchment area land use is based on current available zoning information or
19
proposed future zonings, where applicable and is produced to reflect both the minor
and major event catchments.
In SRM University the most vulnerable catchment area is the Hostels that
include both boys as well as girls. The quantity of water used per day in this varied
area is peculiarly gigantic (Ref. 2).
3.3 STORM DRAINAGE & GRADING STANDARDS AND POLICIES
All storm water which falls within a development, including the respective
one-half of all abutting streets, shall retain a minimum of the 100 year 2 hour storm
water runoff within the boundaries of said development. Predevelopment runoff
versus post development runoff retention is not acceptable, except for a “first flush”
facility or an approved designated drainage outfall, and shall be approved by the
Public Works Department.
Drainage retention/detention and conveyance systems shall be designed to
eliminate and reduce storm water runoff impact of adjacent or downstream
properties. No storm water drainage system shall be approved if the effect may cause
an increase in peak discharge, volume, or velocity of runoff or change the point of
entry of drainage onto another property during the runoff event.
The institution Civil Department shall require for review and approval a
grading and drainage plan and report be submitted wherever development and/or
grading is proposed within the University limits.
Construction documents for grading and drainage submitted to the University
for approval must be sealed by a registered Professional Civil Engineer. This
registered Professional Civil Engineer shall be held solely responsible for the
correctness and adequacy of all data, drawings, calculations, and reports submitted to
the University for review and approval. Approval by the University does not
necessarily imply that the design is appropriate, or that the development is in strict
compliance with all applicable regulations and standards.
Changes or additions to sites which require a site plan approval shall be
required to address drainage alterations and/or additions on the entire site with
approval of the University and meet storm drainage requirements as set forth in this
project (Ref. 2).
20
3.4 SITE SELECTION
The underground drainage system is located in SRM University, Chennai,
India (shown below in Figure 3.1). The site is at an altitude of 33 m above mean sea
level at latitude 12° 42’ N and longitude of 80°02’ E. The climate is characterized by
a short rain period from mid July to the end of September, a long rain period from
October to mid January, and a long dry period from mid January to mid July. The
climate is tropical, with a temperature variation of 19° - 42° C and average annual
rainfall of 1330 mm (India Meteorological Department, Chennai) (Ref. 2).
Site Planning Low impact development (LID) techniques are incorporated
into redevelopment drainage in SRM University. Exceptions may be made for
incidences where a demonstrated public purpose (such as preserving a historic
resource or a significant natural feature) is found to be served by the permitting
board or agency which would necessitate the use of underground recharge systems.
The site planning process shall be documented and include the following steps:
Perform Site Analysis – The important natural features such as streams and