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図 17:トラロックの壁画。 図 18:「月の広場」で発見された水の神、チャルチウトリクエ石彫。
図 19:火の神、ウェウェテオトルの火鉢。
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1.Introduction: Sacred Animals and Ancient Rulership in Mesoamerica
Saburo SUGIYAMA * Animals have been an immediate resource of the nature that humans long explored as food, materials for production, tools for transportation, companions, or symbols. Ancient Mesoamerican people paid special attentions to certain kinds of animals, particularly powerful carnivores, raptors, or poisonous animals, and incorporated them in social systems as symbols of power. I examined representations of sacred animals from the point of view of Cognitive Archaeology, particularly those of the feathered serpents, in relation to the social and political formation process of the Teotihuacan state. It may be argued, with iconographic studies and archaeological researches, that the feathered serpent was created, or upgraded as a supreme deity to proclaim the rulership. This was done through the erection of the monument called the “Feathered Serpent Pyramid” and rituals of mass-human sacrifice in Teotihuacan, although its ancestral creature may have already been functioning during earlier periods in Mesoamerica. The Classic Teotihuacan state developed around the first century AD in an ecologically rich basin where a large variety of plants and animals were available in addition to domesticated species like dogs and turkeys. However, the representations in the Teotihuacan murals, ceramics, and stone objects show only a select animal group such as carnivores (felines and canines), birds (raptors), butterfly, snake, and enigmatic creatures composed with animal parts of different kinds. The representations of the snake group actually consisted of feathered serpents and serpent-creatures, and only one example of realistic serpent image. A feathered serpent comprised features of jaguar (or puma), wolf, alligator, bird, and rattle-snake that would have provided cosmic power transforming into a super-natural creature or god. Iconographic studies and archaeological researches demonstrate that the Feathered Serpent Pyramid in the Citadel was erected to proclaim the rulership in the form of a symbol set, headdress and nose-pendant of special forms, in order to govern the present world. The excavations in 1980’s demonstrated that more than 200 warriors-priests were sacrificed and dedicated to the erection of the Feathered Serpent Pyramid, and the recent discovery of a possible royal tomb, about 14 meters below the pyramid, also seem to support the idea that the feathered serpent symbolized sacred rulership for the people who were buried under the monument when the construction of the planed city was concluded in the early third century AD.
* Ph.D. obtained from Arizona State University, currently Professor of the Graduate School of International Cultural Studies at Aichi Prefectural University and Associate Research Professor in the School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University (part-time). His major research focuses on the Mesoamerican social histories, particularly of Teotihuacan, ancient urbanism, iconography, and symbolism. He has been the co-director of the Moon Pyramid Project and is currently working as an Invited Professor for the Mexican National Institute project at the Sun Pyramid in Teotihuacan and at the Templo Mayor in Mexico City.