1a. How many years have you been playing tennis on a regular basis? Number of years: __________ b. What is your level of play? Novice...............

1a. How many years have you been playing tennis on a regular basis? Number of years: __________

b. What is your level of play?

Novice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1 Advanced . . . . . . . -4Lower Intermediate . . . . . -2 Expert . . . . . . . . . -5Upper Intermediate . . . . . -3 Teaching Pro . . . . -6

c. In the last 12 months, has your level of play improved, remained the same or decreased?

Improved. . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1 Decreased. . . . . . . -3Remained the same . . . . . -2

2a. Do you belong to a club with tennis facilities? Yes . . . . . . . -1No . . . . . . . -2

b. How many people in your household - including yourself - play tennis?Number who play tennis ___________

3a. Why do you play tennis? (Please “X” all that apply.)

To have fun . . . . . . . . . . -1To stay fit. . . . . . . . . . . . -2To be with friends. . . . . . -3To improve my game . . . -4To compete. . . . . . . . . . . -5To win. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -6

b. In the past 12 months, have you purchased any tennis instructional books or video tapes? Yes . . . . . . . -1

No . . . . . . . -2

Data Entry

• The process of transforming data from the research project to computers.

• Optical scanning systems– Marked-sensed questionnaires

Recode

• Recoding is the process of using a computer to convert original cods used for raw data to codes that are more suitable for analysis.

• Var1 = 8 - Var1

Error Checking and Verification

• Data cleaning

To get an overview of the data

analysis procedure.The Data Analysis Procedure

Five Step Procedure for Data Analysis:

Step One: Validation and editing (quality control)

Step Two: Coding

Step Three: Data Entry

Step Four: Machine Cleaning of Data

Step Five: Tabulation and Statistical Analysis

Validation

The process of ascertaining that interviews actually were conducted as specified.

Editing

Checking for interviewer mistakes

1. Did the interviewer ask or record answers for certain questions?

2. Questionnaires are checked to make sure Skip patterns are followed.

3. Responses to open-ended responses are checked.

To understand the importance and nature of quality control checks.

Validation and Editing

Coding Defined

Grouping and assigning numeric codes to the responses

The Coding Process

1. Listing responses

2. Consolidating responses

3. Setting codes

4. Entering codes

To understand the data-entry process and data-entry alternatives.

Coding

Intelligent Data Entry

The checking of information being entered for internal logic by either that data entry device or another device connected to it.

The Data Entry Process

The mechanics of the process.

The validated, edited, and coded questionnaires are given to a data entry operator.

The process of going directly from the questionnaire to the data entry device and storage medium is more accurate and efficient.

Data Entry To understand the data-entry process and data-entry alternatives.

Optical Scanning

A data processing device that can “read”response questionnaires

Optical Scanning To understand the data-entry process and data-entry alternatives.

Machine Cleaning of Data

Machine Cleaning of Data

A final computerized error check of data.

Marginal Report

A computer-generated table of the frequencies of the responses to each question to monitor entry of valid codes and correct use of skip patterns.

Who Conducts Fieldwork?

FIELD-FIELD-WORKERSWORKERS

FIELD INTERVIEWINGFIELD INTERVIEWINGSERVICESERVICE

IN-HOUSEIN-HOUSEINTERVIEWERSINTERVIEWERS•BRIEFING SESSIONSBRIEFING SESSIONS

In-House Training

MAKING INITIALMAKING INITIALCONTACTCONTACT

PROBINGPROBING

RECORDING RECORDING RESPONSESRESPONSES

ASKINGASKINGQUESTIONSQUESTIONS

TERMINATINGTERMINATINGINTERVIEWSINTERVIEWS

Making Initial Contact and Securing the Interview

• “Good afternoon, my name is…”

• Foot-in-the-door

• Door-in-the-face

Asking the Questions

• Exactly as worded

• Read slowly

• Questions in the proper order

• Ask every question

• Repeat questions that are not understood

Probing

• Verbal attempts made by a field-worker when the respondent must be motivated to communicate his or her answers more fully

• Probes enlarge and clarify

SILENTSILENTPROBEPROBE

REPEAT REPLYREPEAT REPLY

NEUTRAL NEUTRAL QUESTIONQUESTION

REPEAT QUESTIONREPEAT QUESTION

Probing Tactics

Recording the Response

Terminating the Interview

• How to close interview and exit household is important

• Reinterviewing may be required

Fieldwork Management• Select • Train• Supervise• Control

Interviewer Cheating

• Filling in fake answers or falsifying interviews

• Verification by reinterview