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CHALLENGES
OF THE 19TH
CENTURY
EUROPE, SPAIN AND PHILIPPINES DURING RIZALS TIME
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The nineteenth century stands out as an extremelydynamic period in European history.
Important events in politics and economics direct andindirectly influenced 19th century events in the Philippines.
Industrialization,political changes brought by ideas ofliberalism, struggle for nationalism, and growth of
democracy were important events of the 19th
century.
Jose Rizal is a product of his time; understanding theevents 19th century means understanding Jose Rizals life,works and beliefs.
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NATIONALISM
INDUSTRIALIZATION
DEMOCRACY
FRENCHREVOLUTION
World Event
Spain
Philippines
1859
Jesuits Return
To thePhilippines
1861 -1870s
Unification ofEuropean states
1863
Educational
Decree
1869
Suez Canal
1821
Spain directly
controlled
Philippines
1808
NapoleonBonaparte
conquered Spain
1872
Cavite Mutiny
1834
Manila opened
To world trade
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Industrialization rapidly gained momentum in thesecond half of the 19th century.
The invention of machines resulted in establishment offactories; likewise, it changed the complexity ofeconomics.
Capitalism, a system of economy based on privateownership and free enterprise, created a new social class:
the capitalists. Progress in science and technology was at par withindustrialization.
In response to Industrialization and Capitalism,theories
of socialism emerged in the 19th century.
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Socialism is an economictheory stating thegovernment should be in
charge of production anddistribution of goods.
Communism, an ideologyadvocating class struggle andrevolution, spread based on
writings of Hegel and KarlMarx.
Enactment of laws on labor hours,pension, educationand better working condition were results of continuing
struggle for workers recognition.
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The most significant symbol of European progress wasthe recognition and appreciation of mans right.
Democracy may be defined as agovernment of the governed.
Democracy involves political,economic and social welfare of the
people. Democracy carries the ideas ofliberty, equality and fraternity.
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Spain was plagued ofinstability of thegovernment and political
controversies during the 19thcentury.
Through NapoleonBonapartes occupation of
Spain in 1808, someSpaniards accepted the ideasof liberty, equality andfraternity.
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Increased dissemination ofliberal ideas fueled issues onabsolutism.
19th century saw Spains gradual fall as an colonial empire
as it lost several colonies within the century.
While Spain had been occupied with domestic problems -the war of liberation and the discussion on constitutionalreform - the colonies in South and Central America sufferedneglect
American wars of independence ended the galleon trade in1815; the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Cuba were only theremaining source of income for the Spaniards.
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Spanish
Peninsulares
Creoles, NativeInfluential Class,
Mestizos
Indios / Natives
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Tribute payers (natives and Chinese) 5,501,356
Clergy and members of religiousorders
1,962
Spanish Officials 5,552
Private Spaniards and criollos 13,265
Non-tribute paying English and
Americans
378
Non-tribute paying Chinese 30,797
Non-tribute paying mountain tribes 602,853?
Non-tribute paying Army personnel 14,545
Non-tribute paying Navy Personnel 2,924
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Opening of Philippine Ports to World Trade resulted toprogress in trade, agriculture and industry.
Opening of the Suez Canal shortened traveling time fromand to Europe and the Philippines.
Major Philippine industry included hemp, sugar and rice
Other places became a major hub for business with
Americans, English, Germans and even Malaysian.
Infusion of foreign capital led to spectacular growth ofPhilippine economy.
There was influx of Chinese businessmen was not only in
Manila but also provinces as far as Surigao.
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The new economy dislodged the native elite from theirprivileged position in Philippine trade and economy.
The elite were the illustrados ; their ideal is to beHispanized Filipino.
In 1880, social classification tended to disappear. Thecreolos, mestizos and Chinese were slowly merging with the
native elite and the commoners through commonaspirations.
The economic system gradually changed the socialstructure of the country. The emerging illustrados will
suffocate Spain towards Philippine Independence.
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Educational Decree of 1863 paved way for primaryschools for boys and girls, separately.
Escuela Normal de Maestrosde Instruccion Primaria trainedmale teachers in 1865.
Univesidad de Santo Tomasprovided the higher educationduring the 19th century.
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Religious orders,Dominicans, Recolletos, Augustiniansand Franciscans, dominated the parishes since 1565 anduntil late 19th century..
Secularization demandedthe turning over ofparishesfrom the regular priest.
The conflict became racialand a national one, withFriars on the other side andthe Filipinos clamoring for
Filipino parishes.
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Father Pedro Pelaez was the spokesperson on the secularsduring the 19th century.
The development of Filipino seculars were blocked by
Spanish authorities citing the possibilities of ignitingindependence movements.
The clergy was hesitant to give authority to Filipinos sincethey are not convinced of Filipinos can be good priests.
Father Pedro Pelaez and Father Mariano Gomez strateda campaign fund to finance a lobby in Madrid to undocontinued spoilation of Filipino priests.
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Jose Basa(above),
part of the mutineers,
was exiled after
1872. Gomburza
(left) was executed in
1872
January 20, 1872,the Filipino soldiers
rose in mutiny underthe leadership ofSergeant LaMadrid.
Fathers Mariano
Gomez, FatherJose Burgos andFather Zamorawere all implicatedwith the mutiny.
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Revolts
Personaland
Religious
Resistance toSpanish imposedEconomic system
Land
Problems
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Reformist did not want independence from Spain butdemanded reform:
Representation to the Spanish Cortes Secularization of the parishes
Assimilation of the Philippines as regular province ofSpain.
Freedom of trade and industry
Representation to the Spanish Cortes
Human Rights for Filipinos
Equality between Spaniards and Filipinos
Reforms in education and administration
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Economic
Changes
Cultural & Social
Changes
- Cultivation ofcosmopolitian attitudes- Heightened opposition toclerical control
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Industrialization,political changes brought by ideas ofliberalism, struggle for nationalism, and growth ofdemocracy were important events of the 19th century.
Spains domestic struggles led to indifference towards hercolonies who in turn felt neglected; and started moving
towards independence. The Philippines is directly and indirectly influenced ofevents occurring in and outside the country.
The death of Gomburza ignited the idea of Filipinism
and reforms.
A new middle class emerge from the economic and socialchanges during the 19th century in Europe and Philippines.