ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE FUND 1998 ANNUAL REPORT
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ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE FUND
1998 ANNUAL REPORT
Environmental Defense Fund At a Glance
Incorporated:October 6, 1967
Offices:New York, NYWashington, DCOakland, CABoulder, CORaleigh, NCAustin, TXBoston, MALos Angeles, CAAddresses on inside back cover
Staff:170
Members:More than 300,000
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© 1998 Environmental Defense Fund
The Environmental Defense Fund is dedicated to gettingresults. Whenever environmental progress has been blockedduring our 31 years, we’ve developed new ways to move for-ward. We have worked with businesses, government agen-cies, grassroots groups, and others who share our vision ofenvironmental solutions that are lasting, efficient, and fair.
In the following pages, we highlight a few of thisyear’s achievements in the four areas in which we concentrateour work:
■ Biodiversity. We have enrolled nearly two mil-lion acres of private lands in voluntary programs for endan-gered species and other wildlife (see page 4).
■ Climate. We helped BP, the world’s thirdlargest oil company, develop an unprecedented plan to reducegreenhouse gas emissions (see page 6).
■ Health. We launched the Chemical Scorecardweb site, a free Internet service that gives people informationon local releases of toxic chemicals (see page 8).
■ Oceans. We worked with regional fishery man-agement councils to reduce overfishing and avert the collapseof ocean fisheries (see page 10).
We also continued our partnership in the Alliancefor Environmental Innovation, a joint project with The PewCharitable Trusts. Among other projects, the Allianceworked with United Parcel Service to introduce environmen-tally improved overnight-delivery packages (see page 12).
This year we opened a project office in Los Angelesto design policies on transportation and other issues affectingthe inner city. The project reflects our commitment to theenvironmental rights of the poor and people of color.
Our achievements have been made possible by a tal-ented and dedicated staff and by more than 300,000 mem-bers and friends who supported our work this year, contribut-ing to income that totaled $27.8 million, our highest ever.We thank you all.
Fred KruppExecutive Director
John H.T. WilsonChairman of the Board
TAKING A DIFFERENT APPROACH
Fred Krupp and John Wilson
required that the people being exposed tothese chemicals be warned, so they couldmake informed choices. Rather than givewarnings, many manufacturers of con-sumer products have responded byremoving toxic ingredients, not just inCalifornia but nationwide. Examplesinclude products as diverse as china dish-es, brass faucets, canned chili sauce, andvinyl mini-blinds.
To help address the problemof acid rain, we designed a part of the1990 Clean Air Act that will cutpower-plant emissions of sulfur dioxidein half. Instead of requiring all plantowners to adopt identical solutions, ashad been proposed, our plan gave eachowner the freedom to decide how tomake the required cuts, creating com-petition among pollution-reductionmethods and driving down the cost.And today? Emissions are beingreduced ahead of schedule at a fractionof the cost of the earlier proposal.
Our penchant for devisingsolutions that work–both environmen-tally and economically–led us to seekout industry leaders to help solve prob-
The Environmental Defense Fund wasfounded in 1967 by Long Island scien-tists who discovered that DDT washaving a devastating effect on ospreysand other local birds. Unable to per-suade the Suffolk County MosquitoControl Commission to stop sprayingDDT, the scientists went to court.This environmental strategy is now afamiliar one, but it had never been triedbefore. It worked.
“Within two weeks there wasan injunction forcing the mosquitocommission to stop using DDT,”recalls chemist Dr. Charles Wurster,one of the founders. The group thenbegan a campaign that resulted in apermanent, nationwide ban on DDTin 1972.
Forming a partnership of sci-ence and law was only the first innova-
tion of the Environmental DefenseFund. Soon our fledgling group washiring economists and computerexperts to help figure out how environ-mental gains could be economic gainsas well.
In the late 1970’s, for exam-ple, California electric companies wereplanning to build a number of coal andnuclear plants. Our novel economicanalysis showed that not building theplants would be better for the utilities’profitability–and for the environment.The companies ultimately adopted ourproposal to use energy efficiency andrenewable energy to meet the need forpower, and the coal and nuclear plantswere never built.
In 1986 we wrote California’sProposition 65, a law that dealt in a novelway with exposure to toxic chemicals. It
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O R I G I N S
Innovative from the Start
McDonald’s has spent more than $2 billion on recycled-content items ranging from paperbags to rubber playground safety surfaces. Bob Langert, McDonald’s director of environ-mental affairs, and Environmental Defense Fund scientist Dr. Richard Denison served onour joint task force to reduce waste.
lems. We approached McDonald’swith the idea of a joint task force toreduce pollution and waste in the com-pany’s operations. Much emerged fromthe partnership, including McDonald’sabandoning bulky foam-plastic ham-burger boxes in favor of less wastefulpackaging. Other companies followedsuit.
We continue to break newground today, as you will see in the sto-ries on the following pages.
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S O M E M I L E S T O N E S O V E R T H E Y E A R S
Widespread spraying of the pesticide DDT led to reproductive failures ofbald eagles and other raptors, whose eggshells were thinned by DDT andoften cracked. Fewer than 500 eagle pairs were counted in the lower 48states in 1963. Since the 1972 ban on DDT, bald eagles have recovereddramatically, numbering more than 5,000 pairs in 1996.
In this space onthese pages weshowcase the workof photographersSusan Middletonand DavidLiittschwager,who have made it their mission to photographAmerica’s endan-gered species in astyle designed to“convey the beautyand uniqueness ofeach individual.”
1967 The Environmental Defense Fund was incorporated after the first victory against DDT.1970 Our work helped bring all the great whales onto the U.S. endangered species list. 1972 The permanent nationwide ban on DDT was achieved. 1974 Our health study of Mississippi River water aided passage of the Safe Drinking Water Act.1978 California endorsed our electric utility plan, focusing on efficiency and renewable sources. 1979 Hair dryers containing asbestos were withdrawn from the market in response to our action.1984 Staff research showed the first direct link between sulfur emissions and distant acid rain.1985 Our efforts helped bring about a nationwide phaseout of leaded gasoline.1986 We drafted California’s Proposition 65, which stimulated a major shift to less-toxic products.1988 Our staff helped convince U.S. leaders to ratify the treaty banning ocean dumping of plastics.1990 The new Clean Air Act incorporated our innovative method to cut acid rain and air pollution. 1990 McDonald’s dropped foam-plastic hamburger boxes as recommended by our joint task force.1993 We helped bring printers and others in the Great Lakes region together on pollution prevention.1995 First “Safe Harbor” plans gave private landowners new incentives to help endangered species.1996 Staff helped the Panará Indians win protection for their Amazon rainforest homeland.1997 Our architecture for a climate treaty became, in large part, the U.S. proposal adopted at Kyoto.1998 The new Chemical Scorecard let Internet users find pollution sources in their communities.
sources. “They created the opportunityfor us, brought it to our attention, andshepherded us through the process.”With Searchinger’s help, Maryland puttogether the first federally approvedConservation Reserve EnhancementProgram, which will protect 100,000acres along streams entering theChesapeake Bay.
In Illinois and Minnesota, wehelped state officials develop the mostambitious floodplain restoration programin history. Farmers had been plowingland too close to rivers, destroying criticalhabitat for migrating birds and otheranimals and spawning and feedinggrounds for fish. This land is far fromideal for farming, since it often floods, atgreat expense to farmers and taxpayers,when the Illinois and Minnesota Riversspill over their levees. Now, the stateshave approved programs to retire a totalof 400,000 acres of flood-prone farmlandand to plant appropriate wetland vegeta-tion there instead. In Oregon, we helpeddevelop a similar program to restore100,000 acres of riverside forests to bringback endangered salmon runs.
Environmental Defense Fund attorneyTim Searchinger had a great idea. Ifthe federal government was going to paythe nation’s farmers to retire one-tenthof their land, why not make it theland most needed for environmentalprotection along rivers and streams?Searchinger saw how to take whathad been primarily a program toreduce crop surpluses and transformit to benefit water quality andwildlife as well.
Instead of planting crops rightup to the water’s edge, farmers would bepaid to plant native trees and grasses in abuffer zone along streams. This bufferwould absorb the runoff of pesticides andfertilizer from adjacent farm fields, thelargest cause of water pollution. At thesame time, the new grassy and forestedareas would serve as habitat for hundreds
of species that depend on private landsfor survival.
Searchinger built a coalition forthis new approach. He persuaded legis-lators to support the idea. He showedDepartment of Agriculture officials howthe enhanced program would let themprotect lands important to states andlocal citizens. He demonstrated to stateenvironmental agencies how they coulduse the federal program to augment theirown conservation dollars to protect andrestore rivers. And he went on the roadto help develop plans for Illinois,Maryland, Minnesota, New York, NorthCarolina, Oregon, and other states.
“From my perspective, theEnvironmental Defense Fund has beenterrific,” says Eric Schwaab, director ofthe forestry and wildlife unit of theMaryland Department of Natural Re-
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B I O D I V E R S I T Y
Farm Law is Good News for Wildlife
An innovative land-conservation program, which we helped develop, will reduce agricul-tural pollution of rivers and streams. Jane Preyer, who directs the EnvironmentalDefense Fund’s North Carolina office, is working with Dewey Botts, director of thestate’s Division of Soil and Water Conservation, to restore degraded habitats.
We also helped New YorkCity develop a program to protectstreams feeding the city’s reservoirs in theCatskills. By creating forest and grassbuffers to shield the streams from pollu-tion that could otherwise contaminatewater supplies, the program will helpavoid the need to spend billions of dollarson a filtration plant for the city’s drink-ing water. As Searchinger’s idea contin-ues to take root across the countryside, itwill make a major difference for wildlifeand the environment.
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M O R E O F T H I S Y E A R ’ S R E S U L T S
Twenty years ago, black-footed ferrets were thought to be extinct. But atiny population was discovered and moved into a captive breeding pro-gram. These ferrets have bred so successfully that they are now beingreintroduced to the wild, although they remain one of North America’srarest mammals.
■ More than one million acres of private lands have been enrolled in our Safe Harbor plans to protect endangered species in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas.
■ In Colorado and North Carolina, we helped win measures against factory hog farms that pollute rivers and create intolerable conditions for neighboring communities.
■ For the journal BioScience, our staff analyzed threats to vanishing U.S. species, finding that loss of habitat and competition with non-native species are the most serious threats.
■ We assembled an international team to identify actions to restore severely degraded wetlands of the Colorado River delta in Mexico.
■ A staff scientist was the only U.S. environmentalist named to the 12-member World Commission on Dams, which is evaluating the impacts of dams, alternatives to dams, and dam removal.
■ Our research on widespread fires in the Amazon rainforest led to public outcry and helped trigger Brazilian legislation strengthening the environmental agency’s enforcement authority.
■ We helped stall environmentally and socially destructive multilateral bank projects that would have destroyed Indonesian rainforest and South American wetlands.
■ Our coalition efforts led oil companies to reroute a huge oil pipeline away from endangered biodiversity and indigenous peoples in Central African forests.
whether you do anything at Kyoto ornot,’ that is a catalytic commitment.”
Lobbyists for other fossil-fuelinterests still tried, without success, toderail the agreement in Kyoto. Whatmany observers feel rescued the Kyototreaty were flexibility provisions, devel-oped by Dudek and others, that will letcompanies and countries compete tofind the least expensive ways to reduceemissions. BP will use these provisionsto create competition among its ownbusiness units to ensure they cut emis-sions in the most efficient way.
“It’s no good preaching pre-cautionary action unless you’re pre-pared to do something yourself,” JohnBrowne said in announcing BP’splanned ten percent cut. He said hiscompany will reduce emissions byusing new technology, energy efficien-cy, and renewable energy, and hepledged to allow outsiders to verify thereductions.
Initially, each of ten BP busi-ness units will be assigned a ceiling forits carbon dioxide emissions. Each caneither reduce its emissions to the
Who would have expected that a majoroil company would be the first corpora-tion to agree to reduce its own green-house gas emissions? Probably no onewho had followed the industry’sattempts to downplay concerns aboutglobal warming. BP broke ranks withthe oil industry in 1997 when CEOJohn Browne acknowledged that cli-mate change is a matter for public con-cern and promised to help address it.Now BP has pledged to reduce itsglobal greenhouse gas emissions by tenpercent below 1990 levels, a largerreduction than industrial nations haveagreed to make, and Shell has followedsuit with a similar pledge.
Emissions of carbon dioxideand other greenhouse gases–from fossilfuels, deforestation, and agriculture–arechanging the Earth’s atmosphere. The
consequences could include recordheat, drought, northward migration ofinsect-borne tropical diseases, moreintense rainstorms and snowstorms,and rising seas. Recent months havecontinued to set new records for globalaverage temperature. In the face ofthese concerns, more than 150 nationsreached an agreement in Kyoto, Japan,in December 1997 to reduce emissionsof greenhouse gases worldwide.
According to EnvironmentalDefense Fund economist Dr. DanielDudek, delegates to the Kyoto summit“noted BP’s intent to address globalwarming, and it eased some of theirown anxieties about taking action toreduce greenhouse gases. When theworld’s third largest oil company says,‘We see a business opportunity andwill go ahead and limit our emissions
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C L I M A T E
Oil Giant Moves to Cut Emissions
China is second only to the United States in carbon dioxide emissions. EnvironmentalDefense Fund economist Dr. Daniel Dudek confers with researcher Song Guo Jin and MaZhong, director of the Beijing Environment and Development Institute, outside Benxi,where we are jointly developing demonstration projects to reduce air pollution.
agreed-upon level or negotiate cutswith other units, as long as the totalrequired reduction is achieved.Business units that reduce emissionsmost efficiently can profit in the nego-tiations.
Browne credited the Environ-mental Defense Fund for working withBP to develop this strategy for reduc-ing emissions at lowest cost, thusenabling the company’s bold commit-ment. BP’s internal trading plan is amicrocosm of the global emissionstrading system envisioned at Kyoto. Itis, says Dudek, the “petri dish” that therest of the world can observe to learnhow to reduce emissions and seize busi-ness opportunities at the same time.
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M O R E O F T H I S Y E A R ’ S R E S U L T S
Global warming over the next century is expected to lead to longer, hot-ter summers, coastal flooding, and more frequent droughts. That couldbe bad news for plants. Rare species in particular—such as this wetland-dwelling swamp pink—are put at risk by their small ranges and their limit-ed ability to disperse as conditions change.
■ We helped develop principles to credit companies for their early greenhouse-gas reductions, leading to a bill introduced by Senators Chafee (R-RI), Mack (R-FL), and Lieberman (D-CT).
■ Our report in Nature showed that global warming eventually could lead to the disintegration of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, flooding low-lying coastal areas around the world.
■ As a result of an energy auction that we proposed, California pledged to build its first significant renewable electric generating capacity in a decade.
■ Our report on Hot Cities projected the increase in days over 90 degrees that major U.S. cities could experience if no action is taken on global warming.
■ Staff helped persuade Los Angeles County officials to invest $850 million in bus system improvements that will increase air quality and low-income mobility.
■ We helped defeat two Bay Area proposals to enact general sales taxes to fund highway construction, and we instead proposed usage-based fees to fund transit improvements.
■ Our staff spurred negotiations toward an international agreement on environmental standards among export finance agencies, which finance more than ten percent of world trade.
■ We helped write the first Ciudad Juarez air quality management plan, which will reduce air pollution in the border cities of El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico.
understanding and combating threatsfrom toxic chemicals,” says Environ-mental Defense Fund toxicologist Dr.Bill Pease, “but we haven’t had the man-power to help more than a few suchgroups each year. Now the Scorecardputs the most important informationright at everyone’s fingertips.”
The Chemical Scorecard wasdesigned in consultation with grass-roots groups who will put the informa-tion to use. When a user types in hisor her zip code, neighborhood mapsappear on the screen, with schools andindustrial facilities marked. Users seewhat chemicals are released and canfind out which are the most toxic. Formany facilities, users can even fax aninquiry directly to the plant managerwith a click of the mouse, and thou-sands have done so. The Scorecard alsoprovides an online discussion forum andlinks to information on pollution pre-vention for both expert and layperson.
Because the Scorecard puts aspotlight on toxic emissions, it encour-ages companies to expedite emissionsreductions. In the years since the gov-
The hits just keep on coming for theEnvironmental Defense Fund’s Chemi-cal Scorecard web site. On April 15,1998, we unveiled the Scorecard on theInternet (www.scorecard.org). Instantly,information about the health effects ofchemical emissions from 17,000 indus-trial facilities became easily available toanyone with access to the World WideWeb. Previously one had to ferret outthis information from dozens of gov-ernment and university databases. TheScorecard web site received some500,000 data requests on its first day ofoperation.
Every year billions of poundsof industrial chemicals are sold forwhich the public lacks basic data onhealth effects. The Scorecard makes iteasy to find where chemicals are releasedinto the air and water and to find out
what is known–and not known–abouttheir effects on human health.
Chemical Week editor-in-chiefDavid Hunter wrote, “The impact [theScorecard] has had is due to the broadmedia coverage it has provoked andabove all to the comprehensiveness ofthe offering…linking Toxics ReleaseInventory data at specific locations tohealth effects information, and packag-ing it all with interactive tools.”
Peter Jennings announced theScorecard’s debut on World NewsTonight. The Pittsburgh Post-Gazettecalled it “an environmentalist’s dream.”Many media web sites, includingMSNBC and ABC News, linked to theScorecard, which continues to receivesome 200,000 data requests daily.
“For years, community groupshave been approaching us for help in
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H E A L T H
The Scorecard That Hit a Home Run
Our Chemical Scorecard is helping grassroots groups monitor and improve their localenvironments. Environmental Defense Fund attorney Kevin Mills worked with CharlesGriffith, director of the auto project for the Ecology Center of Ann Arbor, to find data ontoxic emissions from this Ypsilanti, Michigan, auto plant.
ernment started requiring companies todisclose their releases of certain toxicchemicals, those releases have droppedby 40 percent–even though the law saysnothing about reducing releases, justreporting them.
“The Scorecard gives peoplethe power to achieve important reduc-tions in pollution,” says Susan Studer,community outreach coordinator forthe Ohio Environmental Council, whohas used the Scorecard in the haz-ardous-materials training workshopsshe gives for residents of low-incomeand minority communities. “Most par-ticipants do not have computer experi-ence,” she notes, “but once they seehow easy it is to get this information,they are really excited about makingpositive changes in their communities.”
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M O R E O F T H I S Y E A R ’ S R E S U L T S
Far from being endangered, Homo sapiens—human beings—are the domi-nant species on Earth. Nevertheless, the casual way in which we releasetoxic chemicals and pollution into our air and water threatens not onlythe physical environment and biological communities, but also ourselvesand future generations.
■ Our landmark Toxic Ignorance study forced chemical makers worldwide to address data gaps on the health effects of their chemicals.
■ The U.S. chemical industry agreed to a $500 million toxicity-testing program developed with us and the Environmental Protection Agency.
■ We helped defeat legislation that would have weakened significantly the Superfund program for cleaning up toxic dumpsites.
■ We co-founded the National Pipeline Reform Coalition to promote regulatory improvements and pollution prevention in the oil and gas pipeline industry.
■ At our urging, the government posted enforcement data on the Internet, revealing that one in four facilities in key industrial sectors are in significant non-compliance with the Clean Air Act.
■ We developed a community health action guide working with partners in Cleveland, and helped integrate pollution prevention into government services in Hammond, Indiana.
■ Mothers of East L.A., an advocacy group serving a predominantly Mexican-American community, incorporated our Chemical Scorecard into their own web site.
tionists. “We can’t have an industrywithout fish,” he says, “so the fish mustcome first.”
One of the drastic–but neces-sary–steps the council is taking to pro-tect severely overfished populations isto close large areas to fishing. SinceHopkins came aboard, the NewEngland council has closed a large areain the Gulf of Maine in an effort torestore the decimated cod populationthere. Hopkins also has pushed formeasures to protect important juvenilefish refuge and feeding areas by clos-ing them as “habitat areas of particularconcern.”
Another serious problemfaced by the regional councils is“bycatch,” where in the course of fish-ing for particular species and sizes offish, fishermen wastefully catch and killhuge quantities of other fish andmarine life. Some councils also facegrowing pressure to allow developmentof new fish farms, or aquaculture,which can pose significant water pollu-tion problems. Environmental DefenseFund staff advised the councils on these
from commercial fishing interests forshort-term profit won out over carefulstewardship.
Things are changing, proddedin part by the 1996 reauthorization ofthe Magnuson-Stevens FisheryConservation and Management Act,which includes strong conservation pro-visions developed by the EnvironmentalDefense Fund and others. Some newappointees to the regional councils caredeeply about conservation. Even thecommercial fishermen who occupymany council seats are increasinglyaware of the need to take fewer fish nowso there will be more fish in the future.
Cape Cod fisherman BillAmaru, who serves with Hopkins onthe New England council, says thatwith their livelihood in danger, fisher-men have no choice but to be conserva-
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O C E A N S
Many fish populations have plunged sharply in recent years. Fisherman John Williamsonand Environmental Defense Fund attorney Doug Hopkins, both of whom serve on theNew England Fisheries Management Council, are developing new measures to reduceoverfishing and rebuild depleted fish stocks.
Environmental Defense Fund attorneyDoug Hopkins’s first words as a mem-ber of the New England FisheriesManagement Council were, “I do.”Taking the oath of office, he swore to“conserve and manage the livingmarine resources of the United States ofAmerica.” Hopkins is the only full-time environmentalist on any of theeight regional councils that are chargedwith conserving the nation’s marinefish in a zone ranging from three milesto 200 miles offshore.
More than 20 years ago,Congress instructed the councils tolimit fish catches to sustainable levels.Thus far they have failed. Manyspecies have been overfished or soonwill be. Cod, haddock, bluefish, andred snapper populations have plum-meted. What went wrong? Pressure
Stemming the Tide of Overfishing
and other matters and formed regionalcoalitions with other groups to pressthe councils for strong protective mea-sures.
Amaru, Hopkins’s frequentally on the New England council,acknowledges the value of having peo-ple outside the industry help to regu-late it. Hopkins “is a conscience for thecouncil,” Amaru says, “even though hismessage is not always easy for fisher-men to accept.”
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■ We helped persuade fishery management councils in New England, the South Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Pacific to introduce stricter catch limits to help sustain fisheries.
■ Our staff was instrumental in getting fishery management councils to start the process of establishing marine reserves to protect biodiversity.
■ We helped write and win approval of California legislation to reform fishery management, which will benefit fish populations and biodiversity.
■ Citing our report Murky Waters, the Environmental Protection Agency proposed to establish national standards for polluted discharges from fish farms under the Clean Water Act.
■ We led a citizens’ coalition working with Texas regulators to strengthen wastewater discharge permit requirements for shrimp farms as well as regulations to control shrimp diseases.
■ We mobilized and coordinated efforts to address the impact of shrimp farming internationally and co-founded the Industrial Shrimp Action Network.
■ The National Organic Standards Board responded to recommendations from our staff and others by agreeing to develop organic standards for fish farms.
M O R E O F T H I S Y E A R ’ S R E S U L T S
The Hawksbill sea turtle and the six other species of sea turtle are all threat-ened or endangered. One major hazard, entanglement in shrimp nets, dimin-ished when shrimp boats began using devices to prevent turtles from beingtrapped and drowned. But these beach nesters also face the grim prospect oflosing nesting habitat as oceans rise in response to global warming.
used in making business decisions. Itsprojects have demonstrated that envi-ronmentally preferable practices oftenincrease profits.
In this instance, reusableovernight envelopes would provide notonly environmental benefits but alsobusiness benefits that UPS–in a hotlycompetitive overnight delivery mar-ket–found particularly compelling.The two-way Express Letter that UPSintroduced this year appealed to manycustomers for reasons that had nothingto do with the environment. Lawyersand bankers, for example, appreciatethe convenience that a reusable enve-lope provides for documents that mustbe signed and returned immediately.
UPS also made improve-ments to its Express Box and plasticPak. The new box contains nearlytwice as much post-consumer recycledfiber and the Pak uses recycled plasticfor the first time. UPS also hasstopped using bleached paper in itspackaging, an important decision thatwill reduce water pollution from papermills. In all, the changes made by UPS
Every day, United Parcel Service comesto the door with 1.8 million expresspackages. Imagine what a difference itwould make if every one of those pack-ages could be used a second time.
That was the vision thatmotivated policy analyst ElizabethSturcken and her colleagues at theAlliance for Environmental Innovation,a joint project of the EnvironmentalDefense Fund and The Pew CharitableTrusts. Sturcken approached UPS andthe four other leading overnight deliv-ery companies to study how the indus-try–which uses more than a billionshipping envelopes and boxes eachyear–might cut its waste and pollu-tion. A simple switch to reusablepackaging would have dramaticeffects, Sturcken realized, not onlyreducing the number of packages
being thrown away but also reducingthe pollution and energy use associatedwith manufacturing the packaging inthe first place.
When first approached bySturcken, UPS reacted cautiously.“We didn’t know the Alliance or theEnvironmental Defense Fund,’’ admitsDavid Guernsey, UPS environmentalaffairs manager. “We thought 60 Minuteswas knocking on our door.” After par-ticipating in the initial study of theexpress shipping industry, however,UPS decided that it wanted to workwith the Alliance. “We found that themethod of operation of the Alliance isto work with industry leaders to cat-alyze changes,” says Guernsey.
Indeed, in working withcompanies, the Alliance aims to addthe environment to the list of factors
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A L L I A N C E S
Delivering EnvironmentalResults
Reusable envelopes are winning customers for UPS while reducing pollution and the useof natural resources. David Guernsey, environmental affairs manager at UPS, workedwith Environmental Defense Fund policy analyst Elizabeth Sturcken on the team thatrevamped the company’s express packaging.
will substantially reduce hazardous airpollution, energy use, and consump-tion of natural resources.
The Alliance’s work withUPS is like other former and currentprojects where the EnvironmentalDefense Fund has worked with indus-try leaders to take a fresh look at con-ventional practices. We aim to devel-op and introduce environmentallypreferable alternatives that alsoenhance the overall business.
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M O R E O F T H I S Y E A R ’ S R E S U L T S
■ We developed computer software with SC Johnson to measure environmental performance of consumer products and packaging, a version of which will be available to other companies.
■ With Starbucks Coffee Company, we introduced reusable glassware and new customer programs to reduce the number of disposable cups used for serving drinks.
■ Working with the auto industry, federal and state agencies, and grassroots groups, we developed a model for a regulatory framework focused on pollution prevention in vehicle manufacturing.
■ We helped International Paper and Westvaco design programs to protect and enlarge endangered red-cockaded woodpecker populations on company land in Georgia and South Carolina.
■ With the Ad Council, we helped educate Americans on the benefits of recycling and waste prevention with more than $50 million in donated public service advertising.
Red-cockaded woodpeckers depend for their survival on tall, old, longleafpine trees in the Southeast; they nest in cavities in the soft heartwood.Efforts to preserve the forests—by encouraging more use of recycledpaper and giving private landowners incentives to protect the trees—arevery promising for the woodpecker.
The Environmental Defense Fund’smission is carried out today by 170dedicated staff, many of whom areprofiled on these pages. Staff mem-bers work in interdisciplinary teamsof scientists, economists, analysts,and attorneys. A wide-area networkinterconnecting our offices facilitatesteamwork among staff based in dif-ferent locations.
CALIFORNIA
■ Research associate CHRISTO ARTUSIO (B.A.,Univ. of Calif., Berkeley) advocates more effi-cient and equitable transportation.
■ Economist MICHAEL W. CAMERON (M.P.P.,Harvard Univ.) designs transportation reformsto reduce pollution in California and nationally.
■ Computer specialist FRANCIS CHAPMAN (B.A.,Univ. of Calif., San Diego) develops softwareto analyze environmental impacts from manu-facturing and energy production.
■ Program associate JULENE FREITAS (A.A.,Merritt College) works on marine and fresh-water projects.
■ Marine ecologist RODNEY M. FUJITA (Ph.D.,Boston Univ., Marine Biological Laboratory)focuses on marine reserves, fisheries reform, andother measures to protect marine ecosystems.
■ Attorney ROBERT GARCÍA (J.D., StanfordUniv.) directs the environmental justice projectin Los Angeles, focusing on equitable access totransportation and parks and mitigating toxics.
■ Attorney THOMAS J. GRAFF (LL.M, LondonUniv; LL.B., Harvard Univ.) focuses on reform-ing Western water and transportation systems.
■ Computer specialist DANIEL A. KIRSHNER(B.A., Univ. of Calif., Santa Cruz) works toreduce pollution and increase efficiency intransportation and electricity generation.
■ Policy analyst and outreach coordinatorMEG KREHBIEL (B.A., Dartmouth College)advocates Bay Area transportation reform.
■ Program associate KRISTIN LAWTON (B.A.,Georgetown Univ.) promotes information tech-nologies to reduce toxic chemical emissions.
■ Engineer KEN LEISERSON (M.S., Univ. of Calif.,Berkeley) uses information as an advocacy toolin support of projects such as the ChemicalScorecard and Member Action Network.
■ Engineer SARAH MATELES (M.S., Univ. ofCalif., Berkeley) uses information technologyand right-to-know laws to reduce emissionsof toxic chemicals.
■ Attorney ANGELA JOHNSON MESZAROS (J.D.,U.S.C.) addresses equitable access to trans-portation and parks and alleviating exposureto toxics in the urban core of Los Angeles.
■ Resource specialist DEBORAH MOORE (M.S.,Univ. of Calif., Berkeley), a member of theWorld Commission on Dams, works to pro-tect rivers and water quality internationally.
■ Toxicologist BILL PEASE (Ph.D., Univ. ofCalif., Berkeley) directs the Scorecard project,distributing information about chemical emis-sions to local communities.
■ Attorney DAVID ROE (J.D., Yale Univ.) devel-ops innovative strategies for reducing humanexposures to toxic chemicals.
■ Senior analyst SPRECK ROSEKRANS (B.A.,Univ. of Calif., San Diego) works to restorerivers in California and the West.
■ Water resources analyst DAVID YARDAS (M.S.,Univ. of Calif., Berkeley) works to protectand restore Western aquatic ecosystems.
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Attorney David Roe, toxicologist Bill Pease, andattorney Karen Florini
Atmospheric scientist Stuart Gaffin
Policy analyst Meg Krehbiel, economist MichaelCameron, and attorney Robert García
W H O’S W H O O N T H E P R O G R A M S T A F F
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■ Project manager AZUR MOULAERT (M.S.,North Carolina State Univ.) coordinates theMember Action Network.
■ Atmospheric physicist MICHAEL OPPENHEIMER(Ph.D., Univ. of Chicago), is theEnvironmental Defense Fund’s chief scientistand leads efforts to avert global warming.
■ Energy policy analyst NATALIE PATASAW (M.S,Pratt Institute) focuses on deregulation of elec-tric utilities in the mid-Atlantic region.
■ Attorney WILLIAM J. ROBERTS (J.D., Univ. ofChicago; M.A., Yale Univ.) directs strategiccommunications and legislative efforts.
■ Economic analyst JOHN F. RUSTON (M.C.P.,M.I.T.), works with businesses to reduce theenvironmental impact of products and pack-aging.
■ General Counsel JAMES T.B. TRIPP (LL.B., YaleUniv.) plays a major role in transportation,ecosystem restoration, and solid waste projects.
NORTH CAROLINA
■ Marine ecologist MICHELLE DUVAL (Ph.D.,Duke Univ.) is working on water quality, estu-arine habitat protection, and marine fisheries.
■ Office director JANE PREYER (M.P.A., Univ. ofNorth Carolina) works on water quality andhabitat and coordinates the North Carolinaoffice’s collaborations with other organizations.
■ Biologist DOUGLAS N. RADER (Ph.D., Univ.of North Carolina) works to protect oceans,coastal habitats, and marine life.
■ Ecologist JOSEPH RUDEK (Ph.D., Univ. ofNorth Carolina) works to protect the qualityand biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems.
■ Attorney DAN WHITTLE (J.D., Univ. ofColorado) works to improve North Carolinafresh and coastal water quality and restoremarine fisheries.
MASSACHUSETTS
■ Engineer DEBORAH A. FALCONE (M.S.,Stanford Univ.) works with corporations toreduce environmental impacts through innova-tive product design.
■ Marketing analyst VICTORIA MILLS (M.A.,Johns Hopkins Univ.) advances partnershipswith consumer products companies.
■ Research associate HEATHER O’BRIEN (B.A.,Smith College) works on corporate partnershipprojects.
■ Policy analyst ELIZABETH STURCKEN (M.P.P.,Harvard Univ.) works with major corporationsto advance environmental change.
■ Research associate LINDA TSANG (B.S., M.I.T.)advances corporate environmentalism.
NEW YORK
■ Deputy Director for Programs MARCIAARONOFF (B.A., Oberlin College) leads theEnvironmental Defense Fund’s program staff.
■ Ecologist JANINE BLOOMFIELD (Ph.D., YaleUniv.) advances knowledge of how globalwarming might affect natural and humanresources.
■ Economist DANIEL J. DUDEK (Ph.D., Univ. ofCalif., Davis) develops markets to empowerentrepreneurial solutions for pollution problems.
■ Atmospheric scientist STUART R. GAFFIN(Ph.D., N.Y.U.) develops greenhouse gas emis-sions scenarios for the UN IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change.
■ Biologist REBECCA J. GOLDBURG (Ph.D., Univ.of Minnesota) advocates environmentally soundpractices for aquaculture and biotechnology.
■ Attorney D. DOUGLAS HOPKINS (J.D., Univ.of Virginia) works to rebuild depleted marinefisheries through innovative management.
■ Program associate LINDA JANTZEN (BaruchCollege) works on aquaculture and fisheries projects.
Attorney Jim Tripp
Engineer Deborah Falcone, research associateLinda Tsang, and marketing analyst Victoria Mills
Attorney Dan Whittle
■ Program Managers
OREGON
■ Economist ZACH WILLEY (Ph.D., Univ. ofCalif., Berkeley) develops market policies andtransactions for ecological goals in theNorthwest and elsewhere.
ROCKY MOUNTAIN
■ Wise Use Project coordinator SCOTTINGVOLDSTAD (B.A., Colorado College) buildscoalitions with other environmental andgrassroots groups.
■ Environmental engineer DANIEL F. LUECKE(Ph.D., Harvard Univ.) advances restoration ofaquatic habitats in the Southwest.
■ Attorney JAMES MARTIN (J.D., NorthwesternSchool of Law) works to protect air qualityand aquatic ecosystems in the West.
■ Attorney VICKIE PATTON (J.D., N.Y.U.) workson western and U.S.-Mexico border initiativesto address air pollution problems and reducegreenhouse gases.
TEXAS
■ Scientist RAMÓN ALVAREZ (Ph.D., Univ. of Calif.,Berkeley) strives to reduce pollution on the U.S.-Mexico border and improve Texas air quality.
■ Assistant to the program manager KIM M.BROOKS (Univ. of Maryland) advances efforts toprotect biological diversity.
■ Economist PETER M. EMERSON (Ph.D.,Purdue Univ.) works with communities todesign low-cost strategies to cut pollution.
■ Director of state energy programs MARKMACLEOD (M.A., M.S., Ohio State Univ.; M.S., Univ.of Wyoming) promotes emissions reductions andrenewable energy in the electric industry.
■ Attorney JIM MARSTON (J.D., N.Y.U.) developsprograms on clean energy and works toreduce pollution on the U.S.-Mexico border.
■ Scientist CARLOS A. RINCÓN (Ph.D., InstitutoTecnologico de Monterrey) works to improveair quality on the U.S.-Mexico border.
■ Attorney MELINDA E. TAYLOR (J.D., Univ. ofTexas) leads our efforts to restore ecosystemsand implements incentive programs for habi-tat protection in Texas.
WASHINGTON, DC
■ Economic analyst CAROL ANDRESS (B.A.,Duke Univ.) advances pollution prevention inurban communities.
■ Attorney MICHAEL J. BEAN (J.D., Yale Univ.)heads the Environmental Defense Fund'sefforts to conserve endangered species andother wildlife.
■ Economist ROBERT BONNIE (M.E.M., M.F.,Duke Univ.) designs economic incentives forwildlife conservation on private lands.
■ Engineer KEVIN T. BRYAN (B.S.C.E., HowardUniv.) works on corporate and multistake-holder partnerships.
■ Legislative director STEVE COCHRAN (B.S.,Louisiana State Univ.) directs our efforts inCongress and before Administrative agencies.
■ Biochemist RICHARD A. DENISON (Ph.D., YaleUniv.) designs ways to include environmentalconsiderations in product concept and design.
■ Engineer LOIS N. EPSTEIN (M.S., StanfordUniv.) partners with grassroots groups toincrease pollution prevention in the oil, automanufacturing, and iron and steel industries.
■ Research associate ELIZABETH FASTIGGI (B.S.,Univ. of Calif., Berkeley) works with partnercompanies to design and implement reusabletransport packaging systems.
■ Attorney KAREN L. FLORINI (J.D., HarvardUniv.) promotes availability of environmentalhealth data and control of environmentalhealth hazards.
16
Environmental engineer Dan Luecke
Attorney Vickie Patton and scientist RamónAlvarez
Economist Pete Emerson and attorney Jim Marston
■ Sociologist and agronomist STEPHANIE FRIED(Ph.D., Cornell Univ.) focuses on sustainabletropical resource management and interna-tional oceans protection.
■ Attorney JOSEPH GOFFMAN (J.D., Yale Univ.)advocates economic incentives to cut pollu-tion from cars, power plants, and factories.
■ Economist KORINNA HORTA (M.A., JohnsHopkins Univ.) works to insure that interna-tional investments respect biodiversity andindigenous people’s rights.
■ Program associate MARGARET MCMILLAN(B.A., Indiana Univ.) advances protection ofendangered species.
■ Engineer DEAN MENKE (M.S., Purdue Univ.)identifies industry-specific pollution preventionmeasures for use with the Chemical Scorecard.
■ Attorney KEVIN MILLS (J.D., Univ. ofMichigan) directs the Environmental DefenseFund’s pollution prevention activities andGreat Lakes grassroots network.
■ International counsel ANNIE PETSONK (J.D.,Harvard Univ.) develops legal tools for tack-ling global environmental problems.
■ Civil engineer MICHAEL REPLOGLE (M.S.E.,Univ. of Penn.) promotes transportation andland use reforms to reduce motor vehicledependence.
■ Attorney BRUCE RICH (J.D., Univ. of Penn.)leads efforts to reform international financialinstitutions such as the World Bank.
■ Director of the Alliance for EnvironmentalInnovation JACKIE PRINCE ROBERTS (M.E.S.,M.P.P.M., Yale Univ.) advances our joint workwith consumer products companies.
■ Anthropologist STEPHAN SCHWARTZMAN(Ph.D., Univ. of Chicago) works on sustainabledevelopment and protection of the Amazon.
■ Research associate NEEL SCOTT (B.A., BrownUniv.) works to improve the environmentalcondition of Great Lakes urban communities.
■ Attorney TIMOTHY D. SEARCHINGER (J.D., YaleUniv.) is developing innovative farm programsto restore habitat and improve water quality.
■ Toxicologist ELLEN K. SILBERGELD (Ph.D., JohnsHopkins Univ.), adjunct staff, promotes efforts toend human exposure to toxics and to improvetesting of chemicals.
■ Outreach coordinator BENJAMIN SMITH (M.A.,George Washington Univ.) advances our pol-lution prevention work in Cleveland.
■ Economic analyst SARAH M. WADE(M.P.P.M., M.E.S., Yale Univ.) develops emis-sion reduction markets to solve atmosphericpollution problems.
■ Ecologist DAVID S. WILCOVE (Ph.D.,Princeton Univ.) develops science-basedstrategies to protect endangered species.
WISCONSIN
■ Attorney BILL DAVIS (J.D., Univ. ofWisconsin) implements pollution preventionpractices in the Great Lakes region.
■ Program Managers
Attorney Melinda Taylor
Engineers Kevin Bryan and Lois Epstein and attor-ney Bill Davis
Ecologist David Wilcove and attorney Michael Bean
17
In millions of dollars
Thanks to the generosity of our mem-bers, benefactors, foundations, and othercontributors, the Environmental DefenseFund’s total operating support and rev-enue for fiscal year 1998 reached $27.8million, a new record.
Contributions from our morethan 300,000 members exceeded $13.7million, representing 49% of total oper-ating support and revenue. In addition,more than 125 foundations providedgrants of $8.1 million, or 29% of thetotal. Bequests of $2.9 million repre-sented 10% of the total, although only asmall portion of this amount was usedfor operating expenses (see note).Miscellaneous and investment incomeand government grants accounted forthe remaining 12%.
Expenses for total programand supporting services in fiscal 1998were $24 million, a nearly eight-foldincrease since 1983. Program servicesaccounted for 81% of our expenses, witha 10% increase in resources devoted toour four strategic-plan initiatives ofBiodiversity, Climate, Health, andOceans. Only 4% of the total was formanagement and administration, while13% was directed toward the fundrais-ing needed to generate current incomeand support for future years. Two per-cent was spent on the acquisition of newmembers.
Multi-year grants and anincrease in deferred gifts–charitable giftannuities, trusts, and pooled incomefund contributions–also have played agreater role in ensuring that theEnvironmental Defense Fund will be alasting and effective presence in the yearsahead.
In accordance with the policiesof the Board of Trustees on bequests,designed to build the organization’s cap-
ital reserves and financial stability, $2.3million was transferred to our endow-ment and long-term investment.Together with non-operating bequestsand other income, the EnvironmentalDefense Fund’s total net assets increasedby 30% to more than $28.2 million atSeptember 30, 1998.
Note: Under policies established by theEnvironmental Defense Fund’s Board ofTrustees, the amount of bequests reflected inoperating support and revenue is determinedby the average of the most recent five years,and 90% of total bequests received are to bedesignated for long-term investment.Accordingly, we transferred $2,293,747 in1998, and $1,450,093 in 1997, from opera-tions to long-term investment.
18
F I N A N C I A L A N A L Y S I S
3.2
7.8
21.9
24.0
1983 1988 1993 1998
TOTAL PROGRAM AND SUPPORTING SERVICES
Membership andContributions 49%
Foundation Grants 29%
Bequests 10%(see note)
Miscellaneous and InvestmentIncome 8%
Government andOther Grants 4%
SOURCES OF OPERATING SUPPORT AND REVENUE
Program Services 81%
Development 10%
Management andGeneral 4%
Membership 3%
New Member Acquisition 2%
EXPENSES
Temporarily Permanently Total TotalOperating Support and Revenue Unrestricted Restricted Restricted 1998 1997 Support:
Membership and contributions $ 11,537,503 $ 2,186,580 $ 13,724,083 $ 12,002,337 Foundation grants 243,748 7,839,091 8,082,839 8,709,660 Government and other grants 950,068 950,068 1,098,234 Bequests (see note) 2,889,519 2,889,519 1,800,440
Total support 14,670,770 10,975,739 - 000 25,646,509 23,610,671
Revenue:Interest and allocated investment income 992,295 56,429 1,048,724 597,090 Awarded attorneys’ fees 57,263 16,279 73,542 329,479 Fees, royalties, and other income 1,025,645 1,025,645 1,268,256
Total revenue 2,075,203 72,708 - 000 2,147,911 2,194,825
Net assets released from restrictions 9,583,406 (9,583,406) - 000 - 000 - 000
Total support and revenue 26,329,379 1,465,041 - 000 27,794,420 25,805,496
ExpensesProgram services:
Biodiversity 3,152,148 3,152,148 2,842,317 Climate 6,131,804 6,131,804 5,644,877 Health 3,788,156 3,788,156 3,757,904 Oceans 1,312,454 1,312,454 820,937 Education 4,265,037 4,265,037 4,607,862Legislative action 571,370 571,370 584,739 Membership activities 346,273 346,273 436,449
Total program services 19,567,242 - 000 - 000 19,567,242 18,695,085
Supporting services:Management and general 882,019 882,019 890,311 New member acquisition 376,763 376,763 519,253 Fundraising:
Membership 823,342 823,342 1,072,540 Development 2,372,389 2,372,389 2,288,208
Total supporting services 4,454,513 - 000 - 000 4,454,513 4,770,312
Total operating expenses 24,021,755 - 000 - 000 24,021,755 23,465,397
Changes in Net AssetsFrom operations 2,307,624 1,465,041 3,772,665 2,340,099 Transfer to long-term investment (2,293,747) (2,293,747) (1,450,093)Non-operating changes:
Transfer from operating activities 2,293,747 2,293,747 1,450,093 Bequests (see note) 3,068,198 3,068,198 1,703,030 Contributions and other income 261,467 30,241 365,879 657,587 596,376 Investment income, net of
allocation to operations (943,208) (63,316) (1,006,524) 2,183,581 Net assets released from restrictions 180,198 (180,198) - 000 - 000
Total change in net assets 4,874,279 1,251,768 365,879 6,491,926 6,823,086
Net assets, beginning of year 12,504,457 5,903,062 3,318,808 21,726,327 14,903,241
Net assets, end of year $ 17,378,736 $ 7,154,830 $ 3,684,687 $ 28,218,253 $ 21,726,327
Copies of the complete, audited financial statement from which this information is reported are available upon request.
19
Year ended September 30
S T A T E M E N T O F A C T I V I T I E S
Robert E. GradyManaging Director, BancAmericaRobertson Stephens, San Francisco;Lecturer in Public Management,Stanford Graduate School of Business
Charles J. Hamilton, Jr.Partner, Battle Fowler, New York
Mary Price Taylor HarrisonCommissioner, North Carolina CoastalResources Commission
Norbert S. Hill, Jr.Senior Advisor, American IndianScience and Engineering Society,Boulder, Colorado
Gene E. Likens, Ph.D.Director, Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York
Jane Lubchenco, Ph.D.Wayne & Gladys Valley Professor ofMarine Biology, Oregon StateUniversity
George G. Montgomery, Jr.Advisory Director, Hambrecht & QuistLLC, San Francisco
Harold A. Mooney, Ph.D.Paul S. Achilles Professor ofEnvironmental Biology, StanfordUniversity
Robert W. MusserPresident, General Service Foundation, Aspen, Colorado
William A. NewsomAssociate Justice, California Court ofAppeal, Retired
N. J. Nicholas, Jr.Private investor
David Rall, M.D., Ph.D.Former Director, National Institute ofEnvironmental Health Sciences
Lewis S. RanieriChairman and Chief Executive Officer,Ranieri & Co., Inc.
E. John Rosenwald, Jr.Vice Chairman, The Bear StearnsCompanies, Inc.
John McAllen ScanlanAttorney, Austin, Texas
David H. Smith, M.D.David H. Smith Foundation
Frank E. Taplin, Jr.Honorary Director and FormerPresident, Metropolitan OperaAssociation; Trustee Emeritus, Institutefor Advanced Study
Robert W. WilsonInvestor
Paul Junger WittPartner, Witt Thomas HarrisProductions
Charles F. Wurster, Ph.D. ■Professor Emeritus, Marine SciencesResearch Center, State University ofNew York at Stony Brook
Joy Buswell Zedler, Ph.D.Aldo Leopold Chair in RestorationEcology, University of Wisconsin atMadison
HONORARY TRUSTEES
Amyas AmesH. Lewis Batts, Jr., Ph.D. ■Roland C. ClementAnthony A. LaphamMargaret W. OwingsDennis Puleston ■George M. Woodwell, Ph.D. ■
Founding Trustees ■
20
B O A R D O F T R U S T E E S
John H.T. Wilson, ChairmanAdvisory Director, Morgan Stanley andCo. Incorporated
Gretchen Long Glickman, Vice ChairmanChairman, Institute of EcosystemStudies; Trustee, National OutdoorLeadership School
Teresa Heinz, Vice ChairmanChairman, Heinz Family Philanthropies
Lewis B. Kaden, TreasurerPartner, Davis, Polk & Wardwell,New York
Arthur P. Cooley, Secretary ■Expedition leader and naturalist, Special Expeditions
Karen M. BarnesExecutive Vice President, 20th CenturyFox Home Entertainment
Rod A. BeckstromFounder and CEO, C*ATS Software Inc.,Palo Alto, California
Wendy W. BenchleyTrustee, New Jersey EnvironmentalFederation
James W.B. BenkardPartner, Davis, Polk & Wardwell,New York
The Rev. Sally G. BinghamCommission for the Environment,Episcopal Diocese of California
Jessica CattoTurquoise Land Corp.;Trustee, The Conservation Fund
Mimi CecilConservationist; Chairman, NorthCarolina Environmental Defense FundBoard of Trustees
Christopher J. EllimanPresident, Tanager Corporation
John W. Firor, Ph.D.Senior Research Associate, NationalCenter for Atmospheric Research
●
21
REGIONAL BOARDS AND ADVISORY COUNCILS
Rocky MountainDonald W. Aptekar, M.D.Harriet Moyer AptekarLeslie BarclayCurrie C. BarronThomas A. Barron Jessica CattoDeedee DeckerPeter DeckerBeverly A. DemingRobert H. Deming Al DietschGermaine DietschMary S. DominickMichael EdesessJohn W. Firor, Ph. D.Norbert S. Hill, Jr.Kathy LeMieux-RodmanBetsy MarstonEd MarstonJohn McBrideAnn MooreMike MooreRobert MusserGilman OrdwayBruce C. Paton, M.D.Patricia A. PatonBeth StricklandThomas StricklandWren W. WirthDyan Zaslowsky
North CarolinaNorwood E. Bryan, Jr.Mimi Cecil The Honorable James McClure Clarke John S. CurryChristopher J. Elliman Karen E. GottoviMary Price Taylor HarrisonMary L. HillThe Honorable Hamilton C. Horton, Jr.Frances D. InglisWilliam E. Keenan R. Bruce LawrenceLarry G. ManofskyThomas M. Massengale Hugh M. MortonJim ProtzmanDavid Rall, M.D., Ph.D.William G. Ross, Jr.Frank S. Shaw, M.D.
TexasRay AllenW. Douglas Ankenman, Jr.Elaine M. Barron, M.D.Laura BurneyB. Henry Estess, Jr., M.D.Gustavo GarciaEdward H. Harte, EmeritusKaren J. HixonClark Hubbs, Ph.D.Tom LeonardRichard W. LowerreThomas G. MasonKay Gunderson ReevesCarroll G. RobinsonThomas W. RollinsJohn M. ScanlanJosephine Powell SmithAlfred T. StanleyHerman StudeKerry TateJames G. Teer, Ph.D.David A. ToddBenjamin F. Vaughan, IVMary Griffith WallaceKirk WatsonWilliam H. White
National CouncilRobert L. BachnerJohn R. BerminghamSally Lyons BrownGilbert ButlerDavid Challinor, Ph.D.Yvon ChouinardDavid G. CraneJune Dunn DavisLorenzo di BonaventuraPeter T. FlawnIrvine D. FlinnDaniel P. GarciaJane GeniesseChristopher GettyCarol P. GuyerEdward H. HarteLisa HensonOliver A. HouckFreeborn G. Jewett, Jr.Donald Kennedy, Ph.D.The Honorable Richard D. LammMelvin B. LaneThomas E. Lovejoy, Ph.D.George A. MillerDavid O’ ConnorGilman OrdwayJohn W. RoweRoger W. SantEdson W. SpencerLynn SternBarbra StreisandR.E. TurnerRobert B. WallaceWarren M. Washington, Ph.D.Joanne WoodwardBlaikie F. Worth
Chapman, Julene H. Freitas, RodneyM. Fujita, Daniel A. Kirshner, MegKrehbiel, Kristin Lawton, KenLeiserson, Sarah Mateles, DeborahMoore, William S. Pease, Adolph S.Rosekrans, W.R. Zach Willey, DavidYardas; Rocky Mountain: ScottIngvoldstad, Daniel F. Luecke; NorthCarolina: Michelle Duval, Jane Preyer,Douglas N. Rader, Joseph Rudek;Texas: Ramón Alvarez, Peter M.Emerson, Mark MacLeod, Carlos A.Rincón; Massachusetts: Deborah A.Falcone, Victoria Mills, HeatherO’Brien, Elizabeth Sturcken, LindaTsang
Executive Office Administration New York: Beverly Atkins, NadineBadger, Karen Kenyon, Lois Shellie
Assistants New York: Maxine Adams, KeishaHoward, Georgia R. Pease, James M.Ricketts, Christopher Samuelson;Washington: Senta Boardley, MechelleEvans, Monique Forte, Kenneth W.Walsh; Oakland: Renee Henry, HollyRose, Robyn Wilson; Rocky Mountain:Jennie Spencer; North Carolina: MartaBrown; Texas: B.J. Dush, Elaine Smith
Development New York: Rory Beelek, Anne Borland,Catherine K. Dillingham, Anne B.Doyle, Lisa P. Keith, Amy Koyen,Alison McAuley Loder, Lekha Menon,Theodora Monis, Roger F. Pasquier,David Rosen, Charles Urquhart, HeidiWilliamson; Oakland: ThomasHuntington, Ronald Munger, MelissaSchatzberg, Sherry Thomas, DougWinger; Rocky Mountain: AnitaSchwartz; North Carolina: KellyCollings-Hawkins; Texas: KevinSomdahl-Sands, Molly Stevens
Finance and Administration New York: Mary Altenpohl, Ned Bade,Daniel Bello, Jacqueline Brown, AndreM. Cadet, Suanny Espinosa, MaryannFabian, Kervelle Harris, Brian R.Holmes, Steve Hughes, Karen Mapp,Matthew Morgan, Brian Seirup,Louann Serraneau, Jamie Silver, ValarieTucker-Ribakove, Ernest Wilson;
Washington: Anil Jain, Cheryl Pickard;Oakland: Tony Fader
Media InquiriesNew York: Allan Margolin; Washington:Allison Cobb, Lisa Swann; Texas:Elizabeth Hudson
MembershipWashington: Jennifer Coleman, LauraGassler, Meredith Glueck, Jami K.Long, Robyn O’Donnell, Billie JoRobertson, Deborah Ward
Office Managers New York: Enid Sandri; Oakland:Pamela Vivian; Rocky Mountain: LiaMorris; North Carolina: Melody S.Scott; Texas: Phyllis Burns;Massachusetts: Carolyn W. Green
Publications/Public Affairs New York: Tim Connor, RobertaDesmond, Barbara Kantzos, LucreziaVassallo, Norma H. Watson
Principal ConsultantsPam B. Baker, Adam Diamant, TiraForan, Andy Goodman, PhilipGreenspun, Eric Thompson, Terry F.Young
22
E N V I R O N M E N T A L D E F E N S E F U N D S T A F F
Executive Director Fred Krupp
Deputy Directors Marcia Aronoff (Programs) Edward Bailey (Operations)
Associate DirectorJoel Plagenz
Director of Development Paula Tupper Hayes
Director of FinanceA.J. Pietrantone
Director of MarketingLucy Jewett Lowenthal
Director of StrategicCommunicationsWilliam J. Roberts
Attorneys New York: D. Douglas Hopkins, JamesT. B. Tripp (General Counsel);Washington: Michael J. Bean, BillDavis, Karen L. Florini, JosephGoffman, Kevin P. Mills, AnniePetsonk, Bruce M. Rich, Timothy D.Searchinger; Oakland: Thomas J. Graff,David Roe; Rocky Mountain: JamesMartin, Vickie Patton; North Carolina:Dan Whittle; Texas: Jim Marston,Melinda E. Taylor; Los Angeles: RobertGarcía, Angela Johnson Meszaros
Scientists, Economists, andPolicy SpecialistsNew York: Janine Bloomfield, Daniel J.Dudek, Stuart R. Gaffin, Rebecca J.Goldburg, Linda Jantzen, AzurMoulaert, Michael Oppenheimer (ChiefScientist), Natalie Patasaw, John F.Ruston; Washington: Carol Andress,Robert Bonnie, Kim M. Brooks, KevinT. Bryan, Steve Cochran, Richard A.Denison, Lois N. Epstein, ElizabethFastiggi, Stephanie Fried, KorinnaHorta, Margaret McMillan, DeanMenke, Michael Replogle, JackiePrince Roberts, Stephan Schwartzman,Neel Scott, Ellen K. Silbergeld,Benjamin Smith, Sarah M. Wade,David S. Wilcove; Oakland: ChristoArtusio, Michael W. Cameron, Francis
You can make a lasting contributiontoward protecting the environment byconsidering a special gift to theEnvironmental Defense Fund of cash,securities, or real estate, or by meansof a gift through your will.
When your attorney drawsup your will, we suggest using the fol-lowing language:
“I hereby give and bequeath______ to the Environmental DefenseFund, a not-for-profit membershiporganization incorporated by the lawsof the State of New York, having as itsprincipal address 257 Park AvenueSouth, New York, NY 10010, for theEnvironmental Defense Fund’s generalpurposes.”
If you wish to discuss thelanguage of your bequest with a mem-ber of the staff, or if you would likeadditional information on plannedgiving opportunities, including realestate gifts, please contact Anne B.Doyle at the Environmental DefenseFund headquarters in New York, tele-phone 212 505-2100.
PHOTO CREDITS
Cover Den Reader/Image Bank1 T. Charles Erickson2 Diane Strauss3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 Susan Middleton and
David Liittschwager4 Andrew Berner6 Liu Yufeng8 Larry Wright10, 12 Nicky Pardo14-17 T. Charles Erickson17(bottom) Harry Connolly
AUDITORS
Coopers & Lybrand
DESIGN
Lazin & Katalan, nyc
Environmental Defense FundOffices National Headquarters 257 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10010 212 505-2100
1875 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20009 202 387-3500800 684-3322 (Membership)
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E-mail: [email protected]: www.edf.org
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