199214474 Print Siliman Civ Qnaw

CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics(Year 1990-2006)ANSWERS TO BAREXAMINATION QUESTIONSINCIVIL LAWARRANGED BY TOPIC(1990 2006)First EditionEdit!d "nd Arr"n#!d $%&July 26, 2005Atty. Janette Laggui-Icao andAtty. Alex Andrew P. Icao(Silliman University College of Law)Latest Edition Edited and Arranged by:ROMUA'(O ') SE*ERIS IISilliman University College of LawFro+ t,! ANSWERS TO BAR EXAMINATION QUESTIONS$% t,! U- 'AW .OM-'EX/-,i0i11in! Asso2i"tion o3 '"4 S2,oo0sPage1of119CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics(Year 1990-2006)!"WA"#Thisworkisnotintendedforsaleorcommerce.Thisworkisfreeware.Itmaybefreelycopied and distributed, nevertheless, PERMISSI! T "P# from the editors is $%&IS$'(Etoprotect the interest of theRI)I!$(S*R"ES+RE,ERE!"ESof this material-. It is primarily intended for all those who desire to have a deeper understandin.ofthe issuestouchedbythePhilippine'arE/aminationsanditstrend.Itisspeciallyintended for law students from the provinces who, very often, are recipients of deliberatelydistorted notes from other unscrupulouslawschoolsandstudents. Sharetoothersthisworkandyouwill berichly rewarded by )od in heaven. It is also very .ood karma.0ewouldliketoseektheindul.enceofthereaderforsome'ar1uestionswhich areimproperlyclassifiedunder atopicandfor sometopicswhichareimproperlyor i.norantlyphrased,fortheauthorsare2ust'arRevieweeswhohavepreparedthis work while reviewin. for the'ar E/ams undertime constraintsandwithin theirlimited knowled.e of the law. 0ewould like to seek the reader3s indul.ence for a lot oftypo.raphical errors in thiswork.The AuthorsPage2of119CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics(Year 1990-2006)$able o% Contents&E'E"AL P"I'CIPLE(......................................................................................................................10Civil law vs. Common Law (1997)..............................................................................................................10Effect of Obiter & Dissenting Opinion; C Decisions (199!)...............................................................................10Effectivit" of Laws (199#)........................................................................................................................10E$%it" follows t&e Law ('##()...................................................................................................................10)gnorance of t&e Law vs. *ista+e of ,act (199-).............................................................................................11)nferior Co%rts Decisions (199!)................................................................................................................11.re/%0icial 1%estions (1997)....................................................................................................................11PE"(!'(...........................................................................................................................................11C&ange of 2ame; 3n0er 45 9#!6 ('##-)......................................................................................................11Deat&; Effects; im%ltaneo%s Deat& (1996)...................................................................................................12Deat&; Effects; im%ltaneo%s Deat& (1999)...................................................................................................12Deat&; Effects; im%ltaneo%s Deat& ('###)...................................................................................................127%ri0ical Capacit" vs. Capacit" to 5ct (199-)................................................................................................127%ri0ical Capacit"; 2at%ral .ersons (1999)...................................................................................................138aiver of 4ig&ts ('##!)..........................................................................................................................13C!'LIC$ ! LAW(..........................................................................................................................135ppilicable Laws; laws governing contracts (199').........................................................................................135pplicable Laws; 5rts 19: 1- & 17 (1996).....................................................................................................135pplicable Laws; 5rts 19: 1-: 17 ('##').......................................................................................................145pplicable Laws; Capacit" to 5ct (1996)......................................................................................................145pplicable Laws; Capacit" to ;%" Lan0 (1999)..............................................................................................155pplicable Laws; Capacit" to Contract (1999)...............................................................................................155pplicable Laws; capacit" to s%ccee0 (1991)................................................................................................155pplicable Laws; contracts contrar" to p%blic polic" (199-)..............................................................................155pplicable Laws; Contracts of Carriage (1999)..............................................................................................165pplicable Laws; Labor Contracts (1991).....................................................................................................165pplicable Laws; laws governing marriages (199').........................................................................................175pplicable Laws; laws governing marriages ('##().........................................................................................175pplicable Laws; ale of 4eal .ropert" (1999)............................................................................................175pplicable Laws; %ccession; )ntestate & pur#ua$t to &rt.15*C!lCode*whchpro!de#thatourlaw#relat$gto*45E7amo$gother#*legalcapactyofper#o$#are,$d$gupo$(+&&E($E# A'(WE":ct:e$# of the Phlpp$e# e!e$ though l!$g a,road.@hewa!er#$ot!ald.&lthoughtheco$tract$gparte#maye#ta,l#h#uch#tpulato$#*clau#e#*term#a$d(+&&E($E# A'(WE":co$dto$# a# they may deem co$!e$e$t* they may $ot do2. Ny way of e-cepto$ to the ge$eral rule of le- re #tae#o f #uch are co$trary to law* moral#* good cu#tom#* pu,lcpre#cr,ed,ythefr#tparagraphof&rt.16.C!lCode* aorder*orpu,lcpolcy4&rtcle1306*C!lCode7.@heper#o$G# #ucce##o$al rght# are go!er$ed ,y the $ato$al lawpare$t#G wa!er to fle a compla$t co$cer$$g the wor9$gofthedecede$t42$dpar..&rt.167..$ceation ('##() re#de$t# of* a$d where the defe$da$t arl$e compa$yma$ta$ed t# offce. 0## L$!er#e* from F$la$d* came to the Phlpp$e# o$ atour#t !#a.2hle $ th# cou$try* #he fell $ lo!e wth a$dAL$E"'A$IVE A'(WE":marredaFlp$odoctor.Hertour#t!#aha!$g,ee$&. L$derthedoctr$eofle-locco$tractu#*a#ae-pred a$d after the ma-mum e-te$#o$ allowed therefore*ge$eral rule* the law of the place where a co$tract # madethe Nureau of +mmgrato$ a$d Heportato$ 4N+H7 #ore$tered$togo!er$#wthre#pecttot#$aturea$dpre#e$tly dema$d$g that #he mmedately lea!e the cou$try!aldty* o,lgato$ a$d $terpretato$. @h# ha# ,ee$ #ad to,ut#herefu#e#todo#o*clam$gthat#he#already a,etherulee!e$thoughtheplacewheretheco$tractwa#Flp$o Ct:e$ ,y her marrage to a Flp$o ct:e$. Ca$made # dffere$t from the place where t # to ,etheN+H#tllorderthedeportato$of0##L$!er#e%performed*a$dpartcularly#o*ftheplaceofthema9$g5-pla$. 5Ea$d the place of performa$ce are the #ame (>n"te% A"rl"ne v. (+&&E($E# A'(WE":CA, ;.R. 0o. 1$4110, A'r"l $0, $001).Be#* the N+H ca$ order the deportato$ of 0## L$!er#e.(+&&E($E# A'(WE":@hemarrageofa$ale$woma$toaFlp$odoe#$otautomatcallyma9eheraFlp$oCt:e$. .hemu#tfr#tN. F/JL01/1C/1651+51.mea$#thatapro!e $ a$ approprate proceed$g that #he doe# $ot ha!ecourt ha# d#creto$ary authorty to decl$e 8ur#dcto$ o!era$yd#?ualfcato$forPhlpp$ect:e$#hp. (?.n,>ana cau#e of acto$ whe$ t # of the !ew that the acto$ may.,e 8u#tly a$d effect!ely ad8udcated el#ewhere.C!.v.Re'./l"+o*t!e!"l"''"nes,178SCRA793[1988]).$ce 0## L$!er#e # #tll a foreg$er* de#pte her marrage(+&&E($E# A'(WE":to a Flp$o doctor* #he ca$ ,e deported upo$ e-pry of herallowa,le #tay $ the Phlpp$e#.C.1o*thePhlpp$ecourt#ca$$otac?ure8ur#dcto$A'!$.E" (+&&E($E# A'(WE":o!er the ca#e of Felpe. Fr#tly* u$der the rule of forum $o$1o*theNureauof+mmgrato$ca$$otorderherco$!e$e$#* the Phlpp$e court # $ot a co$!e$e$t forumdeportato$.&$ale$woma$marry$gaFlp$o*$at!e>a# all the $cde$t# of the ca#e occurred out#de the,or$ or $atural:ed* ,ecome# p#o facto a Flp$o f #he #Phlpp$e#.1ether are ,oth Coal# a$d5$ergydo$g$otd#?ualfedto,eact:e$ofthePhlpp$e#(Mo?a,u#$e## $#de the Phlpp$e#. .eco$dly* the co$tract# were5"& v Co&&"ss"on o* I&&",rat"on, 41 SCRA $9$ [19(1]), (Se+$ot perfected $ the Phlpp$e#. L$der the pr$cple of le-4, 0at.ral"@at"on 5a9). &ll that #he ha# to do # pro!e $locco$tractu#*thelawoftheplacewheretheco$tract#the deportato$ proceed$g the fact of her marrage a$d thatmade #hall apply. "a#tly* the Phlpp$e court ha# $o power#he # $ot d#?ualfed to ,ecome a Flp$o Ct:e$.todeterm$ethefact##urrou$d$gthee-ecuto$of#adA'!$.E" (+&&E($E# A'(WE":co$tract#. &$d e!e$ f a proper dec#o$ could ,e reached*+t depe$d#.+f #he # d#?ualfed to ,e a Flp$o ct:e$* #he#uch would ha!e $o ,d$g effect o$ Coal# a$d 5$ergy a#may ,e deported.+f #he # $ot d#?ualfed to ,e a Flp$othe court wa# $ot a,le to ac?ure 8ur#dcto$ o!er the #adct:e$*#hemay$ot,edeported. &$ale$woma$whocorporato$#. (Man"la Aotel Cor'. v. 05RC. 343 SCRA 1, 136marre#aFlp$oct:e$,ecome#o$e.@hemarrage of14[$000])0## L$!er#e to the Flp$o doctor dd $ot automatcally.ationalit" =&eor" ('##!)ma9e her a Flp$o ct:e$..he #tll ha# to pro!e that #he #$ot d#?ualfed to ,ecome a ct:e$.PHa$d "6areHRCh$e#e. @herpare$t#are$owFlp$o ct:e$# who l!e $ 0a$la. 2hle #tll #tude$t# $=&eor"; significant relations&ips t&eor" (199!)01. .tate* they got marred although they are fr#t cou#$#.&,le* a corporato$ domcled $ .tate &* ,ut* do$g+t appear# that ,oth $ HR a$d $ 01. .tate fr#t cou#$#,u#$e## $ the Phlpp$e#* hred 5rc* a Flp$o e$g$eer*could marry legally.fort#pro8ect$.tateN.+$theco$tractofemployme$t@hey pla$ to re#de a$d #et up ,u#$e## $ the Phlpp$e#.e-ecuted ,y the parte# $ .tate N* t wa# #tpulated that theco$tractcould,eterm$ated atthecompa$yG#wll*whchNut they ha!e ,ee$ $formed* howe!er* that the marrage of#tpulato$ # allowed $ .tate N. 2he$ 5rc wa# #ummarlyfr#t cou#$# here # co$#dered !od from the ,eg$$$g ,yd#m##ed ,y &,le* he #ued &,le for damage# $ therea#o$ of pu,lc polcy.@hey are $ a dlemma.@hey do$OtPhlpp$e#.wa$t to ,rea9 Phlpp$e law* much le## ther marrage !ow.2ll the Phlpp$e court apply the co$tractual #tpulato$%@hey #ee9 your ad!ce o$ whether ther c!l #tatu# wll ,e(+&&E($E# A'(WE":ad!er#ely affected ,y Phlpp$e dome#tc law%2hat # youra7 L#$gthe'%!*"!$!C'"T #('T!O"%+!P%ad!ce% 45E7T+#O,'* there are co$tact# #g$fca$t to the Phlpp$e#.(+&&E($E# A'(WE":&mo$g the#e are that the place of ,u#$e## # the0y ad!#e # a# follow#( @he c!l #tatu# ofG PH a$d "6 wllPhlpp$e#*theemployeeco$cer$ed#aFlp$oa$dthe$ot ,e ad!er#ely affected ,y Phlpp$e law ,ecau#e they are#utwa#fled$thePhlpp$e#*there,y8u#tfy$gthe$ato$al#ofHo$gRo$ga$d$otFlp$oct:e$#.Ne$gapplcato$ of Phlpp$e law. +$ the &merca$ &rl$e# ca#eforeg$er#* ther #tatu#* co$dto$# a$d legal capacty $ thetheCourtheldthatwhe$what#$!ol!ed#Phlpp$e#arego!er$ed,ythelawofHo$gRo$g*the P'')O&"T %T'T# !"T##%T #ucha# thePage20of119CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics(Year 1990-2006)protecto$oftherght#of Flp$ola,orer#* the court ca$ $aturalmothera#hermddle$ame.@heCourtha#ruledd#regard choce of forum a$d choce of law. @herefore thethat there # $o law proh,t$g a$ llegtmate chld adoptedPhlpp$e Court #hould $ot apply the #tpulato$ $ ,y her $atural father to u#e* a# mddle $ame* her motherG#?ue#to$.#ur$ame.2hat#$otproh,ted#allowed.&fterall*theAL$E"'A$IVE A'(WE":u#e of the mater$al $ame a# the mddle $ame # $ accord,71o* le- for #hould ,e appled ,ecau#e the #ut # fled $wth Flp$o culture a$d cu#tom# a$d adopto$ # $te$dedPhlpp$e court# a$d 5rc wa# hred $ the Phlpp$e#. @hefor the ,e$eft of the adopted [In reB A%o't"on o* Ste'!an"ePhlpp$e Co$#ttuto$ afford# full protecto$ to la,or a$d0at!yAstor,a;ar+"a,;.R.0o.148311,Mar+!31,$007Cthe #tpulato$ a# to #ummary d#m##al ru$# cou$ter to our Ra/.ya, T!e 5a9 on ersons an% 8a&"ly Relat"ons, '. 613].fu$dame$tal a$d #tatutory law#.=orts; 4rescriptive 4erio0 ('##!) )nter?Co%ntr" 20option; ,ormalities ('##9)+$ a cla## #ut for damage#* pla$tff# clamed they #ufferedHa$#Ner,er*a)erma$$ato$al*a$dh#Flp$owfe*$8ure# from torture dur$g martal law. @he #ut wa# fled Jhoda* are perma$e$t re#de$t# of Ca$ada. @hey de#re #oupo$Pre#de$t50O#arr!alo$e-le$H+*aL...#tate. much toadopt0ag$o*a$8>yearoldorpha$ed,oya$d a@he court $ H+ awarded pla$tff# the e?u!ale$t of P100,apt#malgod#o$ofJhoda..$cetheaccde$taldeathof,llo$ u$der the L... law o$ ale$ tort clam#. /$ appeal*0ag$oG# pare$t# $ 2004* he ha# ,ee$ #tay$g wth h# au$t50O# 5#tate ra#ed the ##ue of pre#crpto$.+t argued thatwho* howe!er* could hardly afford to feed her ow$ famly.#$ce #ad L... law # #le$t o$ the matter* the court #hould L$fortu$ately* Ha$# a$d Jhoda ca$$ot come to theapply(417H+O#law#ett$gatwo>yearlmtato$o$tortPhlpp$e#toadopt0ag$oalthoughtheypo##e##alltheclam#3or427thePhlpp$elawwhchappear#tore?ure ?ualfcato$# a# adopt!e pare$t#.thatclam#forper#o$al$8uryar#$gfrommartallaw,e Is t!ere a 'oss"/"l"ty *or t!e& to a%o't Ma,no1 Ao9,rought wth$ o$e year. s!o.l% t!ey ,o a/o.t "t1 (74)(+&&E($E# A'(WE":Pla$tff#cou$teredthatpro!#o$#ofthemo#ta$alogou# Be#*t#po##,leforHa$#a$dJhodatoadopt0ag$o.Jepu,lc &ct 1o. 8043 or the +$ter>Cou$try &dopto$ &ct*federal #tatute* the @orture 6ctm# Protecto$ &ct* #houldallow#ale$#orFlp$o#perma$e$tlyre#d$ga,roadto,e appled. +t #et# te$ year# a# the perod for pre#crpto$.apply for $ter>cou$try adopto$ of a Flp$o chld. @he law0oreo!er* they argued that e?uty could toll the #tatute ofhowe!er re?ure# that o$ly legally free chld* or o$e who ha#lmtato$#. For t appeared that 50 had procured,ee$ !olu$tarly or $!olu$tarly commtted to the H.2HCo$#ttuto$al ame$dme$t# gra$t$g hm#elf a$d tho#eora$yoft#accredtedage$ce#*may,e#u,8ectof$ter>act$gu$derh#drecto$mmu$tyfrom#utdur$gh#cou$try adopto$. @he law further re?ure# that a#de fromte$ure.po##e##$g all the ?ualfcato$#* the adopt!e pare$t# mu#t+$ th# ca#e* ha# pre#crpto$ #et $ or $ot%Co$#der$g the come from a cou$try where the Phlpp$e# ha# dplomatcrelato$#a$dthatthego!er$me$tma$ta$#a#mlarlydffere$ce#$thectedlaw#*whchpre#crpt!eperodaccredtedage$cya$dthatadopto$#allowedu$derthe#hould ,e appled( o$e year u$der Phlpp$e law* two year#$ato$allawoftheale$.0oreo!er*tmu#t,efurtheru$der H+O# law* te$ year# u$der L... federal law* or $o$e of#how$thatallpo##,lte#foradome#tcadopto$ha!ethe a,o!e% 5-pla$. 45E7,ee$e-hau#teda$dthe$ter>cou$tryadopto$#,e#tfor (+&&E($E# A'(WE":@he L. Court wll apply L. law* the law of the Cou$trythatprocedurallaw #o$eofthee-cepto$# tothe&dopto$Noard$Ca$ada.Ha$#a$dJhodawllthe$applcato$ of foreg$ law ,y the forum. .$ce pre#crpto$ u$dergo a tral cu#tody for #- 467 mo$th# from the tme of#amatterofprocedurallawe!e$$Phlpp$e placeme$t. +t # o$ly after the lap#e of the tral cu#tody that8ur#prude$ce* 4Codalt$ !. P/5&S year old daughter of 5!aG# ##ter. @he1$793$,A'r"l$1,1999,+"t"n,Re'./l"+v. Co.rto*A''eals,go!er$me$t*throughthe/ffceofthe.olctor)e$eral*$07 SCRA 376)oppo#edthepetto$o$thegrou$dthatthepetto$er#*AL$E"'A$IVE A'(WE":,e$g ,oth foreg$er#* are d#?ualfed to adopt 6c9y.@hemoto$ha#to,egra$ted.@he$ewlaw#hallgo!er$a) Is t!e ,overn&entDs o''os"t"on tena/le1 23'la"n.ther?ualfcato$toadopta$du$derthe$ewlaw*the($4))erma$ couple # d#?ualfed from adopt$g. @hey ca$$ot(+&&E($E# A'(WE":clam that they ha!e already ac?ured a !e#ted rght ,ecau#e@he go!er$me$tG# po#to$ # u$te$a,le. L$der paragraph 3*adopto$ # $ot a rght ,ut a mere pr!lege. 1o o$e ac?ure#&rtcle 184 ofthe Famly Code* a$ ale$* a# a ge$eral rulea !e#ted rght o$ a pr!lege.ca$$otadopt.Howe!er*a$ale$who#aformerFlp$o-"ote.!ft/ee0aminee1ase2/isans3eront/ecurrentla34'85524/isct:e$ a$d who #ee9# to adopt a relat!e ,y co$#a$gu$ty #ans3ers/oul21econsi2ere2correct.T/is5uestionis1ase2ont/erepeale2?ualfed to adopt* 4par. 3;aA* &rt. 184* Famly Code7pro6ision of t/e $amil7 Co2e on '2option.8+$theg!e$pro,lem*5!a*a$atural:ed&merca$ct:e$6%alifications of 20opter ('###)would l9etoadopt6c9y*a7>yearolddaughterofherPage22of119CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics(Year 1990-2006).ometme$1990*.arah*,or$aFlp$o,ut,ythe$au$der .ec. 74,7 of J&8552. @he .upreme Court ha# held $$atural:ed&merca$ct:e$*a$dher&merca$hu#,a$d#e!eralca#e#thatwhe$hu#,a$da$dwfearere?uredto@om* fled a petto$ $ the Jego$al @ral Court of 0a9at* adopt 8o$tly* each o$e of them mu#t ,e ?ualfed to adoptfor the adopto$ of the m$or chld of her ##ter* a Flp$a. $ h# or her ow$ rght (Re'./l"+ v. Tole%ano, $33 SCRA 9Ca$ the petto$ ,e gra$ted% 45E7(1994). Howe!er* the &merca$ hu#,a$d mu#t comply wth(+&&E($E# A'(WE":the re?ureme$t# of the law $clud$g the re#de$cy4per do$dee7 +t depe$d#. Jule# o$ &dopto$ effect!ere?ureme$t of three 437 year#. /therw#e* the adopto$ wll&ugu#t 22* 2002 pro!de# the follow$g3$ot ,e allowed.SEC. 4.Who may adopt.T @he follow$g may adopt(Any Filipino Citizen%ccessional 1ig&ts of 20opte0 C&il0 ('##!)a. of legal age*of full c!l capacty a$d legal rght#* & Flp$o couple* 0r. a$d 0r#. N0* tra$#m##,lete#tame$tary d#po#to$# made ,y o$e $ fa!or of thed#ea#e# doe# $ot efface or $ullty the grou$d.other are re!o9ed ,y operato$ of law.Alternati1e Answer:57 @he 8udgme$t of a$$ulme$t of the marrage* theN. 1o* the marrage ca$ $o lo$ger ,e a$$ulled* ,ecau#e thepartto$a$dd#tr,uto$oftheproperte#ofthefactthat,othwereafflcteda$dthat,oth9$ewofther#pou#e#* a$d the del!ery of the chldre$G# pre#umpt!ere#pect!e $frmte# co$#ttute# a wa!er of that grou$d.legtme##hall,erecorded$theappropratec!lreg#trya$dreg#ter#ofproperty*4&rtcle#53.52*43.*arriage; 2nn%lment; 7%0icial Declaration (199()44. Famly Code7.0ara a$d "u#* ,oth Flp$o#* were marred ,y a Catholc(+&&E($E# A'(WE":pre#t$"ourde#Church*Pue:o$Cty$1976*"u#wa#dru$9 o$ the day of h# wedd$g. +$ fact* he #lumped at the4,7 @he chldre$ ,or$ from the u$o$ of H a$d 2 would ,ealtar#oo$aftertheceremo$y.&ftermarrage*"u#$e!erlegtmate chldre$ f co$ce!ed or ,or$ ,efore the decree ofhada#teady8o,,ecau#ehewa#dru$9mo#tofthetme.a$$ulme$tofthemarrage4u$der&rt.45oftheFamlyF$ally* he could $ot get employed at all ,ecau#e ofCode7ha#,ecomef$ala$de-ecutory4&rt.54*Famlydru$9e$$e##. He$ce* t wa# 0ara who had to ear$ a l!$gCodeM.to #upport her#elf a$d her chld ,egotte$ wth "u#. +$ 1986*(+&&E($E# A'(WE": 0arafledapetto$$thechurchmatrmo$alcourt$Pue:o$ Cty to a$$ul her marrage wth "u# o$ the grou$d4c7@hechldre$ofthefr#tmarrage#hall,eco$#deredof p#ychologcal $capactyto comply wth h# martallegtmate chldre$ f co$ce!ed or ,or$ ,efore theo,lgato$. Her petto$ wa# gra$ted ,y the church

reg#tered !e##el $ a pr!ate #ute amo$g #elected fre$d#. @he a,#e$ce of pare$tal co$#e$t de#pte ther ha!$gNac9 $ 0a$la* &$$ed#co!ered thatNo$ had ,ee$marred at the age of 18 # deemed cured ,y ther co$t$uedcoha,tato$,eyo$dtheageof21.&tth#po$t*thermarred $ Nacolod Cty 5 year# earler ,ut d!orced $ /#lomarrage # !ald 4.ee &rt. 45* Famly Code7.o$lyla#tyear. H#fr#twfewa#al#oaFlp$a,ut$ow,a#ed$.wede$. No$hm#elf#are#de$tof1orway ($) )!at "s t!e stat.s o* t!e &arr"a,e /et9een R"+where he a$d &$$e pla$ to l!e perma$e$tly.an% -.l"et K val"%, vo"%a/le or vo"%1 ($.74)&$$ereta$#your#er!ce#toad!#ehero$whetherher(+&&E($E# A'(WE": @he marrage ,etwee$ (+&&E($E# A'(WE":marrage..eco$dly*#-4267year#ofage.Hur$gthemarrageofJcomarrage#*therefore* a,#olutecommu$tyofproperty* a$d "etty* "etty ,ought a ma$go orchard out of her ow$u$der &rt. 75 of the FC.per#o$al ear$$g#.2.&ll the properte# whch Re!$ a$d Rarla ow$ed at thea7 2howouldow$thercela$d*a$dwhatpropertyJelato$# go!er$# the ow$er#hp% 5-pla$.tmeofmarrage,ecamecommu$typropertywhch#hall ,72ho would ow$ the coco$ut la$d* a$d what property,e d!ded e?ually ,etwee$ them at d##oluto$. .$ce Re!$ Jelato$# go!er$# the ow$er#hp% 5-pla$.ow$ed500llo$a$dRarla.20llo$*atthetmeofthe c7 2howouldow$thema$goorchard*a$dwhatmarrage* 52 0llo$ co$#ttuted ther commu$ty property. property Jelato$# go!er$# the ow$er#hp% 5-pla$.Lpo$ the death of Re!$* the commu$ty wa# d##ol!ed a$d(+&&E($E# A'(WE":4a7 Jco a$d Cora are the co>ow$er# of the rcela$d. @hehalfofthe520llo$or260llo$#h##hare$theJelato$##thatofco>ow$er#hp4&rt.147*FamlyCode*commu$ty. @h# 26 0llo$ therefore # h# e#tate.fr#t paragraph7.3. Rarla a$d "u# are the +$te#tate her# of Re!$.9Optional'22en2um.+o3e6er4aftericoow$er#. @he Jelato$# # thecorporato$ faled to pay the loa$* a$d the ,a$9 o,ta$ed a&,#olute Commu$ty of Property 4&rt#* 75*90a$d9l* Famly8udgme$t aga$#t t a$d 6ctor$o* 8o$tly a$d #e!erally. @o Code7.e$force the 8udgme$t* the #herff le!ed o$ a farm ow$ed ,ythe co$8ugal part$er#hp of 6ctor$o a$d h# wfe 5l#a. +# 4ropert" 1elations; /nions wit&o%t *arriage (1997)the le!y proper or $ot% 43E7"u#a$dJ::a*,oth26year#ofagea$d#$gle*l!e(+&&E($E# A'(WE":e-clu#!ely wth each other a# hu#,a$d a$d wfe wthout the@hele!y#$otproperthere,e$g$o#how$gthatthe,e$eft of marrage* "u# # ga$fully employed* J::a # $ot#urety agreeme$t e-ecuted ,y the hu#,a$d redou$ded to theemployed* #tay# at home* a$d ta9e# charge of the hou#ehold,e$eftofthefamly.&$o,lgato$co$tracted,ythechore#.hu#,a$d alo$e # chargea,le aga$#t the co$8ugal part$er#hp &fter l!$g together for a lttle o!er twe$ty year#* "u# wa#o$lywhe$twa#co$tractedforthe,e$eftofthefamly.a,le to #a!e from h# #alary ear$$g# dur$g that perod the2he$ the o,lgato$ wa# co$tracted o$ ,ehalf of the famlyamou$tofP200*000.00pre#e$tlydepo#ted$a,a$9.&,u#$e## the law pre#ume# that #uch o,lgato$ wll redou$dhou#e a$d lot worth P500*000.00 wa# rece$tly purcha#ed forto the ,e$eft of the famly. Howe!er* whe$ the o,lgato$the #ame amou$t ,y the couple. /f the P500.000.00 u#ed ,ywa#toguara$teethede,tofathrdparty*a#$thethe commo$>law #pou#e# to purcha#e the property*pro,lem* the o,lgato$ # pre#umed for the ,e$eft of theP200.000.00hadcomefromthe#aleofpalayhar!e#tedthrd party* $ot the famly. He$ce* for the o,lgato$ u$derfrom the hace$da ow$ed ,y "u# a$d P300*000.00 from thethe#uretyagreeme$tto,e chargea,leaga$#t there$tal# of a ,uld$g ,elo$g$g to J::a. +$ f$e* the #um ofpart$er#hp t mu#t ,e pro!e$ that the famly wa# ,e$eftedP500.000.00 had ,ee$ part of the frut# rece!ed dur$g thea$d that the ,e$eft wa# a drect re#ult of #uch agreeme$t*perodofcoha,tato$fromther#eparateproperty*acar(Ayala Invest&ent v. C!"n,, $86 SCRA $($)worth P100.000.00. ,e$g u#ed ,y the commo$>law4ropert" 1elations; /nions wit&o%t *arriage (199')#pou#e#*wa#do$atedow$er#hp.hou#e a$d lot* #he ha# $o #hare there$. +f @o$y coha,tedHe$ce* "u# get# 2Y5 whle J::a get# 3Y5 of P500.000.00.wth .u#a$ after h# legal #eparato$ from &lce* the hou#e37 the car worth P100*000.00 #hall ,e e-clu#!ely ow$ed ,ya$d lot # h# e-clu#!e property. +f he coha,ted wth .u#a$J::a* the #ame ha!$g ,ee$ do$ated to her ,y her pare$t#.,eforeh#legal#eparato$from&lce*thehou#ea$dlot(+&&E($E# A'(WE": ,elo$g# to h# commu$ty or part$er#hp wth &lce.4,7@hepropertyrelato$#,etwee$"u#a$dJ::a*thermarrageha!$g,ee$cele,rated20year#ago4u$derthe(+CCE((I!'C!l Code7 #hall ,e go!er$ed ,y the co$8ugal part$er#hp ofga$#* u$der whch the hu#,a$d a$d wfe place $ a2mo%nt of %ccessional 1ig&ts ('##!) commo$fu$dtheproceed#*product#*frut#a$d$comefrom ther #eparate properte# a$d tho#e ac?ured ,y ether0r.=@a$d0r#.B@ha!e,ee$marredfor20year#.or,oth#pou#e#throughthereffort#or,ycha$ce*a$d .uppo#e the wfe* B@* ded chldle##* #ur!!ed o$ly ,y herupo$ d##oluto$ of the marrage or of the part$er#hp* the hu#,a$d*=@. 2hatwould,ethe#hareof=@fromher$et ga$# or ,e$eft# o,ta$ed ,y ether or ,oth #pou#e #hall e#tate a# $herta$ce%2hy%5-pla$.45E7,e d!ded e?ually ,etwee$ them 4&rt. 142. C!l Code7.(+&&E($E# A'(WE":@hu#(L$der the C!l Code* the wdow or wdower # a legal a$dcompul#ory her of the decea#ed #pou#e. +f the wdow # the17@he #alary of "u# depo#ted $ the ,a$9 $ the amou$to$ly#ur!!$gher*there,e$g$olegtmatea#ce$da$t#*of P200.000.00 a$d the hou#e a$d lot !alued at P500*000.00de#ce$da$t#* ,rother#* a$d ##ter#* $ephew# a$d $ece#* #he#hall ,e d!ded e?ually ,etwee$ "u# a$d J::a.get# the e$tre e#tate.27Howe!er* the car worth P100.000*00 do$ated to J::a,y her pare$t# #hall ,e co$#dered to her ow$ parapher$al;arrier between illegitimate & legitimate relatives (199()property* ha!$g ,ee$ ac?ured ,y lucrat!e ttle 4par. 2* &rt.& # the ac9$owledged $atural chld of N who ded whe$ &148* C!l Code7.wa#already22year#old.2he$NG#full,lood,rother*C*4ropert" 1elations; /nions wit&o%t *arriage ('###)ded he 4C7 wa# #ur!!ed ,y h# wdow a$d four chldre$ ofh# other ,rother H. Clam$g that he # e$ttled to $hertFor f!e year# #$ce 1989* @o$y* a ,a$9 6ce>pre#de$t* a$dfromh#fatherG#,rotherC.&,rought#uttoo,ta$h#.u#a$*a$e$terta$er*l!edtogethera#hu#,a$da$dwfe#hare $ the e#tate of C.wthout the ,e$eft of marrage although they were2ll h# acto$ pro#per%capactatedtoma$yeachother..$ce@o$yG##alarywa#(+&&E($E# A'(WE":more tha$ e$ough for ther $eed#* .u#a$ #topped wor9$g1o* the acto$ of & wll $ot pro#per. /$ the prem#e that N*a$d merely '9ept hou#e'. Hur$g that perod* @o$y wa# a,leC a$d H are legtmate ,rother#* a# a$ llegtmate chld of N*to,uyalota$dhou#e$aplu#h#u,d!#o$.Howe!er*&ca$$ot$hert$$te#tacyfromCwho#alegtmateafter f!e year#* @o$y a$d .u#a$ decded to #eparate.,rother of N. /$ly the wfe of C $ her ow$ rght a$d thePage42of119CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics(Year 1990-2006)legtmaterelat!e#ofC4.e.thechldre$ofHa#CG# How wll you rule o$ >>>>>>>>>>>>>> > 450*000del!ery.Nac9 $ the Phlpp$e# +rma +mmedately fled a clam for2lma>>>>>>>>>>>>>> > 250*000$herta$ce. @he pare$t# of +#dro oppo#ed her clam5l!ra>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> > 250*000co$te$d$gthatthemarrage,etwee$hera$d+#drowa#5r$e>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> > 50*000!oda,$too$thefollow$ggrou$d#(4a7theyhad$ot1*000*000g!e$therco$#e$ttothemarrageofther#o$34,7thereAL$E"'A$IVE A'(WE":wa# $o marrage lce$#e3 4c7 the #olem$:$g offcer had $oauthorty to perform the marrage3 a$d* 4d7 the #olem$:$g@hed#$herta$ceof2lmawa#effect!e,ecau#eoffcer dd $ot fle a$ affda!t of marrage wth the properd#re#pect of* a$d ra#$g of !oce to* her father co$#ttutec!l reg#trar.maltreatme$t u$der &rtcle 919467 of the 1ew C!l Code.2.Hoe#+rmaha!ea$y#ucce##o$alrght#atall%H#cu##.he#*therefore*$ote$ttledto$herta$yth$g.Herfully.$herta$ce wll go to theother legal her#.@hetotal(+&&E($E# A'(WE":om##o$of5l!ra#$otpreterto$,ecau#e#he#$ota2. +rma#ucceeded to the e#tate of +#dro a# h# #ur!!$gcompul#ory her $ the drect l$e. .he wll rece!e o$ly her#pou#eto thee#tateofher legtmatechld.2he$+#drolegtme. @he legacy $ fa!or of Jo#a # !od u$der &rtclePage44of119CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics(Year 1990-2006)ded* he wa# #ucceeded ,y h# #ur!!$g wfe +rma* a$d h# 4c7= [ 1S2 ,y repre#e$tato$ of N C[lS2 B [ 1S4legtmateu$,or$chld.@heyd!dedthee#tatee?ually ,y repre#e$tato$ of C,etwee$ them* the chld e-clud$g the pare$t# of +#dro. &$4d7 = > 1S3 $ h# ow$ rght B> 1S3 $ h# ow$ rght 2 > 1S3u$,or$ chld # co$#dered ,or$ for all purpo#e# fa!ora,le$ h# ow$ rghtto t pro!ded t # ,or$ later. @he chld wa# co$#dered ,or$,ecau#e*ha!$ga$$tra>uter$elfeofmoretha$#e!e$ &rtcle977oftheC!lCodepro!de#thather#whomo$th#*tl!edforafewm$ute#aftert#completerepudate ther #hare ca$$ot ,e repre#e$ted.del!ery.+twa#legtmate,ecau#etwa#,or$wth$the!ald marrage of the pare$t#. .ucce##o$ # fa!ora,le to t.)ntestate %ccession (1997)2he$ the chld ded* +rma $herted the #hare of the chld.'@' ded $te#tate o$ 1 .eptem,er 1997.He wa# #ur!!ed ,yHowe!er*the#hareofthechld$theha$d#of+rma#04h#mother7*24h#wdow7*&a$dN4h#legtmate#u,8ect to re#er!a tro$cal for the ,e$eft of the relat!e# ofchldre$7* C 4h# gra$d#o$* ,e$g the legtmate #o$ of N7* Hthe chld wth$ the thrd degree of co$#a$gu$ty a$d who4h# other gra$d#o$* ,e$g the #o$ of 5 who wa# a,elo$g to the l$e of +#dro.legtmate#o$of*a$dwhopredecea#ed*'@'7*a$dF4h# AL$E"'A$IVE A'(WE":+f the marrage # !od. +rma ha# $o #ucce##o$al rght# wthgra$d#o$* ,e$g the #o$ of )* a legtmate #o$ whore#pectto+#dro,ut#hewouldha!e#ucce##o$alrght# repudated the $herta$ce from '@'7. H# d#tr,uta,le $etwth re#pect to the chld. e#tate # P120.000.00.Aeirs; )ntestate Aeirs; &ares ('##()How #hould th# amou$t ,e #hared $ $te#tacy amo$g the#ur!!$g her#%"u# wa# #ur!!ed ,y two legtmate chldre$* two(+&&E($E# A'(WE":@he legal her# are &* N* H* a$d 2. C # e-cluded ,y N whollegtmate chldre$* h# pare$t#* a$d two ,rother#. He left# #tll al!e. H $hert# $ repre#e$tato$ of 5 whoa$e#tateofP1mllo$."u#ded$te#tate.2hoareh#predecea#ed. F # e-cluded ,ecau#e of the repudato$ of )*$te#tateher#*a$dhowmuch#the#hareofeach$h#the predece##or. 0 # e-cluded ,y the legtmate chldre$ of e#tate%(+&&E($E# A'(WE": @.@hea$#wermay,eprem#edo$twotheore#(the@heory of 5-clu#o$ a$d the @heory of Co$curre$ce. @he$te#tateher#arethetwo427legtmatechldre$a$dthetwo427llegtmatechldre$.+$$te#tacythee#tateofL$der the T!eory o* 23+l.s"on the legtme# of the her# the decede$t # d!ded amo$g the legtmate a$d llegtmatechldre$ #uch that the #hare of each llegtmate chld #o$e areaccordedthema$dthefreeporto$wll,eg!e$>half the #hare of each legtmate chld. e-clu#!ely to the legtmate de#ce$da$t#. He$ce u$der the@her #hare are ( 5-clu#o$ @heory(For each legtmate chld T P333*333.33 & wll get P20.000.00. a$d P 13.333.33 41S3 of the free porto$7N wll get P 20*000.00. a$d P13. 333.33 41S3 of the free porto$7For each llegtmate chld T P166*666.66H wll get P20.000.00. a$d P13. 333.33 41S3 of the free porto$7(Art"+le 983, 0e9 C"v"l Co%eC Art"+le 1(6, 8a&"ly Co%e)2* the wdow # lmted to the legtme of P20.000.00)ntestate %ccession (199')L$dertheT!eoryo*Con+.rren+e.+$addto$totherF had three 437 legtmate chldre$( &* N* a$d C. N ha# o$elegtme#*theher#of&*N*Ha$d2wll,eg!e$e?ual417 legtmate chld =. C ha# two 427 legtmate chldre$( B#hare# $ the free porto$#( a$d I.F a$d & rode together $ a car a$d per#hed together at the &(P20.000.00 plu# P10.000.00 41 S4 of the free porto$7N(P20*000.00 plu# P10.000.00 4lS4 of the free portlo$7#ametme$a!ehcularaccde$t*Fa$d&ded*eachofC(P20*000.00 plu# P10.000.00 41S4 of the free porto$7them lea!$g #u,#ta$tal e#tate# $ $te#tacy.2(P20*000.00 plu# P10*000.00 4lS4 of the free porto$7a72hoarethe $te#tateher#ofF% 2hat arether&lter$at!e &$#wer( .hare# $ +$te#tacyre#pect!e fracto$al #hare#%@ > decede$t 5#tate( P120.000.00,72hoarethe$te#tateher#of&%2hatarether.ur!!ed ,y(re#pect!e fracto$al #hare#%0 > 0other............................1o$ec7+f N a$d C ,oth predecea#ed F* who are FO# $te#tate2 > 2dow.............................P 30*000.00her#% 2hat are ther re#pect!e fracto$al #hare#% Ho& > .o$.................................P 30*000.00they$hert$therow$rghtor,yrepre#e$tato$%N > .o$.................................P30.000.005-pla$ your a$#wer.C > )ra$d#o$ 4#o$ of N7.............1o$ed7+f N a$d C ,oth repudated ther #hare# $ the e#tateH > )ra$d#o$ 4#o$ of 5 who predecea#ed @7................P 30*000.00ofFwhoareFG#$te#tateher#%2hatarether F > )ra$d#o$ 4#o$ of ) who repudated the +$herta$cere#pect!efracto$al#hare#%Hothey$hert$ther from'@'7.......................1o$eow$ rght or ,y repre#e$tato$% 5-pla$ your a$#wer* Eplanation!(+&&E($E# A'(WE":a7@he mother 407 ca$$ot $hert from @ ,ecau#e u$der4a7N [ 1S2 &rt.985thea#ce$da$t##hall$hert$defaultof4,7N [ 1S2 I [ 1S4 ,y repre#e$tato$ of C C[ 1S2legtmate chldre$ a$d de#ce$da$t# of the decea#ed.,7@hewdowG##hare#P30.000.00,ecau#eu$der&rt*&rtcle982oftheC!lCodepro!de#thatgra$dchldre$996 t #tate# that f the wdow or wdower a$d$hert ,y rght of repre#e$tato$.legtmate chldre$ or de#ce$da$t# are left* the #ur!!$gPage45of119CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics(Year 1990-2006)#pou#e ha# $ the #ucce##o$ the #ame #hare a# that of,e #et a#de a# 0aroG# co$8ugal #hare from the commu$tyeach of the chldre$*property. @he other half* amou$t$g to o$e mllo$ pe#o#* #c7Cha#$o#hare,ecau#eh#father##tllal!ehe$ceher co$8ugal #hare 4$et e#tate7* a$d #hould ,e d#tr,uted to#ucce##o$ ,y repre#e$tato$ #hall $ot apply 4&rt. 9757. her$te#tateher#.&pply$gthea,o!epro!#o$oflaw*d7H$hert#P30.000whch#the#hareofh#father 50chelle a$d halfwho predecea#ed @ ,y !rtue of &rt. 981 o$ the rght of of her co$8ugal #hare worth o$e mllo$ pe#o#* or 500*000repre#e$tato$.pe#o#* whle the other o$e>half amou$t$g to P500*000 wlle7Fha#$o#hare,ecau#eh#father)repudatedthego to 0aro* @e##eG# #ur!!$g #pou#e. 0chelle a$d P75*500H 4llegtmate chld7 P75.000 0 > P 75*5005uge$o ded wthout ##ue* lea!$g #e!eral parcel# of la$d2 42dow7 P150*000 0 >P150.000$Nataa$.Hewa##ur!!ed,y&$to$o*h#legtmate,rother3 0art$a* the o$ly daughter of h# predecea#ed ##ter)ntestate %ccession (1993)0ercede#3a$df!elegtmatechldre$ofCC2SSI 4wdow get# 1S2 #hare7 P90.000.00 4&rt. 9987re#er!a tro$cal for the ,e$eft of the relat!e# of the chld &> 4#o$ who repudated h# $herta$ce7 1o$e &rt. 9777wth$ the thrd degree of co$#a$gu$ty a$d who ,elo$g to N > 4)ra$ddaughter7 1o$eC > 4&c9$owledged llegtmate chld7 P45.000.00 4&rt.9987thefamlyof0r."u$a*thel$ewherethepropertycameH > 4&c9$owledged llegtmate chld7 P45*000.00 4&rt. 9987from.@he ac9$owledged llegtmate chld get# 1S2 of the #hare of each2he$ 0r#. "u$a ded* #he wa# #ur!!ed ,y her pare$t# a#legtmate chld.her o$ly her#. Her pare$t# wll $hert her e#tate co$##t$gLegitime; Comp%lsor" Aeirs ('##()of the 5 0llo$ #he $herted from 0r. "u$a. @he other 5"u# wa# #ur!!ed ,y two legtmate chldre$* two0llo$ #he $herted from her chld wll ,e del!ered to thellegtmate chldre$* h# pare$t#* a$d two ,rother#. He leftpare$t# of 0r. "u$a a# ,e$efcare# of the re#er!eda$e#tateofP1mllo$.2hoarethecompul#oryher#ofproperty."u#* how much # the legtme of each* a$d how much #+$ #um* 5 0llo$ Pe#o# of 0r. "u$aG# e#tate wll go to thethe free porto$ of h# e#tate* f a$y%(+&&E($E# A'(WE":pare$t# of 0r#. "u$a* whle the other 5 0llo$ Pe#o# wll@hecompul#oryher#arethetwolegtmatechldre$a$dgo to the pare$t# of 0r. "u$a a# re#er!ataro#.thetwollegtmatechldre$.@hepare$t#aree-cluded,yAL$E"'A$IVE A'(WE":the legtmate chldre$* whle the ,rother# are $ot+fthechldhada$$tra>uter$elfeof$otle##tha$7compul#ory her# at all.mo$th#*t$hertedfromthefather.+$whchca#e*the@her re#pect!e legtmate are(e#tate of 100 wll ,e d!ded e?ually ,etwee$ the chld a$da7@helegtmeofthetwo427legtmatechldre$#o$ethewdowa#legalher#.Lpo$thedeathofthechld*t#half41S27ofthee#tate4P500*000.007to,ed!ded#hareof50#hallgo,yoperato$oflawtothemother*,etwee$ them e?ually* or P250*000.00 each.whch#hall,e#u,8ecttore#er!atro$cal.L$der&rt.891*,7@helegtmateofeachllegtmatechld#o$e>halfthe re#er!a # $ fa!or of relat!e# ,elo$g$g to the pater$al41S27thelegtmeofeachlegtmatechldorl$ea$dwhoarewth$3degree#fromthechld.@heP125*000.00.pare$t#of0r*"u$aaree$ttledtothere#er!edporto$whch # 50 a# they are 2 degree# related from chld. @hePage47of119CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics(Year 1990-2006)c7.$cethetotallegtmeofthecompul#oryher##legtmeofthelegtmatechldre$a$dtfollow#thattheP750*000.00*the,ala$ceofP250*000.00#thefreelegtmeofo$elegtmatechld#P100*000.@helegtme*porto$.therefore* of the olde#t #o$ # P100*000. Howe!er* #$ce theLegitime;Comp%lsor"Aeirsvs.econ0ar"Comp%lsor"do$ato$ g!e$ hm wa# P100*000* he ha# already rece!ed$ full h# legtme a$d he wll $ot rece!e a$yth$g a$ymoreAeirs ('##9)from the decede$t. @he rema$$g P900*000* therefore* #hallgo to the four you$ger chldre$ ,y $#ttuto$ $ the wll* to 5ml* the te#tator* ha# three legtmate chldre$* @om* He$rya$d 2arlto3 a wfe $amed &dette3 pare$t# $amed Pepe a$d,e d!ded e?ually amo$g them. 5ach wll rece!e P225*000.Plar3a$llegtmatechld*Jamo$3,rother*0ar93a$daAL$E"'A$IVE A'(WE":#um$g that the do$ato$ # !ald a# to form a$d##ter* 1a$ette. .$ce h# wfe &dette # well>off* he wa$t# to#u,#ta$ce* $amedrelat!e#are#tllrght to a completo$ of h# legtme u$der &rt. 906 of thel!$g. 5ml $ow come# to you for ad!ce $ ma9$g a wll.C!l Code. @he e#tate #hould ,e d!ded e?ually amo$g theHowwllyoud#tr,uteh#e#tateaccord$gtoh#w#he#f!e chldre$ who wll each rece!e P225*000.00 ,ecau#e thewthout !olat$g the law o$ te#tame$tary #ucce##o$% 45E7totalheredtarye#tate*aftercollat$gthedo$ato$toaged chldre$ are employee# $&ftercollat$gthedo$ato$ofP100.000totherema$$gIam,oa$ga Cty.F$d$g that the decea#ed left $o wll* theproperty of P900*000* the e#tate of the te#tatr- #you$ge#t #o$ wa$ted to fle $te#tate proceed$g# ,efore theP1*000*000./fth#amou$t*o$e>halforP500*000*#the Jego$al @ralCourtofCe,uCty. @woother#,l$g#Page48of119CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics(Year 1990-2006)o,8ected* argu$g that t #hould ,e $ compla$ce thereof 4&rtcle764C!l Code7. .$ce the acto$ ha# pre#cr,ed* the #ut wll $ot pro#per*Donations; Effect; illegal & immoral con0itions (1997)&re the effect# of llegal a$d mmoral co$dto$# o$ #mpledo$ato$#the#amea#tho#eeffect#that would followwhe$#uchco$dto$#arempo#edo$ do$ato$# co$ cau#ao$ero#a%(+&&E($E# A'(WE":1o* they do$Gt ha!e the #ame effect. +llegal or mpo##,leco$dto$#$#mplea$dremu$eratory do$ato$##hall,eco$#dereda#$otmpo#ed.He$ce the do$ato$# !ald. @he do$ato$wll ,e co$#dereda##mpleorpure.@heco$dto$or mode # merely a$acce##oryd#po#to$*a$dt#$ulltydoe# $otaffectthedo$ato$*u$le##tclearlyappear# that the do$or would $ot ha!e made the do$ato$wthout the mode or co$dto$.Ho$ato$#co$cau#ao$ero#a#go!er$ed ,y law o$o,lgato$#a$dco$tract#*u$derwhcha$mpo##,le or+llctco$dto$a$$ul#theo,lgato$depe$de$tupo$ theco$dto$ where the co$dto$ # po#t!e a$d #u#pe$#!e. +f the mpo##,le or llct co$dto$ # $egat!e* t # #mplyco$#dereda#$otwrtte$*a$dtheo,lgato$# co$!erted$to a pure a$d #mple o$e. Howe!er* $ order that a$ llegal co$dto$ may a$$ul a co$tract* the mpo##,lty mu#te-#tatthetmeofthecreato$oftheo,lgato$3 a #uper!e$$gmpo##,ltydoe#$otaffectthee-#te$ceof the o,lgato$.A##I$I!'AL A'(WE":Page53of119CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics(Year 1990-2006)1o. +$ #mple or pure do$ato$* o$ly the llegal orrre!oca,le* the latter # re!oca,le. +$ the pro,lem g!e$* allmpo##,leco$dto$#co$#dered$otwrtte$,utthe the clau#e# or co$dto$# me$to$ed $ the deed ofdo$ato$ rema$# !ald a$d ,ecome# free from co$dto$#. do$ato$* e-cept o$e* are co$##te$t wth the rule of@he co$dto$ or mode ,e$g a mere acce##ory d#po#to$.rre!oca,ltya$dwouldha!e#u#ta$edthe!ewthatthe+t#$ulltydoe#$otaffectthedo$ato$u$le##tclearlydo$ato$ # $ter !!o# a$d therefore !ald. @he lo$eappear# that the do$or would $ot ha!e made the do$ato$ e-cepto$ # the clau#e whch re#er!e# the do$orG# rght towthout the mode or co$dto$. /$ the other ha$d* o$erou##ellthepropertyata$ytme,eforeh#death..uchado$ato$#go!er$ed,ytherule#o$co$tract#.L$der re#er!ato$ ha# ,ee$ held to re$der the do$ato$ re!oca,le&rtcle 1183* +mpo##,le or llegal co$dto$# #hall a$$ul thea$d* therefore*,ecome# ado$ato$mort#cau#a (.", vs.o,lgato$ whch depe$d# upo$ them. +$ the#e ca#e#* ,oth enN*lor"%a, 17 SCRA $(6, at '. $86). @hat the rght wa# $otthe o,lgato$ a$d the co$dto$ are !od.e-erc#ed # mmateral3 t# re#er!ato$ wa# a$ mpledDonations; ,ormalities; *ortis Ca%sa (199#)recog$to$ofthedo$orG#powerto$ullfythedo$ato$a$ytmehew#hedto do#o. Co$#e?ue$tly*t#houldha!eN do$ated to 0 a parcel of la$d $ 1980. N made the deed ,ee$em,oded$ala#twlla$dte#tame$t.@he#utforofdo$ato$*e$ttledCHo$ato$+$ter6!o#*D$apu,lc $ullty wll thu# pro#per.$#trume$ta$d0acceptedthedo$ato$$the#ameDonations; )nter @ivos; 2cceptance (199() docume$t.+twa#pro!ded$thedeedthatthela$ddo$ated#hall,emmedatelydel!eredto0a$dthat0 /$ e#ta,l#hed of the pre#crpto$.medcalcollegeo$thedo$atedpropertywa#are#olutoryco$dto$ mpo#ed o$ the do$ato$ ,y the do$or. &lthough 2ccretion; 2v%lsion ('##()the Heed of Ho$ato$ dd $ot f- the tme for the&$dre# # a rpara$ ow$er of a parcel of reg#tered la$d. H#e#ta,l#hed of the medcal college* the falure of the do$eela$d* howe!er* ha# gradually dm$#hed $ area due to thetoe#ta,l#hthemedcalcollegeafterffty4507year#fromcurre$t of the r!er* whle the reg#tered la$d of 0aro o$the ma9$g of the do$ato$ #hould ,e co$#dered a#theoppo#te,a$9ha#gradually$crea#ed$area,y200>occurre$ceofthere#olutoryco$dto$*a$dthedo$ato$#?uare meter#.may $ow ,e re!o9ed. 2hle the ge$eral rule # that $ ca#e4a7 2hoha#the,etterrghto!erthe200>#?uarethe perod # $ot f-ed $ the agreeme$t of the parte#* themeter area that ha# ,ee$ added to 0aroO# reg#tered la$d*perod mu#t ,e f-ed fr#t ,y the court ,efore the o,lgato$0aro or &$dre#%may ,e dema$ded* the perod of ffty 4507 year# wa# more4,7 0ay a thrd per#o$ ac?ure #ad 200>#?uare metertha$ e$ough tme for the do$ee to comply wth thela$d ,y pre#crpto$%co$dto$. He$ce* $ th# ca#e* there # $o more $eed for the (+&&E($E# A'(WE":courttof-theperod,ecau#e#uchprocedurewththea.0aroha#a,etterrghto!erthe200#?uaremeter#$crea#e $ area ,y rea#o$ of accreto$* apply$g &rtcle 457co$dto$.(Central!"l"''"ne>n"vers"tyv.CA.$46SCRAof the 1ew C!l Code* whch pro!de# that Cto the ow$er# 711).A'!$.E" (+&&E($E# A'(WE":of la$d# ad8o$$g the ,a$9# of r!er# ,elo$g the accreto$@he do$ato$ may $ot a# yet re!o9ed. @he e#ta,l#hme$tofwhch they graduallyrece!ed from theeffect# ofthea medcal college # $ot a re#olutory or #u#pe$#!e co$dto$curre$t of the water#D.,ut a CchargeD* o,lgato$D* or a CmodeD. @he $o$>&$dre#ca$$otclamthatthe$crea#e$0aroO#compla$ce wth the charge or mode wll g!e the do$or thela$d # h# ow$* ,ecau#e #uch # a$ accreto$ a$d $ot re#ultrght to re!o9e the do$ato$ wth$ four 447 year#from theof the #udde$ detachme$t of a 9$ow$ porto$ of h# la$dtme the charge wa# #uppo#ed to ha!e ,ee$ compled wth*a$d t# attachme$t to 0aroO# la$d* a proce## calledor to e$force the charge ,y #pecfc performa$ce wth$ te$Ca!ul#o$D.Heca$$olo$gerclamow$er#hpofthe4107year#fromthetmethecau#eofacto$accrued.porto$ofh#reg#teredla$dwhchwa#graduallya$d +$a#much a# the tme to e#ta,l#hed the medcal college ha#$aturally eroded due to the curre$t of the r!er* ,ecau#e hePage56of119CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics(Year 1990-2006)had lo#t t ,y operato$ of law. @hat porto$ of the la$d ha#rea#o$a,le re$t* f the ow$er of the la$d doe# $ot choo#e to,ecome part of the pu,lc doma$.approprate the ,uld$g after proper $dem$ty. @he parte#(+&&E($E# A'(WE":#hallagreeupo$theterm#ofthelea#ea$d$ca#eofd#agreeme$t* the court f- the term# thereof.,.Be#*athrdpartymayac?ure,ypre#crpto$ the200#?uare meter#* $crea#e $ area* ,ecau#e t # $ot $cluded $;%il0er; Boo0 ,ait& vs. ;a0 ,ait& (1999)the@orre$#@tleoftherpara$ow$er.He$ce*th#doe#4a7 Necau#eofco$fu#o$a#tothe,ou$dare#ofthe$ot$!ol!ethempre#crpt,ltyco$ferred,y.ecto$47*ad8o$$glot# thatthey,oughtfromthe#ame#u,d!#o$P.H. 1o. 1529. @he fact that the rpara$ la$d # reg#teredcompa$y* = co$#tructed a hou#e o$ the ad8o$$g lot of Bdoe# $ot automatcally ma9e the accreto$ thereto a$ the ho$e#t ,elef that t # the la$d that he ,ought fromreg#teredla$d.(;ran%ev. CA,1177$1(196$)C-a,.al"n,v.the #u,d!#o$ compa$y. 2hat are the re#pect!e rght# ofCA, 194 SCRA 60( (1991).= a$d B wth re#pect to =G# hou#e% 43E7;%il0er; Boo0 ,ait& (199')&ow$#aparcelofre#de$talla$dworthP500*000.004,7 .uppo#e = wa# $ good fath ,ut B 9$ew that = wa#u$9$ow$ to &* a re#de$tal hou#e co#t$g P 100*000.00 #co$#truct$g o$ h# 4BG#7 la$d ,ut #mply 9ept ?uet a,out t*,ult o$ the e$tre parcel ,y N who clam# ow$er#hp of theth$9$g perhap# that he could get =G# hou#e later. 2hat arela$d.&$#werallthefollow$g?ue#to$#,a#edo$thethere#pect!erght#oftheparte#o!er=G#hou#e$th#prem#ethatN#a,ulder$goodfatha$daca#e% 42E7la$dow$er $ good fath.(+&&E($E# A'(WE":a70ay & ac?ure the hou#e ,ult ,y N% +f #o* how%4a7 @he rght# of B* a# ow$er of the lot* a$d of =* a# ,ulder,7+f the la$d $crea#ed $ !alue to P500*000.00 ,y rea#o$ofahou#ethereo$*arego!er$ed,y&rt.448oftheC!lofthe,uld$gofthehou#ethereo$*whatamou$tCodewhchgra$t#toBtherghttochoo#e,etwee$two#hould ,e pad ,y & $ order to ac?ure the hou#e fromremede#( 4a7 approprate the hou#e ,y $dem$fy$g = forN%t#!alueplu#whate!er$ece##arye-pe$#e#thelattermayc7#um$gthattheco#tofthehou#ewa#P90*000.00ha!e$curredforthepre#er!ato$ofthela$d*or4,7a$d $ot P100*000.00* may & re?ure N to ,uy the la$d%compel=to,uythela$dftheprceofthela$d#$otd7+fN!olu$tarly,uy#thela$da#de#red,y&*u$derco$#dera,ly more tha$ the !alue of the hou#e. +f t #* the$whatcrcum#ta$ce#may&$e!erthele##,ee$ttledto=ca$$ot,eo,lgedto,uythela$d,uthe#hallpayha!e the hou#e remo!ed%rea#o$a,le re$t* a$d $ ca#e of d#agreeme$t* the court #halle7+$ what #tuato$ may a 'forced lea#e' ar#e ,etwee$ &f- the term# of the lea#e.a$dN.a$dwhatterm#a$dco$dto$#wouldgo!er$the lea#e% (+&&E($E# A'(WE":)!e rea#o$# for your a$#wer#.4,7 .$ce the lot ow$er B # deemed to ,e $ ,ad fath 4&rt(+&&E($E# A'(WE":4537* = a# the party $ good fath may 4a7 remo!e the hou#e4a7Be#*&mayac?urethehou#e,uld,yN,ypay$ga$d dema$d $dem$fcato$ for damage# #uffered ,y hm*$dem$ty to N. &rtcle 448 of the C!l Code pro!de# thator4,7dema$dpayme$tofthe!alueofthehou#eplu#theow$erofthela$do$whcha$yth$gha#,ee$,ult*reparato$ for damage# 4&rt 447* $ relato$ to &rt 4547. B#ow$orpla$ted$goodfath*#hallha!etherghttoco$t$ue#a#ow$erofthelota$d,ecome#*u$dertheapproprate a# h# ow$ the wor9#* #ow$g or pla$t$g* after#eco$d opto$* ow$er of the hou#e a# well* after he pay# thepayme$t of the $dem$ty pro!ded for $ &rtcle# 546 a$d#um# dema$ded.546 of the C!l Code.4,7& #hould pay N the #um of P50*000. &rtcle 548 of the;%il0er; Boo0 ,ait& vs. ;a0 ,ait& ('###)+$goodfath*Pedroco$#tructedaf!e>doorcommercalC!l Code pro!de# that u#eful e-pe$#e# #hall ,e refu$ded,uld$g o$ the la$d of Pa,lo who wa# al#o $ good fath.tothepo##e##or$goodfathwththerghtofrete$to$*2he$ Pa,lo d#co!ered the co$#tructo$* he opted tothe per#o$ who ha# defeated hm $ the po##e##o$ ha!$gapproprate the ,uld$g ,y pay$g Pedro the co#t thereof.the opto$ of refu$d$g the amou$t of the e-pe$#e# or ofHowe!er* Pedro $##t# that he #hould ,e pad the curre$tpay$gthe$crea#e$!aluewhchtheth$gmayha!emar9et!alueofthe,uld$g*whchwa#muchhgherac?ured ,y rea#o$ thereof. @he $crea#e $ !alue amou$t#,ecau#e of $flato$.to P50*000.00.17 2ho # correct Pedro or Pa,lo%41E74c7 Be#* & may re?ure N to ,uy the la$d. &rtcle 448 of the27 +$themea$tmethatPedro#$otyetpad*who#e$ttled to the re$tal# of the ,uld$g* Pedro or Pa,lo% 41E7C!lCodepro!de#thattheow$erofthela$do$whch(+&&E($E# A'(WE":a$yth$g ha# ,ee$ ,ult $ good fath #hall ha!e the rght toPa,lo # correct. L$der &rtcle 448 of the 1ew C!l Codeo,lge the o$e who ,ult to pay the prce of the la$d f t#$ relato$ to &rtcle 546* the ,ulder $ good fath # e$ttled!alue # $ot co$#dera,ly more tha$ that of the ,uld$g*to a refu$d of the $ece##ary a$d u#eful e-pe$#e# $curred ,y4d7+f N agree# to ,uy la$d ,ut fal# to pay* & ca$ ha!e thehm*orthe$crea#e$!aluewhchthela$dmayha!ehou#e remo!ed ( Fe'ra vs. F.&lao, 136 SCRA 4(7).ac?ured ,y rea#o$ of the mpro!eme$t* at the opto$ of the4e7 &rtcle 448 of the C!l Code pro!de# that the ,ulderla$dow$er.@he,ulder#e$ttledtoarefu$dofthee-pe$#e#he$curred*a$d$ottothemar9et!alueoftheca$$ot ,e o,lged to ,uy the la$d f t# !alue # co$#dera,lympro!eme$tmoretha$thatofthe,uld$g.+$#uchca#e*he#hallpayPage57of119CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics(Year 1990-2006)@he ca#e of e+son v. CA, $44 SCRA 40(* # $ot applca,le to#?uare meter#. payme$tofta-e#.@heCourtruledthat&rtcle448o$h#la$d#hould,ede#troyedorremo!ed.09ereple#doe# $ot apply to the ca#e where the ow$er of the la$d # that he # a ,ulder $ good fath a$d offer# to ,uy the la$dthe ,ulder ,ut who later lo#t the la$d3 $ot ,e$g applca,le* occuped ,y the ,uld$g $#tead.the $dem$ty that #hould ,e pad to the ,uyer mu#t ,e the 17+# 09e a ,ulder $ good fath or ,ad fath% 2hy% 43E7farmar9et!alueofthe,uld$ga$d$ot8u#ttheco#tof 272ho#e prefere$ce #hould ,e followed% 2hy% 42E7co$#tructo$ thereof. @he Court op$ed $ that ca#e that to(+&&E($E# A'(WE":17 Be#* 09e # a ,ulder $ good fath. @here # $o #how$gdootherw#ewouldu$8u#tlye$rchthe$ewow$erofthethat whe$ he ,ult h# hou#e* he 9$ew that a porto$ thereofla$d.e$croached o$ off or e-t$gu#h the 27 +# Ha!d e$ttled to a rght of way $ th# ca#e% 2hy orrght of way. @herefore* the compla$t for the ca$cellato$ why $ot%of the rght of way #hould ,e d#m##ed.(+&&E($E# A'(WE":1o* Ha!d # $ot e$ttled to the rght of way ,e$g clamed.Easements; 1ig&t of 8a"; 1e$%isites (199-) @he #olato$ of h# #u,d!#o$ wa# due to h# ow$ act orom##o$ ,ecau#e he dd $ot de!elop $to a$ acce## road theHa!d # the ow$er of the #u,d!#o$ $ .ta. Jo#a* "agu$a*rce feld whch he wa# #uppo#ed to purcha#e accord$g towthouta$acce##tothehghway.2he$heappledforah#ow$repre#e$tato$whe$heappledforalce$#etolce$#e to e#ta,l#h the #u,d!#o$* Ha!d repre#e$ted thate#ta,l#h the #u,d!#o$ (8loro .s. 5lena%o, $44 SCRA(13).he wll purcha#e a rce feld located ,etwee$ h# la$d a$d thehghway* a$d de!elop t $to a$ acce## road. Nut. whe$ theE5ectment %it vs. Cancellation of =itle ('##9)lce$#ewa#alreadygra$ted*hedd$ot,otherto,uythe+$a$e8ectme$tca#efled,yHo$aga$#tCe#ar*ca$therce feld* whch rema$# u$utl:ed u$tl the pre#e$t.latter a#9 for the ca$cellato$ of Ho$G# ttle co$#der$g that+$#tead*hecho#etoco$$ecth##u,d!#o$wththehe 4Ce#ar7 # the rghtful ow$er of the lot% 5-pla$. 42E7$egh,or$g #u,d!#o$ of 1e#tor* whch ha# a$ acce## to(+&&E($E# A'(WE":the hghway. 1e#tor allowed hm to do th#* pe$d$gCe#ar ca$$ot a#9 for the ca$cellato$ of Ho$G# ttle e!e$ f$egotato$#o$thecompe$#ato$to,epad.2he$theyhe#therghtfulow$erofthelot.+$a$acto$forfaled to arr!e at a$ agreeme$t* 1e#tor ,ult a wall acro##e8ectme$t*the o$ly##ue$!ol!ed#o$eof po##e##o$ dethe road co$$ect$g wth Ha!dG# #u,d!#o$. Ha!d fled afacto* the purpo#e of whch # merely to protect the ow$ercompla$t $ court* for the e#ta,l#hme$t of a$ ea#eme$t offrom a$y phy#cal e$croachme$t from wthout. @he ttle ofrghtofwaythroughthe#u,d!#o$of1e#torwhchhethe la$d or t# ow$er#hp # $ot $!ol!ed* for f a per#o$ #clam# to,e themo#tade?uatea$dpractcaloutlettothe$ actual po##e##o$ thereof* he # e$ttled to ,e ma$ta$edhghway.a$d re#pected $ t e!e$ aga$#t the ow$er hm#elf. (;ar+"a172hatarethere?u#te#forthee#ta,l#hme$tofav. Anas, ;.R. 0o. 56$061(, May 31, 1967)compul#ory ea#eme$t of a rght of way%(+&&E($E# A'(WE":.$cetheca#efled,yHo$aga$#tCe#ar#a$e8ectme$t&rt* 649* 1CC. @he ow$er* or a$y per#o$ who ,y !rtue ofca#e* the latter ca$$ot a#9 for the ca$cellato$ of Ho$G# ttle.arealrghtmaycult!ateoru#ea$ymmo!a,lewhch#He ha# to fle the proper acto$ where the ##ue of#urrou$ded ,y other mmo!a,le# perta$$g to otherow$er#hp o!er the property ca$ ,e ra#ed.per#o$# a$d wthout ade?uate outlet to a pu,lc hghway* #e$ttled to dema$d a rght of way through the $egh,or$gE5ectment %it; Commo0at%m ('##-)e#tate#* after payme$t of the property $dem$ty.&l,erto a$d the damage cau#ed to the #er!e$t e#tate.doorapartme$twa#a##g$ed,yallthechldre$tother+$ ca#e the rght of way # lmted to the $ece##ary pa##age mother*8udcalforeclo#ure,ypay$gtothe,uyer$themortgage de,t o$ tme* the de,t #hall ,e pad wth theforeclo#ure#aletheamou$tpad,ythe,uyerwth$o$ela$d mortgaged ,y = to B. 2ould your a$#wer ,e theyear from #uch #ale.#ame a# $ the preced$g ?ue#to$% 5-pla$. 43E7(+&&E($E# A'(WE":.%isance; ,amil" Ao%se; .ot .%isance per se ('##-) 4a7 1o* B would $ot ,ecome the ow$er of the la$d. @he#tpulato$ # $ the $ature of pactum comm##orum whch& drug lord a$d h# famly re#de $ a #mall ,u$galow where# proh,ted ,y law. @he property #hould ,e #old at pu,lcthey #ell #ha,u a$d other proh,ted drug#. 2he$ the polceaucto$a$dtheproceed#thereofappledtothe fou$dthellegaltrade*theymmedatelydemol#hedthe$de,ted$e##. &$y e-ce## #hall ,e g!e$ to the mortgagor. hou#e ,ecau#e accord$g to them* t wa# a $u#a$ce per #ethat#hould,ea,ated.Ca$th#demolto$,e#u#ta$ed%(+&&E($E# A'(WE":5-pla$. 45E74d7 1o* the a$#wer would $ot ,e the #ame. @h# # a !ald(+&&E($E# A'(WE":#tpulato$ a$d doe# $ot co$#ttute pactum comm##orum. 1o* the demolto$ ca$$ot ,e #u#ta$ed. @he hou#e # $ot a+$ pactum comm##orum* the ac?u#to$ # automatc $u#a$ce per #e or at law a# t # $ot a$ act* occupato$* orwthout $eed of a$y further acto$. +$ the $#ta$t pro,lem #tructurewhch#a$u#a$ceatalltme#a$du$dera$ya$other act # re?ured to ,e performed* $amely* thecrcum#ta$ce#*regardle##oflocato$or#urrou$d$g#.&co$!eya$ce of the property a# payme$t 4daco$ e$ pago7.$u#a$ce per #e # a $u#a$ce $ a$d of t#elf* wthout regard*ortgage; 4act%m Commissori%m ('##1)to crcum#ta$ce# [Tolent"no, '. 697, +"t"n, )!eeler v. R"ver8alls o9er Co., $17 Ala. 677, 111 So. 90(].@o #ecure a loa$ o,ta$ed from a rural ,a$9* Purta a##g$ed.%isance; 4%blic .%isance vs. 4rivate .%isance ('##9) her lea#ehold rght# o!er a #tall $ the pu,lc mar9et $ fa!orof the ,a$9. @he deed of a##g$me$t pro!de# that $ ca#e.tate wth rea#o$ whethereach ofthe follow$g # aof default $ the payme$t of the loa$* the ,a$9 #hall ha!e$u#a$ce* a$d f #o* g!e t# cla##fcato$* whether pu,lc orthe rght to #ell PurtaG# rght# o!er the mar9et #tall a# herpr!ate(&rtcle694oftheC!lCodedef$e#$u#a$cea#attor$ey>$>fact* a$d to apply the proceed# to the payme$ta$yact*om##o$*e#ta,l#hme$t*,u#$e##*co$dto$orof the loa$.property*ora$yth$gel#ewhch$8ure#ore$da$ger#the172a# the a##g$me$t of lea#ehold rght# a mortgage or a health or #afety of other#* or a$$oy# or offe$d# the #e$#e#*ce##o$% 2hy% 43E7or#hoc9#*defe#ord#regard#dece$cyormoraltyor27#um$gthea##g$me$tto,eamortgage*doe#theo,#truct#or$terfere#wththefreepa##ageofa$ypu,lcpro!#o$g!$gthe,a$9thepowerto#ellPurtaG#hghway or #treet or a$y ,ody of water or h$der# or mpar#rght# co$#ttutepactumcomm##orumor $ot%2hy% the u#e of property.42E7 +t # a pu,lc $u#a$ce f t affect# a commu$ty or (+&&E($E# A'(WE":17 @he a##g$me$t wa# a mortgage* $ot a ce##o$* of the $egh,orhood or a$y co$#dera,le $um,er of per#o$#. +t #lea#eholdrght#.&ce##o$wouldha!etra$#ferreda drect e$croachme$t upo$ pu,lc rght# or property whchow$er#hp to the ,a$9. Howe!er* the gra$t of authorty tore#ult# $8urou#ly to the pu,lc. +t # a pr!ate $u#a$ce* f tthe,a$9to#ellthelea#eholdrght#$ca#eofdefault#affect# o$ly a per#o$ or #mall $um,er of per#o$#. +t !olate#proofthat$o#uchow$er#hpwa#tra$#ferreda$dthatao$ly pr!ate rght#.mere e$cum,ra$ce wa# co$#ttuted. @here would ha!e ,ee$a) A sN.atterDs !.t (14)$o $eed for #uch authorty had there ,ee$ a ce##o$. +fco$#tructed o$pu,lc#treet# orr!er,ed#*t# apu,lc(+&&E($E# A'(WE":$u#a$ce ,ecau#e t o,#truct# the free u#e ,y the pu,lc of#adplace#.(C"tyo*Man"lav.;ar+"a,;.R.0o.56$6073,27 1o* the clau#e $ ?ue#to$ # $ot a pactum8e/r.ary$1,196()+fco$#tructedo$pr!atela$d*t#acomm##orum.!tispactumcommissorium3/en2efaultin t/epr!ate $u#a$ce ,ecau#e t h$der# or mpar# the u#e of thepa7mentoft/eloanautomaticall76estso3ners/ipoft/eencum1ere2property ,y the ow$er.propert7 in t/e 1an>. +$ the pro,lem g!e$* the ,a$9 doe# $otautomatcally,ecomeow$erofthepropertyupo$default /) A s9"&&"n, 'ool (14)ofthemortgagor. @he,a$9ha#to#ellthepropertya$d@h##$ota$u#a$ce$thea,#e$ceofa$yu$u#ualapply the proceed# to the $de,ted$e##.co$dto$ or artfcal feature other tha$ the mere water. +$*ortgage;1ig&tof1e0emptionvs.E$%it"of1e0emptionA"%al,o 2nter'r"ses v. Galan%an (;.R. 0o. 5634$$, -.ne 13,197$), the .upreme Court ruled that a #wmm$g pool # ,ut(1999)Page65of119CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics(Year 1990-2006)a duplcato$ of $ature W thu#* could $ot ,e co$#dered a# a 4,7 @he mortgage #hall $ot ,$d the 1S3 rght a$d $tere#t$u#a$ce. of&a$d#hall,edeemedtoco!ero$lytherght#a$d$tere#t#ofNa$dC$thehou#ea$dlot.@hemortgage+) A !o.se o* 'rost"t.t"on (14) #hall ,e lmted to the porto$ 42S37 whch may ,e allotted+rre#pect!e of t# locato$ a$d how t# ,u#$e## # to N a$d C $ the partto$ 4&rt. 493* C!l Code7.co$ducted*t#a$u#a$ce#$cetdefe#*#hoc9#a$dd#regard#dece$cya$dmoralty.+t#apu,lc$u#a$ce(+&&E($E# A'(WE":4c7 NG##oledec#o$to,uldtheco$cretefe$ce#$ot,ecau#e of t# $8ury to the pu,lc.,$d$gupo$&a$dC.5-pe$#e#tompro!etheth$g%)A no"sy or %an,ero.s *a+tory "n a 'r"vate lan% (14) ow$ed $ commo$ mu#t ,e decded upo$ ,y a ma8orty ofthe co>ow$er# who repre#e$t the co$troll$g $tere#t 4&rt#.+fthe$o#e$8urou#lyaffect#thehealtha$dcomfortof489 a$d 492. C!l Code7.ord$ary people $ the !c$ty to a$ u$rea#o$a,le e-te$t* t#a$u#a$ce.+t#apu,lc$u#a$ce,ecau#ethere#a(+&&E($E# A'(WE":te$de$cytoa$$oythepu,lc.(#elas+ov.Man"la2le+tr"+4d7CG# #ole dec#o$ to ,uld the grotto # $ot ,$d$g upo$Co., ;.R. 0o. 5618390, A.,.st 6, 19(1)&a$dNwhoca$$ot,ere?uredtoco$tr,utetothee) >n+olle+te% ,ar/a,e (14) e-pe$#e#fortheem,ell#hme$toftheth$gow$ed$commo$f$otdecdedupo$,ythema8ortyoftheco>+twll,ecomea$u#a$ceft#u,#ta$tallympar#theow$er# who repre#e$t the co$troll$g $tere#t 4&rt#. 489 a$dcomforta$de$8oyme$tofthead8ace$toccupa$t#.@he492* C!l Code7.a$$oya$ce a$d the #mell mu#t ,e #u,#ta$tal a# to $terfere#e$#,ly wth the u#e a$d e$8oyme$t ,y per#o$# of ord$ary(+&&E($E# A'(WE":#e$#,lte#. +t # a pu,lc $u#a$ce ,ecau#e of t# $8ury to4e7@he #ale to = #hall $ot ,$d the 1S3 #hare of N a$d #hallthe pu,lc.,e deemed to co!er o$ly the 2S3 #hare of & a$d C $ theOwners&ip; Co?Owners&ip (199')la$d 4&rt. 493* C!l Code7. N #hall ha!e the rght to redeemthe 2S3 #hare #old to = ,y & a$d C #$ce = # a thrd per#o$&* N a$d C are the co>ow$er# $ e?ual #hare# of a re#de$tal4&rt. 1620* C!l Code7.hou#e a$d lot. Hur$g ther co>ow$er#hp* the follow$g act#were re#pect!ely do$e ,y the co>ow$er#(Owners&ip; Co?Owners&ip; 4rescription ('###)17& u$dertoo9 the repar of the fou$dato$ of the hou#e*+$ 1955* Jamo$ a$d h# ##ter Jo#aro $herted a parcel ofthe$tlt$gtoo$e#de*topre!e$tthehou#efromla$d $ &l,ay from ther pare$t#. .$ce Jo#aro wa# ga$fullycollap#$g.employed$0a$la*#heleftJamo$alo$etopo##e##a$d27N a$d C mortgaged the hou#e a$d lot to #ecure a loa$.cult!ate the la$d. Howe!er* Jamo$ $e!er #hared the37Ne$gagedaco$tractorto,uldaco$cretefe$ceallhar!e#t wth Jo#aro a$d wa# e!e$ a,le to #ell o$e>half ofarou$d the lot.thela$d$1985,yclam$gto,ethe#oleherofh#47C ,ult a ,eautful grotto $ the garde$.pare$t#.Ha!$greachedretreme$tage$1990Jo#aro57 & a$d C #old the la$d to = for a !ery good prce.retur$edtothepro!$cea$dupo$lear$$gwhathad4a7 +#&G##oledec#o$toreparthefou$dato$oftra$#pred* dema$ded that the rema$$g half of the la$d ,eg!e$ to her a# her #hare. Jamo$ oppo#ed* a##ert$g that hethe hou#e ,$d$g o$ N a$d C% 0ay & re?ure Nha# already ac?ured ow$er#hp of the la$d ,y pre#crpto$*a$d C toco$tr,ute ther2S3 #hare of thea$dthatJo#aro#,arred,ylache#fromdema$d$ge-pe$#e% Jea#o$#.partto$a$dreco$!eya$ce.Hecdetheco$flct$gclam#.4,7 2hat # the legal effect of the mortgage co$tract45E7e-ecuted ,y N a$d C% Jea#o$#.(+&&E($E# A'(WE":4c7 +#NG##oledec#o$to,uldthefe$ce,$d$gJamo$#wro$go$,othcou$t#(pre#crpto$a$dlache#.upo$&a$dC%0ayNre?ure&a$dCtoH# po##e##o$ a# co>ow$er dd $ot g!e r#e to ac?u#t!eco$tr,ute ther 2S 3 #hare of the e-pe$#e%pre#crpto$. Po##e##o$ ,ya co>ow$er # deemed $otJea#o$#.ad!er#etotheotherco>ow$er#,ut#*o$theco$trary*4d7 +#CG##oledec#o$to,uldthegrotto,$d$gdeemed ,e$efcal to them (on,on v. ;A, 166 SCRA 3(7).upo$&a$dN%0ayCre?ure&a$dNtoJamo$G# po##e##o$ wll ,ecome ad!er#e o$ly whe$ he ha#co$tr,ute ther 2S 3 #hare of the e-pe$#e%repudatedtheco>ow$er#hpa$d#uchrepudato$wa#Jea#o$#.made9$ow$toJo#aro.#um$gthatthe#ale$19854e7 2hat are the legal effect# of the co$tract of #alewhereJamo$clamedhewa#the#oleherofh#pare$t#e-ecuted ,y &. C a$d =% Jea#o$#.amou$ted to a repudato$ of the co>ow$er#hp* the(+&&E($E# A'(WE":pre#crpt!e perod ,ega$ to ru$ o$ly from that tme. 1ot4a7 Be#.&G##oledec#o$toreparthefou$dato$#more tha$30year#ha!$glap#ed#$ce the$*the clamof,$d$g upo$ N a$d C. N a$d C mu#t co$tr,ute 2S3 of theJo#aro ha# $ot a# yet pre#cr,ed. @he clam of lache# # $ote-pe$#e. 5ach co>ow$er ha# the rght to compel the otheral#o mertorou#. L$tl the repudato$ of the co>ow$er#hpco>ow$er# to co$tr,ute to the e-pe$#e of pre#er!ato$ ofwa# made 9$ow$ to the other co>ow$er#* $o rght ha# ,ee$theth$g4thehou#e7ow$ed$commo$$proporto$to!olated for the #ad co>ow$er# to !$dcate. 0ere delay $ther re#pect!e $tere#t# 4&rt#. 485 a$d 488* C!l Code7.!$dcat$gtherght*#ta$d$galo$e*doe#$otco$#ttute(+&&E($E# A'(WE": lache#.Page66of119CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics(Year 1990-2006)AL$E"'A$IVE A'(WE":Jamo$ ha# ac?ured the la$d ,y ac?u#t!e pre#crpto$* a$d ,ecau#e of lache# o$ the part of Jo#aro. Jamo$G#po##e##o$ofthela$dwa#ad!er#e ,ecau#ehea##erted#oleow$er#hpthereof a$d$e!er #hared the har!e#t therefrom. H# ad!er#e po##e##o$ ha!$g ,ee$ co$t$uou# a$d u$$terrupted for more tha$ 30 year#* Jamo$ ha# ac?ured the la$d ,y pre#crpto$. Jo#aro # al#o gulty of lache# $ot ha!$g a##erted her rght to the har!e#t for more tha$ 40 year#.Owners&ip; Co?Owners&ip; 4rescription ('##').e$e$a$dPeterare,rother#..e$e$mgratedtoCa$ada early whle #tll a tee$ager. Peter #tayed $ Nulaca$ to ta9e care of ther wdowed mother a$d co$t$ued to wor9 o$ the Famly farm e!e$ after her death.Jetur$$g to the cou$try #ome thrty year# after he had left* .e$e$ #ee9# a partto$ of the farm to get h# #hare a# the o$ly co>her of Peter. Peter $terpo#e# h# oppo#to$* co$te$d$g that ac?u#t!e pre#crpto$ ha# already #et$ a$dthat e#toppel le# to ,ar theacto$forpartto$* ct$g h#co$t$uou#po##e##o$ of the property for at lea#t 10 year#* for almo#t 30 year# $ fact. +t #u$d#putedthat Peterha#$e!erope$ly clamed #ole ow$er#hp of the property. +f he e!er had the $te$to$to do #o* .e$e$ wa# completely g$ora$t of t. 2ll.e$e$O#acto$ pro#per% 5-pla$. 45E7.(+&&E($E# A'(WE":.e$e$O#acto$wllpro#per.&rtcle494ofthe1ew C!l Codepro!de#that C$opre#crpto$#hall ru$$ fa!or of aco>ow$erorco>heraga$#th#co>ow$er# orco>her##olo$g a# he e-pre##ly or mpledly recog$:e# the co>ow$er#hp $or $otfed .e$e$ of h# ha!$g repudated the#ame.AL$E"'A$IVE A'(WE":.e$e$O# acto$wll pro#per. @h# # aca#eof mpled tru#t.4&rt1441*1CC7Forpurpo#e#ofpre#crpto$ u$der the co$cept of a$ ow$er 4&rt. 540* 1CC7.@here # $o #uch co$cept here. Peter wa# a co>ow$er*he $e!er clamed #ole ow$er#hp of the property.He # therefore e#topped u$der&rt. 1431* 1CC.Owners&ip; Co?Owners&ip; 1e0emption (199()+$ 1937* & o,ta$ed a loa$ of P20*000.00 from the 1ato$al CtyNa$9of1ewBor9* a$&merca$>ow$ed,a$9 do$g,u#$e##$thePhlpp$e#.@oguara$teepayme$tofh#o,lgato$* & co$#ttuted a real e#tate mortgage o$ h# 30> hectare parcel ofagrculturalla$d. +$1939* ,efore he couldpayh# o,lgato$. &ded$te#tate lea!$gthree chldre$. N* a #o$ ,y a fr#t marrage* a$d Ca$d H*daughter# ,y a #eco$d marrage. +$ 1940* the ,a$9 foreclo#ed the mortgagefor$o$>payme$tofthepr$cpal o,lgato$. the o$ly ,dder at the e-tra8udcal foreclo#ure #ale* the,a$9,oughttheproperty a$d wa# later##ueda certfcate of#ale.@he war #uper!e$ed $ 1941wthout the,a$9ha!$g,ee$a,letoo,ta$actual po##e##o$ofthepropertywhchrema$edwth&G# three chldre$ who approprated for them#el!e# the$comefrom t.+$1948*N,oughtthepropertyfromthe,a$9 u#$g the mo$ey he rece!ed a# ,ac9 pay fromthe L. .. )o!er$me$t* a$d utl:ed the #ame $ agr,u#$e##. +$ 1960*a#NG#,u#$e##flour#hed*Ca$dH#uedNforpartto$a$daccou$t$gofthe$comeoftheproperty*clam$g that a# her# of ther father they were co>ow$er#thereofa$doffer$gtorem,ur#eNforwhate!erhehadpad $ purcha#$g the property from the ,a$9.+$ ,ref* how wll you a$#wer the compla$t of C a$d H* f you were e$gaged ,y H a# h# cou$#el%(+&&E($E# A'(WE": cou$#el of N* + #hall a$#wer the compla$t a# follow#(2he$N,oughttheproperty*twa#$ot,y arght ofredempto$#$cetheperodthereforehad already e-pred. He$ce* N ,ought the property $a$$depe$de$tu$co$dto$al#ale.Ca$dHare $ot co> ow$er# wth N of the property.@herefore* the #utof Ca$d H ca$$otpro#per.AL$E"'A$IVE A'(WE": cou$#el of N* + #hall a$#wer the compla$t a# follow#(From the fact# de#cr,ed* t would appear that theCertfcateof#aleha#$ot,ee$reg#tered.@heo$e>yearperodofredempto$,eg$#toru$ fromreg#trato$. +$th# ca#e* t ha# $ot yet e!e$ comme$ced. L$der the Jule#of Court*the property may,erelea#ed,ytheow$er# of the e$tre property. @he #tuato$ ha# $otcha$gedupto$ow*,uteachofthe,rother# ha#,ee$rece!$g re$tal# e-clu#!ely from the lot actually purcha#ed,yhm. &$to$o#ell#h#lottoathrd per#o$* wth $otce to h# ,rother#. @o e$a,le the ,uyer to #ecure a $ew ttle $Page67of119CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics(Year 1990-2006)h# $ame* the deed of #ale wa# made to refer to u$d!ded .al!ador* a tm,er co$ce##o$are* ,ult o$ h# lot a$tere#t$thepropertyofthe#eller4&$to$o7*wththe warehou#ewhereheproce##e#a$d#tore#h#tm,erformete#a$d,ou$d#ofthelot#old,e$g#tated.Narta$d #hpme$t.&d8o$$gthewarehou#e#afur$turefactoryCarlo#reacted ,y#g$fy$g there-erc#eoftherrghtof ow$ed,y1&JJ&0+=ofwhch.al!ador#ama8ortyredempto$a#coow$er#.&$to$o$h#,ehalfa$d$ #toc9holder.1&JJ&0+=lea#ed#pace$thewarehou#e,ehalfofh#,uyer*co$te$d#thattheyare$olo$gerco> where t placed t# fur$ture>ma9$g mach$ery.ow$er#* although the ttle co!er$g the property ha#1. How would you cla##fy the fur$ture>ma9$g mach$eryrema$ed $ ther $ame# a# #uch. a# property u$der the C!l Code% 5-pla$.0ay Nart a$d Carlo# #tll redeem the lot #old ,y &$to$o% 2. .uppo#ethelea#eco$tract,etwee$.al!adora$d5-pla$. 45E71&JJ&0+=#tpulate#thatatthee$dofthelea#ethe(+&&E($E# A'(WE":mach$ery #hall ,ecome the property of the le##or* wll your1o*theymay$otredeem,ecau#etherewa#$oCo>a$#wer ,e the #ame% 5-pla$.ow$er#hpamo$g&$to$o*Nart*a$dCarlo#to#tartwth. (+&&E($E# A'(WE":@her pare$t# already partto$ed the la$d $ #ell$g #eparate 1. @hefur$ture>ma9$gmach$ery#mo!a,lepropertyporto$# to them. @he #tuato$ # the #ame a# $ the ca#e S" ,ecau#etwa#$ot$#talled ,ythe ow$erofthev. Co.rt o* A''eals, (34$ SCRA 673 [$000]).te$eme$t. @o ,ecome mmo!a,le u$der &rt. 415 457 of the4ossession (1993)1CC* the mach$ery mu#t ,e $#talled ,y the ow$er of thete$eme$t.L#$g a fal#fed ma$agerG# chec9* $>factof (+&&E($E# A'(WE":Nruce a$d fal#ely alleg$g that the certfcate of ttle wa# lo#t* @he moto$ of 1e#tor to d#m## the compla$t for#ucceeded $ o,ta$$g a #eco$d ow$erG# duplcate copy of a$$ulme$t of /.C.@. 1o. 375 a$d @.C.@. 1o. 4576 #houldthettlea$dthe$hadthe#ametra$#ferred$h#$ame ,e de$ed for the follow$g rea#o$#(through a #mulated deed of #ale $ h# fa!or. Catal$o the$ 175ddeca$$otclamprotecto$a#a$$$oce$tmortgaged the property to He#dero who had the mortgagepurcha#er for !alue $or ca$ he $terpo#e the defe$#e ofa$$otatedo$thettle.Lpo$lear$$gofthefraudule$t$defea#,lty of h# ttle* ,ecau#e h# @C@ # rooted o$tra$#acto$*Nrucefledacompla$taga$#tCatal$oa$da!odttle.L$der.ecto$91ofC&1o.141*a#He#dero to ha!e the ttle of Catal$o a$d the mortgage $ ame$ded*otherw#e9$ow$a#thePu,lc"a$d&ct*fa!or of He#dero declared $ull a$d !od.#tateme$t#ofmateralfact#$theapplcato$#for2ll the compla$t pro#per* or wll the ttle of Catal$o a$dpu,lc la$d mu#t ,e u$der oath. .ecto$ 91 of the #amethe mortgage to He#dero ,e #u#ta$ed%act pro!de# that #uch #tateme$t# #hall ,e co$#dered a#(+&&E($E# A'(WE":e##e$talco$dto$#a$dpart#oftheco$ce##o$*ttle*@hecompla$tforthea$$ulme$tofCatal$oG#@tlewll or permt ##ued* a$y fal#e #tateme$t there$* orpro#per. +$ the fr#t place* the #eco$d ow$erG# copy of theom##o$ of fact# #hall p#o facto produce thettle#ecured,yhmfromthe"a$dJeg#trato$Court#ca$cellato$oftheco$ce##o$.@hepate$t##uedto!od a, $to* the ow$erG# copy thereof ha!$g $e!er ,ee$1e#tor $ th# ca#e # !od a, $to $ot o$ly ,ecau#e tlo#t* let alo$e the fact that #ad #eco$d ow$erG# copy of thewa#o,ta$ed,yfraud,utal#o,ecau#etco!er#30ttle wa# fraudule$tly procured a$d mpro!de$tly ##ued ,yhectare#whch#far,eyo$dthema-mumof24the Court. +$ the #eco$d place* the @ra$#fer Certfcate ofhectare# pro!ded ,y the free pate$t law.@tle procured ,y Catal$o # e?ually $ull a$d !od* t ha!$g27@hego!er$me$tca$#ee9a$$ulme$toftheorg$al,ee$ ##ued o$ the ,a## of a #mulated or forged Heed ofa$d tra$#fer certfcate# of ttle a$d the re!er#o$ of the.ale.&forgeddeed#a$a,#olute$ulltya$dco$!ey#$ola$dtothe#tate.5ddeG#defe$#e#u$te$a,[email protected]$ afforded ,y the @orre$# .y#tem to a$@he mortgage $ fa!or of He#dero # l9ew#e $ull a$d !od$$oce$t purcha#er for !alue ca$ ,e a!aled of o$ly f,ecau#e the mortgagor # $ot the ow$er of the mortgagedthe la$d ha# ,ee$ ttled thru 8udcal proceed$g# whereproperty.2hletmay,etruethatu$derthe')irrorthe ##ue of fraud ,ecome# academc after the lap#e ofPrinciple'ofthe@orre$#.y#temof"a$dJeg#trato$*ao$e 417 year from the ##ua$ce of the decree of,uyer or mortgagee ha# the rght to rely o$ what appear# o$reg#trato$.+$pu,lcla$dgra$t#*theacto$ofthetheCertfcateof@tle*a$d$thea,#e$ceofa$yth$gtogo!er$me$t to a$$ul a ttle fraudule$tly o,ta$ed doe#e-cte #u#pco$* # u$der $o o,lgato$ to loo9 ,eyo$d the$ot pre#cr,e #uch acto$ a$d wll $ot ,e ,arred ,y thecertfcatea$d$!e#tgatethemortgagorG#ttle*th#ruletra$#fer of the ttle to a$ $$oce$t purcha#er for !alue.doe# $ot f$d applcato$ $ the ca#e at ha$d ,ecau#e here.Catal$oG# ttle #uffer# from two fatal $frmte#* $amely( Aomestea0 4atents; @oi0 ale (1999)a7@hefactthattema$atedfromaforgeddeedofa+$ 1950* the Nureau of "a$d# ##ued a Home#tead pate$t to#mulated #ale3&. @hree year# later* & #old the home#tead to N. & ded $,7 @he fact that t wa# der!ed from a fraudule$tly1990* a$d h# her# fled a$ acto$ to reco!er the home#teadprocured or mpro!de$tly ##ued #eco$d ow$erG# copy*fromNo$thegrou$dthatt##ale,ytherfathertothetherealow$erG#copy,e$g#tll$tacta$d$thelatter # !od u$der .ecto$ 118 of the Pu,lc "a$d "aw. Npo##e##o$ of the true ow$er* Nruce. co$te$d#* howe!er* that the her# of & ca$$ot reco!er thePage71of119CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics(Year 1990-2006)home#teadfromhma$ymore,ecau#etheracto$ha# Ce#ar,oughtare#de$talco$dom$umu$tfromHghpre#cr,eda$dthatfurthermore*&wa#$pardelcto.J#e Co. a$d pad the prce $ full. He mo!ed $to the u$t*Hecde. 45E7 ,ut #omehow he wa# $ot g!e$ the Co$dom$um(+&&E($E# A'(WE":Certfcate of @tle co!er$g the property. L$9$ow$ to hm*@he #ale of the la$d ,y & to N 3 year# after ##ua$ce of theHghJ#eCo.#u,#e?ue$tlymortgagedthee$trehome#tead pate$t* ,e$g $ !olato$ of .ecto$ 118 of theco$dom$um ,uld$g to 0etro,a$9 a# #ecurty for a loa$Pu,lc "a$d &ct* # !od from t# $cepto$.ofP500mllo$.HghJ#eCo.faledtopaytheloa$a$d@he acto$ fled ,y the her# of N to declare the $ullty orthe,a$9foreclo#ed themortgage.&ttheforeclo#ure#ale*the,a$9ac?uredthe,uld$g*,e$gthehghe#t,dder.$e-#te$ce of the co$tract a$d to reco!er the la$d #hould2he$ Ce#ar lear$ed a,out th#* he fled a$ acto$ to a$$ul,e g!e$ due cour#e.the foreclo#ure #ale $#ofar a# h# u$t wa# co$cer$ed. @heNG#defe$#eofpre#crpto$#u$te$a,le,ecau#ea$acto$,a$9 put up the defe$#e that t reled o$ the co$dom$umcertfcate# of ttle pre#e$ted ,y Hgh J#e Co.* whch werewhch#ee9#todeclarethe$ulltyor$e-#te$ceof&clea$. He$ce* t wa# a mortgagee a$d ,uyer $ good fath. +#co$tract doe# $ot pre#cr,e. (Art"+le 1410C Gana,a vs. Soler, $th# defe$#e te$a,le or $ot% 2hy% 45E.78CRA (67)(+&&E($E# A'(WE":/$theotherha$d*NG#defe$#eofpari2elicto#e?ually0etro,a$9G#defe$#e#u$te$a,le.arule*a$$$oce$tpurcha#er for !alue ac?ure# a good a$d a clea$ ttle to theu$te$a,le.2hlea#arule*parte#whoare$pardelctoproperty. Howe!er* t # #ettled that o$e who clo#e# h# eye#ha!e $o recour#e aga$#t each other o$ the pr$cple that ato fact# that #hould put a rea#o$a,le ma$ o$ guard # $ot a$tra$#gre##or ca$$ot proft from h# ow$ wro$gdo$g* #uch$$oce$tpurcha#erfor!alue.+$thepre#e$tpro,lemtheruledoe#$otapplyto!olato$#of.ecto$118ofthe,a$9 # e-pected* a# a matter of #ta$dard operat$gPu,lc "a$d &ct ,ecau#e of the u$derly$g pu,lc polcy $procedure*to ha!eco$ducted a$ocular$#pecto$*ofthethe #ad &ct 'to conser6e t/e lan2 3/ic/ a /omestea2er /as ac5uire2prom#e# ,efore gra$t$g a$y loa$. &ppare$tly* 0etro,a$917;ratuitous;rantfromt/e;o6ernmentfor/imselfan2/isfamil7'.dd$otfollowth#procedure./therw#e*t#houldha!e+$ 9eep$g wth th# polcy* t ha# ,ee$ held that o$e whod#co!eredthattheco$dom$umu$t$?ue#to$wa#purcha#e#ahome#teadwth$thef!e>yearproh,toryoccuped ,y Ce#ar a$d that fact #hould ha!e led t to ma9eperod ca$ o$ly reco!er the prce whch he ha# pad ,y fl$gfurther $?ury. L$der the crcum#ta$ce#* 0etro,a$9 ca$$ota clam aga$#t the e#tate of the decea#ed #eller (5a/ra%or vs.,e co$#dered a mortgagee a$d ,uyer $ good fath.Felos Santos 66 !"l. 7(9)u$derthepr$cplethat$oo$e#hall e$rch hm#elf at the e-pe$#e of a$other. &pply$g the *irror 4rinciple (199#)pari 2elicto rule to !olato$ of .ecto$ 118 of the Pu,lc "a$d+$ 1950G#* the )o!er$me$t ac?ured a ,g la$ded e#tate $&ct* the Court of &ppeal# ha# ruled that 'the home#teaderCe$tral"u:o$fromthereg#teredow$erfor#u,d!#o$#uffer# the lo## of the frut# real:ed ,y the !e$dee who $$to #mall farm# a$d red#tr,uto$ of ,o$afde occupa$t#* Ftur$forfet#thempro!eme$tthatheha#$troduced$towa# a former le##ee of a parcel of la$d* f!e hectare# $ area.the la$d.' 4hectarepropertyCarlo# # a tra$#feree pe$de$te lte $#ofar a# .a$choO# #hare,elo$g$g to ther co$8ugal part$er#hp. @he #ale wa# madewthout2$daO#9$owledge*muchle##co$#e$t.+$1950*$theco>ow$er#hp$thela$d#co$cer$ed,ecau#ethe2$da lear$ed of the #ale* whe$ #he d#co!ered the deed ofla$dwa#tra$#ferredtohmdur$gthepe$de$cyofthe#ale amo$g the docume$t# $ her hu#,a$dO# !ault after h#appeal.dem#e. .oo$ after* #he $otced that the co$#tructo$ of theN. Pacfcoca$protecth#rghta#aco>ow$er,y#port# comple- had #tarted. Lpo$ completo$ of thepur#u$gh#appeal3a#9$gtheCourtof&ppeal#toorderco$#tructo$ $ 1952* #he tred ,ut faled to get freethe re>a$$otato$ of the l# pe$de$# o$ the ttle of Carlo#3mem,er#hp pr!lege# $ 6erde.a$d,y$!o9$gh#rghtofredempto$ofNartO##hareu$der &rtcle# 1620 of the 1ew C!l Code.2$da $ow fle# a #ut aga$#t 6erde for the a$$ulme$t ofAL$E"'A$IVE A'(WE":the #ale o$ the grou$d that #he dd $ot co$#e$t to the #ale. &. Carlo# # a purcha#er $ good fath. & po##e##or $goodfathha#,ee$def$eda#Co$ewho#u$awarethat+$a$#wer*6erdeco$te$d#that*$accorda$cewththetheree-#t#aflawwhch$!aldate#h#ac?u#to$ofthe.pa$#h C!l Code whch wa# the$ $ force* the #ale $ 1948th$gD 4&rt. 526* 1CC7. )ood fath co$##t# $ theof the property dd $ot $eed her co$curre$ce. 6erdepo##e##orO#,elefthattheper#o$fromwhomherece!ed co$te$d#that$a$yca#etheacto$ha#pre#cr,edor#the th$g wa# the ow$er of the #ame a$d could co$!ey h# ,arred,ylache#.2$dare8o$#thather@orre$#ttlettle.+$theca#e;at,arA*$?ue#to$*whle Carlo#,oughtco!er$g the property # $defea#,le* a$d mpre#crpt,le.the #u,8ect property from Nart whle a $otce of l# pe$de$# &. Hef$e or e-pla$ the term Clache#D. 42E7wa# #tll a$$otated thereo$* there wa# al#o a$ e-#t$g court N. Hecde the ca#e* #tat$g your rea#o$# for your dec#o$.order ca$cel$g the #ame. He$ce* Carlo# ca$$ot ,e 43E7co$#dereda#,e$gCawareofaflawwhch$!aldate#(+&&E($E# A'(WE":&. "&CH5. mea$# falure or $eglect* for a$;therAtheac?u#to$oftheth$gD#$cetheallegedflaw*u$rea#o$a,lea$du$e-pla$edle$gthoftme*todowhat*the $otce of l# pe$de$#* wa# already ,e$g ordered,y e-erc#$g due dlge$ce* could or #hould ha!e ,ee$ do$eca$celled at the tme of the purcha#e. /$ th# grou$d alo$e*earler. +t # $eglge$ce or om##o$ to a##ert a rght wth$ aCarlo# ca$ already ,e co$#dered a ,uyer $ good fath.(orea#o$a,le tme. (Fe #era v. CA, 307 SCRA 6$4 [1999])5a& v. Co.rt o* A''eals, 34( SCRA 86, [$000]).N. 2hle &rtcle 1413 of the .pa$#h C!l Code ddN. @oprotecth#rghto!erthe#u,8ectproperty*$otre?uretheco$#e$tofthewfeforthe!aldtyofthePacfco #hould ha!e tmely fled a$ acto$ for reco$!eya$ce#ale*a$ale$ato$,ythehu#,a$d$fraudofthewfe#a$d re$#tated the $otce of l# pe$de$#.!oda#held$>yCoN.ev.0avas,47!"l.430(19$3).4rescription & Lac&es; Elements of Lac&es ('###)#um$g that the ale$ato$ $ 1948 wa# $ fraud of 2$daa$d* therefore* ma9e# the #ale to 6erde !od* the acto$ to+$ a$ acto$ ,rought to collect a #um of mo$ey ,a#ed o$ a#et a#de the #ale* $o$ethele##* # already ,arred ,y#uretyagreeme$t*thedefe$#eoflache#wa#ra#eda#theclam wa# fled more tha$ #e!e$ year# from the maturty ofPage74of119CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics(Year 1990-2006)pre#crpto$a$dlache#.0oretha$52year#ha!ealready4a7 @he mortgage co$tract e-ecuted ,y /* f at all* # o$ly aelap#ed from her d#co!ery of the #ale $ 1950. !oda,leco$tract#$cet$!ol!e#aco$8ugalpart$er#hpAL$E"'A$IVE A'(WE":property. @he acto$ to a$$ul the #ame $#ttuted $ 1977* orN. 2$daO# clam that her @orre$# @tle co!er$g theele!e$ year# after the e-ecuto$ of the #herffG# f$al #ale* ha#property # $defea#,le a$d mpre#crpt,le ;doe# $ot holdo,!ou#ly pre#cr,ed ,ecau#e(waterA#$otte$a,[email protected]*"n%e*eas"/"l"tyo*a17&$ acto$ to a$$ul a co$tract o$ the grou$d of fraudTorrens T"tle mea$# that after o$e year from the date ofmu#t ,e ,rought wth$ four 447 year# from the date of##ueof the decreeof reg#trato$orfthela$dha#falle$d#co!ery of the fraud. .$ce th# # $ e##e$ce a$ acto$$to the ha$d# of a$ $$oce$t purcha#er for !alue* the ttleto reco!er ow$er#hp* t mu#t ,e rec9o$ed from the,ecome# $co$te#ta,le a$d $co$tro!ert,le.date of e-ecuto$ of the co$tract or from the!)P#%C!PT!?!(!T,* o$ the other ha$d* mea$# that $oreg#trato$oftheallegedfraudule$tdocume$twththe a##e##orG# offce for the purpo#e of tra$#ferr$g thettle to the la$d $ derogato$ of that of the reg#tered ow$erta-declarato$*th#,e$gu$reg#teredla$d*(Gael..may ,e ac?ured ,y ad!er#e po##e##o$ or ac?u#t!eInter&e%"ate A''ellate Co.rt ;. R. 56(44$3 -an.30, 1989pre#crpto$orthatthereg#teredow$erdoe#$otlo#e,y 169 SCRA 61().e-t$ct!epre#crpto$h#rghttoreco!erow$er#hpa$d27 +ftheacto$#to,etreateda#a$acto$toreco!erpo##e##o$ of the la$d. ow$er#hpofla$d*twouldha!epre#cr,ed8u#tthe#ame ,ecau#e more tha$ 10 year# ha!e already elap#ed@he acto$ $ th# ca#e # for a$$ulme$t of the #ale e-ecuted #$ce the date of the e-ecuto$ of the #ale.,y the hu#,a$d o!er a co$8ugal part$er#hp property(EC!'# AL$E"'A$IVE A'(WE":4a7 @heacto$toreco!erha#,ee$,arred,yac?u#t!eco!ered,ya@orre$#@tle.A+t"onon+ontra+tsarepre#crpto$ $ fa!or of 0 co$#der$g that 0 ha# po##e##eds./:e+t to 'res+r"'t"on.the la$d u$der a clam of ow$er#hp for te$ 4107 year# wth4rescription (199#) a 8u#t ttle.+$1960*a$u$reg#teredparcelofla$dwa#mortgaged,y 4,7 +f0had#ecureda@orre$#@tletothela$d*alltheow$er/to0*afamlyfre$d*a#collateralforaloa$./more.a$dPcould$otreco!er,ecau#efatalltheractedthroughh#attor$ey>$>fact*#o$.*whowa#dulyremede# would ,e(author:ed ,y way of a #pecal power of attor$ey* where$ /1. &Petto$toJe!ewtheHecreeofJeg#trato$.@h#declared that he wa# the a,#olute ow$er of the la$d* that theca$ ,e a!aled of wth$ o$e 417 year from>the e$try thereof*ta-declarato$#Srecept#wereall##ued$h#$ame*a$d,uto$lyupo$the,a##of'actualfraud.'@here#$othat he ha# ,ee$ $ ope$* co$t$uou# a$d ad!er#e#how$g that 0 commtted actual fraud $ #ecur$g h# ttlepo##e##o$ $ the co$cept of ow$er.to the la$d3 or / wa# u$a,le to pay ,ac9 the loa$ plu# $tere#t for the 2. &$ acto$ $ per#o$am aga$#t 0 for the reco$!eya$ce ofpa#t f!e ;57 year#* 0 had to foreclo#e the mortgage. &t thethe ttle $ ther fa!or. &ga$* th# remedy # a!ala,le wth$foreclo#ure #ale*0wa# thehghe#t,dder. Lpo$##ua$cefour year# from the date of the d#co!ery of the fraud ,utof the #herffO# f$al deed of #ale a$d reg#trato$ $ 5#tate Jealty Compa$y* author:$gwa# ##ued to Je$re$ ,ecau#e the org$al certfcate of ttlethelattertoreclam300hectare#ofla$dfromthe#ea$ Jo,y$G# $ame wa# temporarly m#placed after fre partly ,order$g the cty* wth 30E of the la$d to ,e reclamed togutted the /ffce of the Jeg#ter of Heed#. 0ea$whle* the ,eow$ed,yFl>5#tatea#compe$#ato$fort##er!ce#.la$d had ,ee$ po##e##ed ,y Jo,y$G# d#ta$t cou#$*@he .olctor )e$eral ?ue#to$ed the !aldty of the09aelo* ope$ly* ad!er#ely a$d co$t$uou#ly $ the co$cept agreeme$t o$ the grou$d that t wll mea$ reclam$g la$dof ow$er #$ce 1960. +t wa# o$ly $ &prl 1998 that Je$re$ u$der the #ea whch # ,eyo$d the commerce of ma$. @he#ued09aelotoreco!erpo##e##o$.09aelo$!o9eda7Ctyreple#thatth##author:ed,yJ&.1899,ecau#e tac?u#t!epre#crpto$a$d,7lache#*a#9$gthathe,eauthor:e#theco$#tructo$ofdoc9#a$dhar,or#.2ho#declaredow$erofthela$d.Hecdetheca#e,ye!aluat$gcorrect% 43E7the#e defe$#e#* ;5EA(+&&E($E# A'(WE":@he .olctor )e$eral # correct. @he authorty of the Cty of(+&&E($E# A'(WE":Ca!te u$der J& 1899 to reclam la$d # lmted to a7 Je$re$G# acto$ to reco!er po##e##o$ of the la$d wllpro#per. +$1965*after,uy$gthela$dfromJo,y$*hefore#hore la$d#. @he &ct dd $ot author:e t to reclam la$d#u,mttedtheHeedof.aletotheJeg#tryofHeed#forfrom the #ea. '@he reclamato$ ,e$g u$author:ed* the Ctyreg#trato$ together wth the ow$erG# duplcate copy of the ofCa!tedd$otac?ureow$er#hpo!erthereclamedttle*a$dpadthecorre#po$d$greg#trato$fee#.L$der la$d. 1ot ,e$g the ow$er* t could $ot ha!e co$!eyed a$y.ecto$ 56 of PH 1o. 1529* the Heed of .ale to Je$re$ # porto$ thereof to the co$tractor.co$#dered reg#tered from the tme the #ale wa# e$tered $AL$E"'A$IVE A'(WE":+tdepe$d#.+fthereclamato$ofthela$dfromthe#ea#the Hay Noo9 4$ow called the Prmary 5$try Noo97.$ece##ary $ the co$#tructo$ of the doc9# a$d the har,or#*For all legal $te$t# a$d purpo#e#* Je$re$ # co$#dered thethe Cty of Ca!te # correct. /therw#e* t # $ot. .$ce J&1899 author:ed the cty to co$#truct doc9# a$d har,or#* allreg#tered ow$er of the la$d. &fter all* t wa# $ot h# faultwor9# that are $ece##ary for #uch co$#tructo$ are deemedthattheJeg#tryofHeed#could$ot##uetheauthor:ed. +$clud$g the reclamato$ of la$d from the #ea.corre#po$d$g tra$#fer certfcate of ttle.@he reclamato$ ,e$g author:ed* the cty # the ow$er of09aeloG#defe$#eofpre#crpto$ca$$ot,e#u#ta$ed.& the reclamed la$d a$d t may co$!ey a porto$ thereof a#payme$t for the #er!ce# of the co$tractor.@orre$# ttle # mpre#crpt,le. 1o ttle to reg#tered la$d $A'!$.E" AL$E"'A$IVE A'(WE":derogato$ofthettleofthereg#teredow$er#hall,e/$ the a##umpto$ that the reclamato$ co$tract wa#ac?ured ,y pre#crpto$ or ad!er#e po##e##o$. 4.ecto$ 47*e$tered $to ,efore J& 1899 wa# repealed ,y PH 3>&* theP.H. 1o* 15297Cty of Ca!te # correct. "a$d# u$der the #ea are ',eyo$dthecommerceofma$'$the#e$#ethattheyare$ot#u#cept,le of pr!ate approprato$* ow$er#hp orPage76of119CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics(Year 1990-2006)ale$ato$.@heco$tract$?ue#to$merelycall#forthe a$#wer or #how up o$ the date of $tal hear$g* doe# $otreclamato$of300hectare#ofla$dwth$thecoa#talguara$tee the #ucce## of the applcato$. +t # #tll $cum,e$twater#ofthecty.Per#e*tdoe#$ot!e#t*ale$ateorupo$ the applca$t to pro!e wth well $gh $co$tro!ert,letra$#ferow$er#hpofla$du$derthe#ea.@hectymerelye!de$ce that he ha# ac?ured a ttle to the la$d that # ft fore$gaged the #er!ce# of Fl>5#tate to reclam the la$d for thereg#trato$. &,#e$t #uch reg#tra,le ttle* t # the clear dutycty. ofthe"a$dJeg#trato$Courttod#m##theapplcato$1egistration; Dee0 of *ortgage (199!)a$d declare the la$d a# pu,lc la$d.&$ applcato$ for la$d reg#trato$ # a proceed$g $ rem. How do you reg#ter $ow a deed of mortgage of a parcel ofla$d org$ally reg#tered u$der the .pa$#h 0ortgage "aw% +t#ma$o,8ect!e#toe#ta,l#hthe#tatu#ofthere#(+&&E($E# A'(WE":whethert##tllpartofourpu,lcdoma$a#pre#umeda7 &fter the .pa$#h 0ortgage "aw wa# a,rogated ,y P.H. u$der the Jegala$ doctr$e or ha# ac?ured the character of892 o$ Fe,ruary 16* 1976* all la$d# co!ered ,y .pa$#h ttle#a pr!ate property. +t # theduty of the applca$t tothat were $ot ,rought u$der the @orre$# #y#tem wth$ #-o!ercome that pre#umpto$ wth #uffce$t e!de$ce.16A mo$th# from the date thereof ha!e ,ee$ co$#dered a#'u$reg#tered pr!ate la$d#.' 1eme0ies; 7%0icial 1econstit%tion of =itle (199-)@hu#* a deed of mortgage affect$g la$d org$ally reg#tered+$ 1989* the her# of )a!$o* who ded o$ &ugu#t 10* 1987*fledapetto$forreco$#ttuto$ofh#lo#torde#troyedu$derthe.pa$#h0ortgage"aw#$owgo!er$ed,ythe@orre$# @tle to a parcel of la$d $ 5rmta* 0a$la. @h# wa##y#tem of reg#trato$ of tra$#acto$# or $#trume$t#oppo#ed,y0arlouwhoclamedow$er#hpofthe#adaffect$g u$reg#tered la$d u$der .ecto$ 194 of the Je!#edla$d ,y a #ere# of #ale#. .he clamed that )a!$o had #old&dm$#trat!e Code a# ame$ded ,y &ct 1o. 3344. L$derthe property to Ner$ardo way ,ac9 $ 1941 a$d a# e!de$ceth# law* the $#trume$t or tra$#acto$ affect$g u$reg#teredthereof*#hepre#e$teda@a-Heclarato$$1948$thela$d # e$tered $ a ,oo9 pro!ded for the purpo#e ,ut the$ame of Ner$ardo* whch ca$celled the pre!ou# @a-reg#trato$ thereof # purely !olu$tary a$d doe# $otHeclarato$ $ the $ame of )a!$o. @he$ #he pre#e$ted twoad!er#ely affect thrd per#o$# who ha!e a ,etter rght. deed# of #ale duly reg#tered wth the Jeg#ter of Heed#* the,7 Ny record$g a$d reg#ter$g wth the Jeg#ter of Heed#fr#to$ee-ecuted,yNer$ardo$1954#ell$gthe#ameproperty to Carlo#* a$d the #eco$d o$e e-ecuted ,y Carlo#oftheplacewherethela$d#located*$accorda$cewth$ 1963* #ell$g the #ame property to her. .he al#o clamed&ct3344.Howe!er*P.H.892re?uredholder#of.pa$#hthat#hea$dherpredece##or#$$tere#tha!e,ee$$ttle to ,r$g the #ame u$der the @orre$# .y#tem wth$ 6po##e##o$ of the property #$ce 1948.mo$th# from t# effect!ty o$ Fe,ruary 16* 1976.+fyouwerethe8udge*howwllyoudecdethepetto$%1eme0ies; 7%0icial Confirmation; )mperfect =itle (199()5-pla$./$ c7@he acto$ wa# ,rought wth$ the #tatutory perod of#tar hotel $ 1ew Bor9* L...&.* e$tru#ted to h# fr#t>degreefour 447 year# from d#co!ery of the fraud a$d $ot latercou#$Heweya$applcato$forreg#trato$*u$derthetha$te$410Myear#fromthedateofreg#trato$of"a$dJeg#trato$&ct*ofaparcelofla$dlocated$JommelG# ttle.Nacolod Cty. & year later* "oue retur$ed to the Phlpp$e#d7@tletothela$dha#$otpa##ed$totheha$d#ofa$a$d d#co!ered that Hewey reg#tered the la$d a$d o,ta$ed$$oce$t purcha#er for !alue.a$/rg$alCertfcateof@tleo!ertheproperty$h#HeweyO#$ame.Compou$d$gthematter*Hewey#oldthe Jommel ca$ $!o9e the $defea#,lty of h# ttle f Jachellela$dtoHuey*a$$$oce$tpurcha#erfor!alue."ouehadfledapetto$toreope$orre!ewthedecreeofpromptly fled a$ acto$ for reco$!eya$ce of the parcel ofreg#trato$. Nut Jachelle $#tead fled a$ ord$ary acto$ $la$d aga$#t Huey.per#o$amforreco$!eya$ce.+$thelatteracto$*4a7 +# the acto$ pur#ued ,y "oue the proper remedy%$defea#,lty # $ot a !ald defe$#e ,ecau#e* $ fl$g #uch4,7 #um$g that reco$!eya$ce # the proper remedy*acto$* Jachelle # $ot #ee9$g to $ullfy $or to mpug$ thewll the acto$ pro#per f the ca#e wa# fled ,eyo$d o$e year*$defea#,lty of JommelG# ttle. .he # o$ly a#9$g the court,utwth$te$year#*fromthee$tryofthedecreeoftocompelJommeltoreco$!eythettletohera#thereg#trato$% 5Elegtmate ow$er of the la$d.(+&&E($E# A'(WE":AL$E"'A$IVE A'(WE":Page78of119CIVIL LAW Answers to the BAR as Arranged by Topics(Year 1990-2006)Be#. @he property reg#tered # deemed to ,e held $ tru#t@h#acto$doe#$otpre#cr,e.2thre#pecttoPerc!alG#fortherealow$er,ytheper#o$$who#e$amet#acto$forreco$!eya$ce*twouldha!epre#cr,ed*ha!$greg#tered. @he @orre$# #y#tem wa# $ot de#g$ed to #held,ee$fledmoretha$te$4107year#afterreg#trato$a$do$ewhohadcommttedfraudorm#repre#e$tato$a$d##ua$ce of a$ /.C.@. $ the $ame of 0el!$* were t $ot forthu# hold# the ttle $ ,ad fath. ()alstro& v. Ma'a -r., (; .Rthe$here$t$frmtyofthelatterG#ttle.L$derthefact#*3838(, $9 -an. 1990) as +"te% "n Mart"ne@, F., S.&&ary o* SCthe #tatute of lmtato$# wll $ot apply to Perc!al ,ecau#eFe+"s"ons, -an.ary to -.ne, 1990, '. 379],0el!$9$ewthatapartofthela$dco!ered,yh#ttle1eme0ies; 1econve"ance; 4rescriptive 4erio0 (1997)actually,elo$gedtoPerc!al..o*$#teadof$ullfy$g$toto the ttle of 0el!$* the court* $ the e-erc#e of e?uty/$10.eptem,er1965*0el!$appledforafreepate$ta$d 8ur#dcto$* may gra$t prayer for the reco$!eya$ce ofco!er$g two lot# > "ot & a$d "ot N > #tuated $ .a$tago*"ot N to Perc!al who ha# actually po##e##ed the la$d u$der+#a,ela.Lpo$certfcato$,ythePu,lc"a$d+$#pectora clam of ow$er#hp #$ce 1947. &fter all* f 0el!$G# ttle #that 0el!$ had ,ee$ $ actual* co$t$uou#* ope$* $otorou#*declared !od a, $to a$d the la$d # re!erted to the pu,lce-clu#!e a$d ad!er#e po##e##o$ of the lot# #$ce 1925* thedoma$* Perc!al would 8u#t the #ame ,e e$ttled toHrector of "a$d appro!ed 0el!$G# applcato$ o$ 04 2277 wa# ##ued $ the $ame of 0el!l$.,ee$$ope$*co$t$uou#*e-clu#!ea$d$otorou#/$ 7 .eptem,er 1971* Perc!al fled a prote#t alleg$g thatpo##e##o$ u$der a ,o$afde clam of ac?u#to$ ofow$er#hpfortheperodpre#cr,ed,y.ecto$48ofthe"otNwhchhehad,ee$occupy$ga$dcult!at$g#$cePu,lc "a$d &ct* the #ame p#o 8ure cea#e# to ,e pu,lc a$d1947 wa# $cluded $ the Free Pate$t ##ued $ the $ame of$co$templato$oflawac?uredthecharacterofpr!ate0el!$. @he Hrector of "a$d# ordered the $!e#tgato$ ofla$d.@hu#*reco$!eya$ceofthela$dfrom0el!$toPerc!alG#prote#t. @he.pecal+$!e#tgatorwhoco$ductedPerc!al would ,e the ,etter procedure* (#"tale vs. Anore, 90the$!e#tgato$fou$dthatPerc!alhad,ee$$actual!"l. 877C ena, 5an% T"tles an% Fee%s, 198$, a,e 4$()cult!ato$ of "ot N #$ce 1947. AL$E"'A$IVE A'(WE":@he acto$ of the .olctor )e$eral #hould pro#per*/$ 28 1o!em,er 1986* the .olctor )e$eral fled $ ,ehalf co$#der$g that the doctr$e of $defea#,lty of ttle doe#$ot apply to free pate$t #ecured through fraud. & certfcateof the Jepu,lc o