1988 Utah Native Plant Society Annual Compliations

8/9/2019 1988 Utah Native Plant Society Annual Compliations

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Vol. 11No. 1When, There, WhatMarch 27Sunday9:00 a.m.

April 27Wednesday7:00 p.m.

April 28Thursday7:30p.m.

M a y 6 4 7Friday &Saturday

Conservation Field TripDevil's Slide Revegetation: Help establishhabitat alongtheTOsber Rtver by plantingwillows, etc. T h e Utah Audubon SocietyIsmanaging thisBLM landwith UNPSassistance. Call Ray Smith at 532-7384formore information,or Ifyou canbringgardening tools. Meet at the Tiaggart exitof1-84 InWeber Canyon.Cache ChapterMeetingRare Plants ofUtah: Botanist DuaneAtwoodwill review Utah's rare andendangered plants. Logan City MeetingRoom.SaltLakeChapterMeetingIntroduction to the SpringWUdflowerFamilies:No priorbotanicalknowledge Isneeded!UNPS botanistswill showhew oidentify common spring flowersby familycharacteristics- the first stepinbecoming a competentwildflowerconnoisseur. Field trips Inthe foothillswill be scheduled to expand your newknowledge,and summersessions willfollow if the meeting is a success. MeetIn the Olpin StudentUnion Building"Den" t the University ofUtah.Annual Rare and Endangered PlantMeeting:This review and update ofUtah's rare specieswill be hosted by heGlen Canyon National RecreationalAreaat the Bullfrog schoolhouse. Scheduledevents also Include a boat trip to ahanging garden above Lake Powell onFriday afternoon anda Saturdayfieldtrip up the Burr Trail. Camping andmotel facilities are available.ContactDuaneAtwood Ifyou are planning to go(youmust send $15 tnadvance toreserve aboat).You can reach Duane at625-5599 (days) orwrite to him at 3 6West 2000 North. Layton,Utah 84041.Dwarf Bearclaw PoppyField TripWittb remarhblc desert flowerh fdbloomand helpwith endangered plantresearchat the same time. W e will visitDeanna Nelson's study site and Inspect

Summer

othersites Inthe vicinity.A field searchwill be organized to survey otherpotential habitat andvolunteers will berequestedto help inventoly the studyplot We can expect a good showing ofdesertwildflowers to add variety to thistraditional spring field trip. Call DaveWallace (466-2719) orAndy Boyack(278-8596)for more information.TheMay23 date is tentative dependingonbloom condition.Planning Is underway fora full scheduleoffield trips. Below is a partial listinganddatesare tentative.As trip plans arcHnaUzed . dditional information will begiven in Sego My. For more informationcall Andy Boyack (278-8596)or DaveWallace (466-2719).May 14 - Primulamguerei survey inLogan Canyon. The date for this tripis tentative depending on the stage offlowerdevelopment.July 4th Weekend - Great Basin NationalPark/Wheeler Peak;Last summer a smalgroupofUNPSmembers went on thisfield trip and had a errific time.Thescenely is spectacular, the native plantsand flowersbreathtaking. Day hikesrange In exertion level from lazy tomarathon.The park also offers caves,Bristlecone pines. Intriguing geologyandseveral beautiful campgrounds.DaveWallace will lead the trip again and It Isa wonderful way to spend a holidayweekend.Juty - Tony Grove Lake WUdflower FieldTrip with Dr. LeilaShultz.JuIy 30 -Albion BasinWlkMower Walkwith UNPS botanists.August - T h e As-Nearly-Annual-As-possible Mushroom Hunt with Dr. FrankAnderaon. Mother Nature permitting,this Is one ofour best field trips.We needAugust rain In the Uintahs tobring outthe mushrooms.The 1987MushroomHunt was a great success. themushroomswere deliciousand we'rehopingfora good hunt again this year


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IMPSBoard ofDirectors Elects OfficersThe Boardof Directors of he UNPSmet at Lambs Cafe onFebmaq 11. 1988. and elected officers for the coiningyear. Elected were:Chairman of he Board DavidWallaceResidentSecretaiy Andrew BoyackKathyAndersonTreasurer DavidWallacePresidentSalt LakeChapter Helen BurnettPresidentLogan Chapter Wayne PadgettThe following committee memberswere selected;Conservation.

Newsletter

EducationPlant Sale

Seeds

Special Project(Posted

Alice HrehaDave GardnerDuaneAtwoodS h d oodricbLisa McClanahanSharon CoonsJanetWilliamsDebbie NoelDave Okelberry

Dick PageRobert Fitts

Jo StolhandPam Poulson reported that the Society'sfinancesare Ingood shape as shown on the balance sheet shesubmitted.The Second installment on theArctomeconM t e DwarfBearclaw Poppy)Grant is now due.MembershipasofFebruary 11 stands at 307.DuaneAtwood reported on the Arctomecon humSIsstudybeing done by DeannaNelson. The studyhas undertakenan ambitiousprogram with which Societymembers couldhelp during the flowering seasoninApril andMay. (Ifyouhave time availableandwould like to donateyour imeand en- to help Deanna make more progress, contactDave Wallace at 466-2719 formore information.)Duane also reportedontheThreatened and EndangeredPlantworkshop held in St George last year and the plansfor theworkshop to be held atLakePowell this year. Also,efforts are underway to establisha HeritageProgram InUtah. Utah is one of nly three or four states that doesnot have such a program. Duane urged the Society tomonitor the rare and endangered plant program of thevariousstateand federal agencies in Utah.Dave Okelbeny reportedon he efforts of he UNPS nhelping with a neighborhoodlandscaping projectat NinthSouth and NinthWest In SaltLakeCity andon plantingprojectsat the schools.l 3 e educationcommittee (DebbleNoel andJanet

Williams)has prepareda ilm strip and audio cassetteonnative wild plants for educational use in schools.JoStolhand reported that the artworkon he Utah nativeplant poster is complete and ready to go to the printer.TheBoardvoted funds to proceed with the printing.Over 110 packets ofwildflower seedswere soldat theUNPS native plant sale in September. Dick Page said thateven moremight have sold Ifwehad a picturedisplay ofthe flowers to show prospective buyers what the bloomswould look like.Dave Wallace reported on he Weber River project of theAudubn Societywith which the UNPS has been helping.A working party (see calendar for information) Isneededto plant willows alongthe river this spring.

Dr. Wallenstein Speak* at Chapter MeetlntfPlant speciationwas the subject ofDr. Wallenstein's talkat the February meetingof the Salt Lake Chapter. Dr.Wallensteinwas Introducedby Helen BumetL He s astaffmemberof the plant biology departmentat theUniversity ofUtah.Why do different plants grow in differentplaces?Botanistsare often asked and ask themselves thisquestion according to Dr. WaUensteln. Some of theanswers are relativelyobvious. Plants require certainfactors to live and grow. Sunlight Is one factor, the sourcefromwhich plants derive their energy. Nutrients andwater areother factors.These come from amixture ofclay and humus In the soil which has th e ability toattractand hold nutrients and water by Ionic attractionand present them to plants Inuseable form. Factors suchas temperature, seasonal changes and pollenatom affectplant growth and reproduction.In examininga geographical region the factors affectingplant growthvary from place to place. Some factorsincrease, some decrease forming an infinitelyvariablecontinuum. Plants, overmillenia, have adapted to thiscontinuumby forminga sort of continuumof heir own:different plants adapting to certain specificcombinationsofgrowth factors in the soil andmicroclimate. Scrub oakprefersone combination, aspenanotherand subalpine firstill another. Plants,even today, ontinueas in th e pastto adapt both to changinggrowth factorssuch as awarminclimateor changing land forms.As plant seedsreach new habitatsby variousmeans they also adapt toMerent conditions. They adaptby a processofnaturalselection forming slightly different plant characteristics.Over time, hese shght differences accumulate and resultin new varietiesand eventually new speciesofplants.


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Penstemon Report Spring in Zion National ParkMargaret Malm, Seasonal Ranger (Interpretive)Zion National ParkP e n s t m n x onesiiPennell In Zion National Park1987was a banner year In Zion for this natural hybridbetween PenstemoneatonIf Gray var undosusM.E. onesEaton penstemon)and Penstemon laeuis Pennell (Royalpenstemonl. first sighted it in Zion some years ago[althoughmine was not the first sighting),but have beencoming up empty handed for some years in furthersearches - or, at least, I thought I was.However, It madeits appearance in abundance and great and colorfulvariety last spring.The first hdica~onshat somethingspecialwas under way was the sighting ofan unusualpenstemon on he Canyon OverlookTrail, losely followedby another sightingon the East Rim Trail which lookedsufficiently like the hybrids I had seen before to tip us off.In late May stumbled across a small canyon full ofthem. on the east side. I t Is a surprisinghybrid, at leastto me, because one parent, the Baton. is hummingbirdpollinated while the Royal appears to be bee pollinated.Apparently the hummers visit it too, at least some years!Most of the plants resemble the Baton penstemon exceptfor two things: he color:and the fact that the flowersgenerally do not nod like the Baton's usually do. buteither stand straight out or point up. The foliage is likethe Baton's.As far as color, I've seen. his year. light coralpink. beautiful medium an d deeper pinks,many shadesof ruby red. and red violet; occasionally sodark I term it'wine'. Those of my original sighting some years agowerea deep redviolet 'wine' color,sometimeswith splotches ofdark blue. I saw only one plant with the wine-coloredthis time, and no bicolored ones. Most of thewere found on Zion's east side, many of them in arelativelysmall recess ust north of the road. Thething is that while a ew Batons were in evidence atof the places the hybrids were found, the Royal was

t The ones on the East RimTrail were far from theRoyal, as far as know.also theorize (but have not been able to confirmwith anthat someof the plants tn the usual Checkerboardarea haunt of Penstemon laeuis that we have been

I? loeuis, are actually also the hybrid, since theyshiny eaves and red-violet flowers ratherthan theeaves and blue flowers the books describe forRoyal. This would mean that the hybrid also occursred-violet ones that have the inflated flower tube of the- and we might expect to find other colorswithflowers also.is also a population of penstemons in Refrigeratorand at Scout's Lookout that bear further

did not have the opportunity to check to see ifany of heset seeds. Spring of 1988 should be veryYdl come!

I t Is a good day to stay inside curled up near the fireplacwith thenew seed catalogues. Pictures of flowers send thmind wandering and heart wishing for the cool Springdayswhen the first wlldnowers appear. Is there no end tothis cold and wind? Well, April is out there somewhereand it is a great time to see Zion National Park.Actually, the first ofApril Is late formany ofZion'swtldllowers and a bit early for the cactus. But If yourspirit warms to the bright reds ofpenstemon andpaintbrush, the yellows of deerclover. desert marigold.primrose and puccoon. and the deep blues ofpenstemons. spiderwort and yellow-eyed lupine; Ifyoursenses reel with the early morning fragrance of sandverbena and Gauro; then you should plan a trip to ZionNational Park this Spring.You can purchase Plants of-&& by Ruih hhton Nelson at t h e ParksVisitor Center.The pictures and drawingsbyTom BIauemake t an easy to follow guide for even the novice.Coal PitsWash west ofRockvlUe Isan excellent area toinvestigate the flora of the Lower Sonoran Zone, r akethe Watchman Trail near he Visitor's Center which .climbs from Lower Sonoran to Upper Sonoran. A contrastto these arid areas is Weeping Rock tn Zion Canyon,whfch Is Lower Sonoran, but where the seepage supportsa totally different form of plant life such as he crimsonmonkey flower, shooting starand maidenhair fern.While strollingalong the Emerald Pool Trail (UpperSonoran)photographing an d ticking off the names ofwildflowers, I realized there were two dinerent species ofred penstemon. Some would differentiate P.uiahensisandP.eotonff by th e flower. P. uldhensis has flower lobeswhich spread open at maturity while those ofP. eatoniistay funnel-form.Seeing mostly buds and immatureflowers I had missed these characteristics, but thedifference in lower leaves was obvious.Whfle both havethe opposite leaves associated with penstemon, P. eotonfihas broad clasping leaves and P. utahensts has narrowleaves.To get to the Transition Zone you can hike up out of thecanyon or drive up to the East Entrance. Slickrockpaintbrush is thevisually dominant flower tn the redsandstoneon the upper part ofAngel's Landing Trail andon the road climbing east above the tunnel. One hundredfeet north of the East Entrance signwe spottedspiderwort,blueticks and cactus. Although the bloomingseason of theTransitionZone s behind the rest of thePark, you might also find fritillaria, heartleaf twist flower.Cryptantha and blue penstemons.A fourday trip to Zion National Parkwhich included anovernight backpack nto Kolob Arch netted us overseventy speciesof flowering plants, fresh air andsunshine. Not a bad cure for cabin fever orwinter blahs.or to celebrate theend of winter hibernation.


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m s go LUvC /O Usa McClanahanP.O. Box 8087Salt Lake City. Utah 84108

Return Postage GuaranteedAddress Correction Requested

Non-Profit0%.US.PostagePAIDSalt LakeCtty. UtahPERMIT No. 327

Pick AWild BunchThe Utah Wildflowerposter Is ready o go to press.Twenty eight full color, life-size illustrationsof flowersnative to Utah will be presented on a arge 23" y 34"poster ready for framing.The poster combines thebotanicallyaccurate artworkofDavid Gardnerandcalligraphic labeling, resultingin a poster ofwhich theUtah Native Plant Society can be proud.A leaflet writtenby Dr.ElizabethKeesedetails Interesting facts andhabitat for each native plant The eafletwill accompanyeach poster to helpyou find and identify the native plantsillustrated.The poster committee Isvery excited about theforthcoming publication and is movingon to thechallenges ofmarketing.We are sending flyers to all ourmembers, ffering the opportunitytoorder the posterimmediately. The posters will be distributedin earlyApril,eitherby mail or at the AprilUNPSSalt LakeChapterMeeting. Advance orderswillbe a great help In coveringthe expnsc ofprinting and assure Uhg your d e rpromptly.Send flowersto a friendwith a UtahWUdflower poster ormake copies ofyour order form and let friends order theirown lowers.Posters can be orderedfor $10.00 per poster plus $1.50tocoverpostage and handling. Ifyouplan to pick yourposters up at th e Aprilmeeting therewill be no chargeforpostage and handling. Orderyour posters from:

Utah Native Plant SocietyP.O. Box 520041Salt Lake City,Utah 84152-OO4l

Salt Lake Chapter MeetingLanyEngland gave an Informative talk and slidepresentationon threatened and endangered wildMe atthe January Salt Lake ChapterMeeting.Mr.England is abotanist with the U.S. Fish andWildlifeService.The presentation covered a ewwell publicized speciessuch as the bald eagle. Peregrine falcon,whooping craneand the black footed ferret aswell as many other, esserknown rare species such as he desert tortoise andspecies offish in theColorado Rtver system. Among thethreatened plants were the dwarfbeardaw poppy andPrimula m a g m i . The Society has made field trips to seeboth rare plants and ispresentlyfundinga study ofthedwarf bearclawpoppy by Deanna Nelson, a tudent atBYU.Picturesofa rare buttercup were shownwhich atone t ime was thought to be extinct but has since beenrediscovered by Kathy Mutz near Pangultch.Many of the threatened plants, Including cacti and otherspecies, thatMr.England showed are endemic o th e aridareas ofsouthern and eastern Utah and adjacent states.Some are specific to the soils of certain geologicalformations andhave a very limited range.Although Mr.England did notelaborate on he factors threateningthese wild life species. Itwas evidentthat manywere mancaused through grazing,O W amage, pesticides, flowalterations n the Colorado River drainage system and thetaking ofplants, particularlycactus, by collectors.Oilshale development could pose a future hazard to severalofthe rare plants.


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Vol. 11 No.When, Where, WhatJune 23Thursday7:30p.m.

June 2510:OO a.m.

Juty 2Saturday10:00 a.m.

July 2. 3,4Saturday -Monday

Salt Lake Chapter MeetingLecture by Dr. Shaw on alpine flora.Mee t Inthe Olpin StudentUnionBuilding "Den"at the UntvereltyofUtah.Uinta Field TripOne of our most popular field trips, thistrip is an excellent introduction to theflora of the Ulnta mountains. For thebeginningflower fanatic, this s awonderful trip with several long timemember's onhand to help with plantidentifications and answer questionsabout habitats. The t r ip coversnearlythe entire range ofvegetation zones inthe Ulntas. For the more experiencedplant person, there are alwaysnewdiscoveries to be made and old friendsto tramp around with. The rip travelsalong the Mirror Lake road fromKamasto Bald Mountain Overlook.The ripbegins at the rangerstation onHighway 150 InKamas. The rangerstation Ison he south side ofthe roadseveral blocks afteryou turn onto theMirror Lake road [Highway 150) inmmas.Tony Grove Lake Field TripA terrific field trip sponsoredby theCacheValley Chapter and led by Leilaand John Shultz.The ield trip begins atthe Tony Grove Lake Campground.Travel time to the campgroundfromSaltLake Is about 2 hours, 45 minutes. FromLogan, takeHighway 89 east from Loganfor about30miles to the TonyGroveLake urnoff. The campground is fivemiles farther. Late arrivals can easilyjoin the trip as he group circles the lake.Leila Shultz is curatorofthe Utah StateHerbarium. She b o w s the area well andmakes this a pecial trip everyyear.Great Basin National Park Field TripLastyearwas the irst year UNPS hastraveled to Nevada for this trip. A small

June 198group made the trip andhad awonderful time. It's a ong drive to ournewest National Parkbutvery muchworth the effort. Bristle cone pines andcool beautiful days highlighted the trip.The meeting point forgroup activities isthe Wheeler Peak campground entranceat 9:00 a.m. on Saturday. (Plan toarriveThursdayor Friday Ifpossible. thWheeler Peak campgroundwill probablyfill early.)Vegetation zones within easyreach range from sagebrush in the parklower elevations to alpine on 13.000'Wheeler Peak and everythingin betweenAn additional attraction is theparkservice tour through Lehman Cave.Call Andrew Boyack (278-8596)formorinformation.

J u f y 16 Albion Basin Field TripSaturday Join us o hike through the spectacular9:00 a.m. summer sceneryand floraof he highWasatch mountains. T h e trip beginsatthe east end ofAlta Resort's parking lotat the top ofLittle CottonwoodCanyon.(Where the pavement ends.)Take a coolbreak from the midsummerheat InAlbion Basin and enjoy some of themosvaried expansesofwlldfloweis to befound inUtah. This trip consistentlygets rave reviewsand produces anextensive plant list. Bring a sweater orlightjacket and sunscreen alongwithyour lunch and hiking shoes for a veiyenjoyable t ime.August 25 Salt Lake Chapter MeetingThursday Can It possibly be t ime to announce th e7:30p.m. As-Near@-Aimual-As-PossibleMushroomHunt Meet ing again? This is an earlyannouncementso we can all mentallyrequest rain for th e mushrooms.T h ehunt is scheduled forAugust 27. rainand mushroomspermitting.AH meetings and field trips are open to anyone who woullike to join us. On he field trips bringa unch, water andoutdoor clothing. For more information on trips andmeetings, callAndrew Boyack (278-8596).


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September Event*September22

September24

Salt Lake Chapter MeetingDr. Howard Stutz wilt speak on desertplants,particularly he Chenopodtaceue.This Is a lead into the September24 fieldtrip-Desert Plants Field TripLast year, this trip gave a fascinatingoverviewof he west desert and alkalibasin plants by Dr. Stutz. The rip beginswith an optional overnight camp out attheOqulnh campgroundon Friday night(andpossibly a pancake breakfast.)Foranyone who can'tjoin us Friday night,the trip begins at 8:00 a.m. in theOquirrh town campground.

National EventsAugust 7 11 Eleventh NorthAmerican PrairieConference,University ofNebraska atLincoln. For Information, contactDr.Thomas Bragg, DepL ofBiology.University ofNebraska, Omaha NE68182 (402-554-3378).

Threatenedand Endangered Plunts SummaryfThis listing, providedby Lany England of theU.S. FishandWildlife Service, was presented at theRare andEndangered Plant Meeting,May 6 and 7 at GlenCanyonNational Recreation Area. Additional Informationpresented at the meetingwill appear In this and futureissues ofsegoLily.)Arctomecan. humflis:Papaveraceae: Dwarf bearclaw poppy/Covffle bearclawpoppy. UtahNative Plant Society (UNPS) BrighamYoungUniversity [BYU] life history and ecological study iscontinuing.ARS/Utah State University (USU]Bee biologylab has begun Investigatingthe reproductivebiology andpollination system of the plant. Bureau ofLandManagement( B W ish and WUdUfe Service W S )monitoring study Is continuing.The UNPS inventory,conducted InApril showed perhaps 50% or highermortalityin theRed Bluff population an d no significantrecruitment T h e Red Bluff and WarnerRidge locationsmay be recommendedasAreas of Critical EnvironmentalConcern (ACEC). here is some indication that th e RedBluff population may be genetically distinct from theother populations.Asclepias weIshiL-Asclepiadaceae:Welsh's milkweed. Listed as threatenedInOctober, 1987. the Coral Pink Sand Dunes State Park

hasbeen designated as critical habitat The Utah StatePark System.BLM and FWSplan to Initiate monitoringstudies thisyear.AstrugahmmwFabaceae:heliotropemllkvetch. Listed as threatened inNovember 1987 with critical habitat The Forest Service(FS) W S monitoringstudy s continuing.Astrqdus nznmFabaceae:Rvdbeig mllkvetch. A delisting proposal Isunder review in FWS Denver Regional Office for thisplan!Cycladenia humSlfsv a r - m t t :Apoiynaceae:Jones cycladcnia.Monitoring studies areplanned to begin this year on BLM sites In easternUtah.&hinocereus engelmannitvar.putpureus:Cactaceae: purple hedgehog cactus. FWS Is finalizing theWoodbury report. FWSwill prepare a delisting proposalduring 1988.&himacereus trigtoehidiatusvai. fnermis:Cactaceae. FS monitoring study Is continuingon thiseastern Utah species, BLM/FWS plan to initiatemonitoring studies.Erigerori moguireivar. TnuguiretAsteraceae:Maguiredaisy. BLM plans to Inventory theSan Rafael Swell for additional populations. The FWSplans to determine thetaxonomicvalidity ofE. m.var.harrisonfl.GIoucocorpurn suflrutescens:Brassicaceae: Rollins thelypody. This species,an oil shalendemic, was listed InOctober. 1987.BLM/FWS plan toinitiate monitoringstudies.PedfocactusdespainitCactaceae. BLM/ lWS plan to initiate monitoring studiesbudget and manpower permitting. The specieswas istedas endangered In September, 1987.Pedibcocfussflert;Cactaceae: SUtr cactus. BLM/FWS monitoring study Iscontinuing. The species Is found In theArizona Strip andWarner Ridge areasofsouthern Utah. With this speciesaswith most other cactus species except Qpimf to .theprincipal threat seems o be collectionof the plants byboth commercialand private cactus collectors.Phacelio qfflacea:Hydrophyllaccae:clayphacelia. InJune of 1987, sheepwere bedded for3 days on the only know site of thisspecies, causing a drastic decline in the numberofindividuals.Only known one Individual survived thewinter. Re-examination of the site this year located oneplant as ofApril, 1968, 20 to 30plants InMay.Presumably.there are seeds in the soli available for thespecies usual late summer germination.The plant isfound on Green River shale. The State Arboretum ofUtah, the Center for PlantConservation,Native Plants.Inc. and FWS re planning a rescue operation to Includeclose monitoringof the habitat for new seedlings,protection from grazing, establishmentofseedlings Inbotanical gardens and tissue culture propagation.TheNature Consenancs continuing efforts to acquire thespecies habitat so far.without success.


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StatusSummary cent. Idaho Nattre Plant SocietyNewsletter.Safe Notes, May.June 1986.m v w g u i r e tRtmulaceae:Maguire primrose. PS/FWS plan to initiatemonitoringstudies n the Logan area.The UNPS CacheValley Chaptercombineda ield trip and Primula surveyin Logan Canyon on May 14. [See following field tripreportbyAndrew Boyack.1Sclemcactusglaucus:Cactaceae-, Ulnta Basin hookless cactus. BLM/FWS plantoInitiatemonitoringstudies. This plant and thefollowingone.S. ur@hifoe, reunder serious threat fromcommercial cactus collectors.tk-wrzme:Cactaceae:Wright fishhook cactus.A NPS/FWSmonitoringstudyis continuingand FWS lans to Initiatejoint monitoring studieswith BLM on other populations.Toumsendtodprica:Asteraceae: "lastchance townsendia"Ed. - no didn'tmakc thatm e up. It appears !n theJllustratedmed Endan- and 'l%mtenedPlants ofUt&,US. Fish said Wildlife Service. 1979.1Asof 1979.oneofthe two knownpopulationsof this species had beenexterminatedby a gypsum mining operation-There-g populationwas threatenedby livestock TheFS.BIM andFWS plan to initiate monitoring studies.Gflta coespttosa*Polemonlaceae: RabbitValley gtlia.An ecosystem listingpackageand an endangered proposal frillbe submitted in1988.- h k wCactaceae.A hreatened species proposaland ecosystemlisting packagewlLl be submitted In 1988.SchaenocrambebornebtftAn ecosystem listing package and hreatenedproposalwill be submitted in 1988.Lep-bomefay-A listing package will be prepared for thte species tn1988.Ranunculusacrybnntevar. uestiuoKs:Ranunculaceae:autumn buttercup. This ate floweringRanunculuswas nitially collectedin1894 nearPanguitcb, Utah. It was located againby L.Bcnson in1948. Bensonrecommended that the only tonownpopulation should notbe "undulycollectedas t wasbarelyholding its awn". s of 1979, the plant had notbeen recently collectedandwas thought to be possiblyextinct. In 1983. a ingle population of the specieswaslocated In a pasture and numbered appmxbatdy 400individuals. The most recent survey ocated on@ 10to 20individuals Inan area still subject to grazing. TheNatureConservancyIsattempting to acquire the andwhere thepopulation Is located.Editor's Note:"Ilteextinctionorpossible extinction of a species isdeplorable for toomany reasonstodiscuss In less thanamassivebook Butas a ollow up to the Status SummayI would like to reprintthe followingbrief article from th e

"ThreatenedPlants CouldBarm Medicine"Asmanyas60,000 plantswith valuable medicalpropertiesare likely to become extinct by 2050. accordinto organizers of a recent conference sponsoredby theWorld Wildlife Fund and theWorld Health Organization.~ e - m r n m onehevayfourof theworld's medicinal plantsis threatened."saidBritishbiologist HughSynge. He said that 80 percentofthe world's people rely on medicinal plants, which areImportantInindustrial countries aswell as developingnations. PeterP. Princtpe,a researcher, said. "In theUnited States, 25 percentof the prescriptions that arebeing filled are filled by drugs derived from plants."Syngesaid, "These shortagesare intimatelylinkedwith thedecline offorestsandvegetation."

BeazdawPoppyPUmstrip Popular InSt. George

Janet 'Williams senteight copies of heBeardawPoppyfilm strip and cassetteproducedby herwith UNPSfunding to ile schoolsIn St. George this spring,hopingtheywould be used in classrooms to help increaseawareaessof he p h L he B h trip eoxnbin~~photographsof he plant and its habitatwith informationon the spedes'endangeredstatus.On May 9. we received a call fromMartfynMatthews,ateacherat the Hurricane, Utah Middle School, asking ifwe could send hera opyof he film strip. She told us shhad tried to borrow a copy from the schools InSt Georgebut found that the film strips were sopopular that alleight of them were booked solid to the end ofthe schoolyear. W e dkl nothave a cup d l e n SaltLab butJanet immediately setabout having several slide sets andcassettesmadefrom the originalmaterials.One ofthesesets was sent to Ms. MatthewsInHurricanewithin theweek.UNPSnowhasonefilmstripandseveralslidesetsavailable forloan* fyou would like to show the programor know someonewho would, contactAndrew Boyack(278-8596)orDave Wallace (466-2719).JanetWUiams and DebbieN d e m e a m t a dyou and congratulations for producinga ilm strip thathasbeen sowell received. Gettinginformationofsuchvalue to thewidest possible audience helps to UNPSefforts to preserve and protect the dwarfbeardawpoppy(Arctomeoon flumateJ.


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(Note:The followingarticle from the Natural Area*Journal contains the substance of and amplification onmaterial presented by Donald Falk at the Threatened andEndangered Plants conference.)Integrated ConservationStrategies for EndangeredPlantsDonald A. FalkIntroduction:Until recently, fewbotanicalgardens andarboreta had developed programs specifically o supportconventionalplant protection efforts. Individual staff hadattempted offsite research and propagation (forInstance,the pioneeringwork on prairie restoration n the 1930'sfay JohnT.C u r -at the University ofWisconsinArboretum), but cooperationwas generally ad hoc morethan systematicand lacking national coordination.Theen@ ofoffsite ex situ programs - those managed bybotanical gardens,arboreta, seed banks and offslteresearch facilities - into th e field ofplant protection maybe one of the most significantrecent developments inconservationpractice.It Is still tooearly to say that cooperation between onslteand offslte natural resource professionals is universallyaccepted,or even that the effectiveness of such jointefforts has been conclusivelydemonstrated. Manytechnical and philosophical questions remain about howsuchwork should be carried out and Its proper role inplant protection strategy. These questionswill continueto intensify as more agencies around the country explorethe potentialofsuch efforts.In an ncreasingnumber of cases,however, collaborativeprojects are being successfully undertaken.By exploitingthe relative strengths of several protectionmethods, thecooperating agencies can achieve the greatest overalldegree of protection. Such efforts share an underlyingassumption that for any given population, species,community type,or land parcel there is an optimalcombinationof protection techniques that may beapplied. It is this use of diverse approaches thatconstitutes an integrated conservation strategy.The Historical Context of Endangerment andConservation: Before describing current cooperativeefforts, it may be helpful to consider the complexitiesofendangermentitself, for it Is the multiplicityof hreats tospecies survival hat compels an integrated approach.Inadd ion, the historical evolutionofconceptsandmethodsof conservation practice in the last century canhelp us understand precedents for current developments.The ComplexityofEndangermentThe multidimensional phenomenon of endangcnncntposes a constant challenge todevise new and effectiveways to protect both species and habitats. Many causesofendangerment can be effectivelycontrolled byprotective ownership of the land. In particular,threatsofnatural area destructiondue to commercial andIndustrialdevelopment, construction activities, hydroprojects,mining, logging, and other economic uses ofland can be directlyaddressed by a range of andprotection measures. I t Isaxiomaticof our contemporarypractices that land protection should alwaysbe a primaryelement In any conservationstrategy.

But there are certainkindsof threats that are ortremelydifficult to control, even with protective ownership.Among these are fungal blights and other nfections,competition from introduced exotic plants, anddestructive grazing by feral animals such as goatsandsheep. Control of other Impacts, such as off-road-vehicleuse. Illegal collecting, and vandalismmay depend on theeffectiveness of encingand surveillance. Mediation ofecological factors such as forest succession and fire mayrequire scientific knowledge that in some cases is notreadltyavailable.Consider thecase of the Florida torreya (Torreyatodiblta), a small tree to the yew family Waxaccae) foundin four countiesalong the Apalachicola Rtver InnorthwestFlorida and Georgia-Much of the torreya'shabitat is on land protected by the Florida Park Service,the U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers.The NatureConservancy,and several city parks. The speciesisthreatened,however,not by destruction of its currenthabitat but by a fungal blight that kills nearly all themature treesin the d d efore they reach reproductiveage [ U S . Fish andWlldJifeService. 1986).Affected treesbecome defoliated and generallydie, although theymaysend up stump sprouts that themselves ventuallybecome Infected. Attempts to control the pathogen bychemical or managementmeans generallyhave beenunsuccessful.Partly for this reason, the U.S.Fish and Wildlife ServiceRecoveryPlan recommended that "oneof the objectives o[the]recovery plan is to produce a genetically diversecollectionofsexuallymature, easonablyhealthy trees incultivation to preserve a representativegene pool whichwill serve as stock for eventualreintroduction nto thetree's habitat." Other recovery objectives IncludeIdentificationof thepathogen, development ofmanagement techniques that might allow torreya trees toreach reproductive size and age, and establishmentofcultivated populationsat severalbotanical gardens todeterminethe optimal climate for the species.As this example shows, rnulttdtsdpllnaryapproachundertaken through the collaboration of severaldifferentinstitutions may provide thebest protection againstextinction. Such cases may become the rule rather thanthe exception as the threats to species survival intensify.Evolutionof conservation goals and practicesConservation is not a sta t ic concept; it has carried manydifferentmeaningseven within the last century. Both th emethodsand the goals of conservationare in constantflux, influencedlargelyby our Increasing scientificunderstanding of th e dynamics ofnatural systems. Butthere is a parallel shift that is more philosophical(normative, o be precise), that speaks not to howweprotect but to what we are trying to accomplish. Althoughat any @en timewe tend to accept a prevailing model,our notions ofhow andwhywe protect havebeenevolving s eadfly.The first significant movements forwildernesspreservation in the United States were in the middle andlate nineteenth centuxy.Land was seen eitherasapotentially useful economic resource requiring long-termprotection oras an expression of nature meritingprotection in its own right. The great conservationlandmarksof hat era - YosemiteValley, Yellowstone


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National Park, the Adirondack forest preserve - reflectthis dual Intent to preserve both an economic resourceand Inherent natural values.During thisperiod therewas essentially one protectiontool - land acquisition by government. Much of th eacquisitionof andby federaland state governmentsduring thisperiod and Into the early twentieth cen tmywas oriented toward conserving timber,water, mineral,and range resources \for long-termsustainableexploitation. (Fora fascinating study of the conservationthinking of his period, seeHays, 1959). Even during theProgressiveEra. the protection ofnature for its own sake(a struggle ledby John Mulr and others) often tooksecond place to conservation for resourcemanagement.

land acquisition began to be supplemented bybroadened repertoireofother tools.Twodevelopmentsthischange. First, interested citizens andbegan to recognize hat there were aofother ways to protect natural values ofIncluding legislation, zoning,easements,andtaxation. The elaboration of protectioncontinues today, for example, with the growthf and registryprograms such as those promoted by The

Conservancy. Second, the insightsof the scienceecology began to change theway we viewed the landnatural communities to change. In fact. our view ofwe were protecting. The emphasis began to shiftsheer acreage to protection of communitiesandaccompaniedby the notion of"stewardship" fand natural areas.other things, stewardshipimplies a recognitionwe may choose to actively manage an area or ainstead of simply etting naturalprecessestheir course.Management is, in fact, basic to theracticeof stewardship. Much currentpractice, forexample, is devoted to altering

developmentby using prescribed burns,thinning, and restoration practice.thegoals of conservation have continued to evolve Ine past twenty-five earswith Increasingemphasis onofgenetic diversity. Flowing once again fromscientific models, the conceptualbasis forhas shifted o the identification andof naturally-occurring eneticvariation. Thisled to a renewed Interest In protecting populationsasas natural community types and whole species ands sparked research Interest into each of these areas.purposes ofthis paper, we have accepted natural

as a standard conservation practice.a contradiction Interms. Moreover, to achieve th edegree ofprotection, we are willing to intervenein natural areas to a degree thatwould have beenunthinkable a century ago (Turner. 1985).

stewardship,however, requires good Information,about the biology of he taxa and communitiesare trying to protect. And such nformation is sadlyof the endangered plants of the UnitedFor Instance, for most rare tam we do not knowor extent of intraspeclflc geneticdiversityandeither guess or extrapolatefrom relatedoranalogous tax& Similarly,we have reliablehistory data for relatively few endangered plants; roost

never been studied. Managers often must resort to

guessworkor analogy, designing management practiceson an Inadequate base of scientific data. This may be onareawhere offslteresearch programscan contributesubstantiallyto the ield ofnatural areas management.Types of Onaite-Offaite Cooperative Project*:Cooperativeonsite and offslte plant protection effortsarextremelyvaried. Many Involveexchange ofactual planmaterial,while othersencourage research or publiceducation at offsite institutions such as botanicalgardens and arbreta Summarkd below are -piescooperativeeffortsIn the United States illustrating thewide range ofcollaborationsbeing colored.RecommendationA basic type of interaction i s one Inwhich a land-managingagencyis asked to recommend priority taxa foinclusion Inan offsite conservation program.Theoffsiteorganization (abotanicalgarden, for instance) mayapproach an onsite agency simplybecause the latter hamore detailed. current knowledge of the status ofplantsin thewild.A plant may be recommended becausesurvival of a population (oran entire taxon) Is uncertainorbecause managementassistance is needed with aparticular group of plants. Heritage and natural areasprograms are frequently nvolvedin providing guidancethis sort. Formal ranking systemsof he U.S. Fish andWildlife Serviceand The Nature Conservancyare alsobasic tools In setting conservation priorities, but otherinformation that maybe tooanecdotal or recent to bereflected Innational rankings may also be useful.PermittingAgencies concerned withwild populations often areempowered to Issue permits for collectingand otherfieldwork In addition to the U.S. Fish and WildlifeService, special permits for endangered species work mabe required by the U.S. Forest Serviceand other federalagencies. Moreover, many state agencies requireseparatpenults (McMahan, 1984. 1967) and can assist inobtaining permission from private landownerswhootherwise may be reluctant to grant entry.FieId WorkA more active role is oftenplayed by agencies that eitheby requestor their ownpreference, assist in actual fieldwork. For instance, heritage program staff,statebotanists, and US.Fish and Wildlife Service personnelfrequently accompany garden staffof collecting trips,since they are llkety to be familiarwith the plant as tgrows n the wild and may have visited the sitepreviously. In other cases, the onsite agency staffthemselves collect the required material and then conveyit to the participating garden: this procedure Is frequentfollowedwhen locality informationis considered sensitivorwhen collectingcan be carried out as part ofa ripscheduled for anotherpurpose.Conservation CollectionsCommitted as they are to protecting the land and thespecies that grow on It. onsite agencies frequentlyrecognize species that are in trouble despite their bestefforts. Disease, grazing, and off-road-vehicle impact arejust a few of he threats that maybe difficult to prevent.In such nstances, an agency may support the


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establishment ofan offsite conservation collection.Thereare numerous cases around the world of plants thatwould be extinct If not for living offsite collections:examples include Sophoro toromtro,Franklintaolatomaho,K b k h coo& andStephanomeriamolheurenste.The survivalof hese taxa demonstratesthe value ofkeepingplants alive ofkite to prevent totalextinction (see Gwalth and Schmeldler. 1987 andEvansand B o b , 1987 for other examples. Such collections aresignificantly more valuable if they are designed to begenetically representative of the wild populations (Centerfor Plant Conservation. 1986). he U.S.Fish and WildlifeService, for Instance, includes establishmentof cultivatedpopulationsand seed banks as recoveryactions forendangeredplants (for example. seeU.S.Fish andWildlife Service,1986. 1987).RescueOne of the earliestapplicationsof offsite conservationwas rescuing plants or even whole populations) that werein dangerofimminent destruction. Such circumstancesarisewhen the habitat remains n nonconservatlonownership, and legislative and legal efforts to protect theplants have failed ordon not apply (the EndangeredSpeciesAct, forIns ame does not protect even the mostendangered plants if they are on private land and notInvolved in a federally-supportedproject interstatetransport, or commercial distribution:see McMahan,19801.Rescue may also be required when protectiveacquisitionof the site has proven too expensive or hasnot been attempted.Some botanic gardens and arboreta have operatedcontinuing rescue operations for many years. The NorthCarolina Botanic Garden, for instance,has been InvolvedInth e rescue ofendangered plants formore than fifteenyears; th e New EnglandWild Flower Society and othergardens have also conductedregional rescue efforts. Inaddition to private commercial development,plantpopulationshave been rescued from mining sites, roadconstruction,even constructionofrecreationalhikingtrails!. Walk and Thibodeau, 1986).Rescue should alwaysbe seen as a last resort,of course, ince It Implies thatthebattle to protect the site Itself has been lost. But as apractical matter. it maybe a better alternativeonunprotected land than loosing rare and valuable forever.Propagation and DistributionMany groups ofplants are seriously threatened by illegalwild collecting, including cacti and other succulents,pitcher plants, orchids, and lilies. Survival ofwild-collectedplants through the rigors of transport and saleis notoriously low; the diggingofplants is essentiallyadisguised form ofoutright destructionfor profit(Campbell.1980, Bennett et al., 1987).To decrease themarket for illegally collected plants, land managingagencies may recommend developmentofpropagatenursery stocks for commercial distribution. "Floodingthemarket"withwell-propagated plants along with stricterenforcement ofwild collecting and mport regulations.can undercut the market forwild materialandsignificantlyreduce collecting pressure.Not all wild collecting Isfor commercial purposes,however, some of it is conductedby overzealousamateurs.A site for one ofthe rarest western lilies, forexample, has wice been seriously depleted following the

publi-tion ofa detailed site and locdty description(Skinner. personal communication).The "smokingtrowel"is often in the hands of someone who presumablylovesplants.RevegetationSome of the most interestingand constructive cooperativprojects are those Inwhich plants or plant materials arecollectedwith the intent,of eturning the lMng material ta protected site. Such projects can truly dose the circlebetween onsite and offsite conservation,resulting in ahigh degree of overall protection for the taxon. Variousdegreesofmaintenance and monitoring may be requiredfollowing the Initial replanting.To be successfullycarriedout. projects tn this group should always be undertakenin cooperation with the agency that manages the siteonwhich the plants will ultimately be placed.Damaged ordegraded sites can be stabilized or enhancedby th e use of propagules taken from the site itself. Duneerosion,mining, construction,and off-road-vehicledamage are among th e causes that may requirerevegetationof a site (e.g. Diamond, 1985, Ferreira andSmith, 1987,Howald, 1987, lark.personalcommunication). he most common practice Is to takeseeds or cuttingsfrom emaining plants, propagate themIn abotanical garden or commercial greenhouse,andthen replant the rooted material on the site. Thisprocedure has the advantage that the planted material isgenetically similar to the remaining wild plants andwell-adapted to local conditions.ReintroductionThis term is perhaps best reserved for re-establishment oa taxonwhere it had previously occurred. If the causesfor the population'soriginal destruction havebeencorrected, it may be possible to reintroducethe plant.Relntroductlon Is still a relativelyconservative option,especially if plant material can be found from a nearbypopulation (Bracke t al.. 1987, Strahan and wolley. 1987,U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1987). In one current caseIn Oregon. Malheur wire-le tuce {Stephanomenamolheurensis)was completelyextirpated in thewild, dueto a combinationofh,razfng, and cheatgrass (Bmmustectorum) invasion (U.S. ish andWildlife Service. 1982).T h e taxon had been described by Dr.Leslie Gotfliebof theUniversityof California, Davis In 1978.GottUeb hadcollected seed, which was in storage and propagationatthe timeof he loss of he wild population. Seeds rompropagated plants were germinatedat th e Berry BotanicGarden In Portland, Oregon and planted in spring 1987.at the original site, which was cleared and fenced by themanaging agency, he Burns District of he Bureau ofLand Management.The project also had the support ofth e U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service and crews of volunteerswho helped dearand prepare the site.The Bureau ofLand Management also installedexclosures inplots withfour different dominant covers: cheatgrass, rabbitbrush[Chgsothomnus sp.),basinwild rye (Elymus cfnereusl,and big sagebrush (Artemfeiatridentato).This will enableth e agency to test whether there are significantallelopathic or other competitiveeffects and adds acontrolled experimental dimension to the projectIntroductionA numberof projects involve Introduction ofa taxon to a


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site where itwas not previously found [this Is often callednreintroductlon" lthough there Is nothing "re-"about it).Introduction may be appropriate when there are siteswith ahigh degree of rotectionwith suitable climate,soil. and surroundingplant community. This may benecessary Ifexisting sites are threatenedand/or poorlyprotected, or If recovery plans call for an ncrease In thenumberofsites (US. Fish and WildlifeService. 1986,Brack et al., 1987,Havlik, 1967,S. Wallace, personalcommunication).While Introduction may seem to violatea principle ofattemptingtomaintain orrestore existingnatural communities, it may be an Important techniquewhen documented sites cannot be adequately protected,In these caseswemayhave to choose a route that Is lesspure than the Ideal, but allows the species to be protectedfrom extinction.RestorationThe term "restoration" ctuallyrefers to abroad classofconservationwork involving the creation or re-creationofwhole plant communities. Restoration thus Includeselements ofrevege tation. reintroduction. and Introductionofparticular species, woven together Into an Integratedwhole (Jordan, 1986. 1987).The application toendangered species work Is significant, for although therestorationeffort may Involve many common plants, thegoal may be to create an environment in whichnaturalizedpopulations of rare plants can be established(ReidandWalsh. 1987.Strahan andWoUey, 1987). If thefirst principle of conservationIs "savingthe pieces",asAldo Leopold suggested, then perhaps ex situ programsare away of making sure the pieces are saved andrestoration away of putting them back together.Basic researchMany gardens and arboreta have th e facilities and staff toconduct plant research.Such researchmay involvecontrolled, highly technical experimentation, for Instanceinplant tissue culture or physiology. The researchmayalso be less formal and rigorous, but perhaps no ess ,useful,as In the gradual discoveryof optimal growingconditions for rare cultivatedplants.Whatever Its form.offsiteresearch can contribute significantlyto ourscientificunderstandingof the plantswe are trying toprotect Botanical gardens, arboreta, and other offsitefacilities areoptimal sites for certain kindsofbasicresearch, Including topics insystematics, genetics.physiology,pathology and developmentalbiology. TheDesertBotanical Garden (Phoenix, Arizona),forexample,Is cultivatingArizona agave [Agavearizonfca)as part oftheir overall plant protection program.The plant, whichIs grazed so heavily by cattle Inthe wild that it rarelyreproduces sexually. Is thought o be a naturally-occurringhybrid Inthe range overlapofA chrysonthaandA. tourneymavar. belie.Backcrossingagainst th etwo parent taxa and then testingfor offspring viabilitymay provide insight Into the degreeofreproductiveIsolation that has developed (Delamateran d Hodgson,1987). Another example of research activity is the work oftheArboretum at Flagstaff (Flagstaff,Arizona) onmycorrhizal associations inPedtococtus knowltonit to bedescribed in Part 2 of this article.Management researchOf all the areas of cooperative Interaction, themostsignificantmay be improving management practices for

wild populations by increasing our knowledgeof specie5biology.Along with reintroductionand restoration.management-related research carries the greatestpotential for developmentof Integrated conservationstrategies.Offsite research can be useful Inexpanding ourunderstandingof speciesautecology.ForInstance.maqstudies hare focused on determiningoptimal conditionsfor seed germination.A classic example is a researchstudy conductedby the Holden Arboretum (Mentor.Ohion cultural requirementof the spreadingglobellower(TroUiuslaxus sp. laxus)under contract to the OhioDepartment of Natural Resources (ODNR). T h e arboretuconducted a series of trials aimed at providingpropagationand growth requirement Information,enabling the ODNR to improve its management of he laremainingOhio site (Parsonsand Yates 1983a. l983b).Otheragencies have ndicated that research could beconducted on the effects of shading, soil type, drainage.herbtvory, disturbance, and a variety ofother factors thacan be controlledby management practice (Dawson,1987. Myatti 1987,U.S.Ftsh andWildlife Service. 1987R Cartica, personal communication).Monitoring wild sitesGardensand arboreta frequentlyare willing to assist lanmanaging agencieswith inventoryand monitoringstudies. Botanically trained and experiencedstaffarepresent at many Institutions,oftenwith considerable fieexperience In the region.Just as onsite agencies canundertake collectingon behalf of an ex situ program aspart of their normal field work w may garden staff beable to assist In monitoring projects aspart of theirplanned field activities (DelamaterandHodgson. 1987,JBorland, personal communication.W.Brumback.personal communication).Conclusion:The movement toward more diverse plantprotection strategies Is not a new or Isolateddevelopment. What isoccurringnow s the continuationofa long history of hange inconservation philosophy.recognitionof the complexityof endangerment.and theneed to develop a corresponding diversity ofprotectivestrategies. The Impetus has come from two forces: thegrowth In scientificunderstanding ofnatural systemsanthe rise ofnew Institutionsequipped to contributenewresources to these efforts. Viewed in this context, thegrowth ofoffkite protection programs is neither surprisinnor against the grain. In fact. the Integrationofonsiteand offsite approaches Into an Integratedwhole lookssuspiciously like an Idea whose time has come.Literature Cited:Bcnnett, P.S., RR ohnson, and M.Kfnzman. 1987.Factors ofInterest to resource managers that Influence cactus collection.Pp. 215-223 InT.S. Ellas, cd., Conservationand management orare and endangered plants. CaliforniaNative Plant Society,Sacramento,CA.Brack. S., A. Cully, P.Knight, and P.OlweU. 1987. Recoveyefforts for Pediocactus fcnowUoniLPp. 519-522. Conservationandmanagement of rare and endangered plants. California NativePlant Society. Sacramento, CA.Center fo r Plant Conservation. 1986. Recommendations for th ecollection and exsitumanagement ofgermplasm resources fromwild plants. Center for Plant Conservation. Jamaica Plain, Mas


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StatusSummary cont.PrimulamaguireLPrimulaceae: Maguire primrose. FS/FWS plan to initiatemonitoring studies In the Logan area- The UNPS CacheValley Chaptercombined a ield trip and Primula surveyin Logan Canyon on May 14. (See ollowing field tripreportbyAndrew Boyack)Sclenococtusglccucus:Cactaceae: Uinta Basin hookless cactus. BLM/FWS planto initiate monitoring studies. This plant and thefollowing one.5.wrighttoe,are under serious threat fromcommercialcactus collectors.Sclerocactuswrfghtiae:Cactaceae: Wright fishhook cactus. A NPS/FWSmonitoring study Is continuing and FWSplans to initiatejoint monitoring studieswith BLM on other populations.Townsendiaa-0:Asteraceac: "lastchance townsendia"(Ed. no didn'tmake that one up. I t appears in the Illustrated Manual off , of UtahU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1979.) As of 1979, one ofthe two known populations of this species had beenexterminated by a gypsum miningoperation.Theremainingpopulation was threatened by livestock TheFS,ELM and FWS plan to initiate monitoring studies.Gflfa caespttosa:Polernonlaceae:Rabbit Valley @a. An ecosystem listingpackage and an endangered proposal will be submitted in1988.Fedtococtus wInktert:Cactaceae. A threatened species proposal and ecosystemlisting packagewill be submitted in 1988.SchoenocrombebomebytAn ecosystem listing package and threatenedproposalwill be submitted In 1988.A listing package will be prepared for this species In1988.Ranunculus acrtformis var. uestfDaIts:Ranunculaccae:autumn buttercup. This ate floweringR a n u nmh swas IniWUycokcted in I894 nearPangultch. Utah. t was located again by L.Benson In1948. Benson recommended that th e only knownpopulation should not be "unduly collected as itwasbarely holding Its own". s of 1979, the plant had notbeen recently collected and was thought to be possiblyextinct. In 1983. a single population of the species waslocated in a pasture and numbered approximately 400individuals. Ihe most recent survey located onty 10 to 20Individuals In an area stiU subject to grazing.TheNatureConservancy is attempting to acquire the land where thepopulation Is located,Editor's Note:The extinction or possible extinction of species isdeplorable for toomany reasons to discuss to less than amassive book. But as a ollow up to the Status SummaryI would like o reprint the following brief article from the

Idaho Native Plant SocietyNewsletter. Safe Notes, May,June 1988.ThreatenedPlant* CouldHarm Medicinet"Asmanyas60.000 plants with valuable medicalproperties are UkeIy to become extinct by 2050. accordinto organizers of a recent conference sponsoredby theWorld WildlifeFund and theWorld Health Organization,says theFewY o r m e s . %s means m e h mxy fourof he world's medicinal plants is threatened."saidBritish biologist Hugh Synge. He said that 80 percent oftheworld's people rely onmedicinal plants, which areimportant in industrial countriesaswell as developingnations. PeterP.Principe, a researcher, said. "In theUnited States, 25 percent of the prescriptionsthat arebeing filled are filledby drugs derived from plants."Syngsaid. "These shortages are Intimately linked with thedeclineof orests and vegetation."

Bearclaw Poppy Filmstrip Popular in St. GeorgeAndrew BoyackJanetWilliams sent eight copies of theBearclaw Poppyfilm strip and cassette producedby herwith UNPSfunding to he schools in SL George this spring, hopingtheywould be used in classrooms to help Increaseawarenessof the plant. The film strip combinesphotographsof the plant and its habitat with informatioon the species* ndangered status.OnMay 9. w e eceived a call from Marityn Matthews, ateacher at the Hurricane, Utah Middle School, asking I fwe could send her a copy of he filmstrip.She told us shhad tried toborrow a copy from the schools InSt. Georgebut found that the film strips were so popular that alleight of them were booked solid to the end of the schoolyear. We did not have a copy available In Salt Lake, utJanet immediately set about having several slide sets ancassettesmade firom the original materids. One of thesesets was sent to Ms. MatthewsinHurricanewithin theweek.UNPS nowhas one film strip and several slide setsavailable for loan. Ifyou would like to show the programor know someonewhowould, contactAndrew Boyack(278-8596)r Dave Wallace (466-2719).Janet WilUams andDebble Noel desem a ervent thankyou and congratulations for producinga Sim strip thathas been sowell received. Getting infonnatfon of suchvalue to the widest possible audience helps In UNPSeffortsto preserve and protect the dwarf bearclawpoppyMrctomeconhumais1.


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Primula Magulrei Show Its SplendorAndrew BoyackThe endangeredPrtmulamagusreipresented a beautifulshow for the hardy Cache Valley Chapter members andothers who climbed to its H e d g e habitat In LoganCanyon onMay 14. Field trip participants estimated asmanyas400 to 500 plants in full bloom on the WoodCamp site. This plant is ofparticular Interest to UNPSmembers as it Is listed asan endangered species. Theonfy known populations of he species are In LoganCanyon.Another plant species. Mus(neon lineare, family -Aplaceae, grows in much the same area as PrimulamagutretM. lineare or Cache musineon is beingconsidered for listing as threatened. To obtain moreInformation about thisplant. UNPS members from theCacheValley and Salt Lake chapters dividedintogroupsand under the directionofWayne Padgett searched all theknown P.maguireisites Inan effort to find M. (nearer.The group I accompanied found nearly a hundred plantsin a quartermile stretch along the base of he cliffs onone of the sites.UNPShas recently entered into an agreementwith th eUS. orest Service to obtain and report Held data onthree rare plants growing in the Logan Canyon area. Thethree species are Primala mnguirel.Musineon lineccre andErigeron croTUfuistH.. cronquistfl.family - Asteraceae. is asmall perennial aster that grows Inrock crevicesIncliffson the north side ofcanyons in the fir and sprucecommunity. It Is potentiallya hreatened plant due to Itsecologicallyand geographicallyrestricted habitat

Threatened and Endangered Species ConferenceAndrew BoyackThe annual conference on threatened and endangeredplant species was held May 6 and 7 at Bullfrog Basin onLake Powell Inthe Glen Canyon National Recreation Area.Representativesfrom many federaland state agencies,state colleges,universitiesand conservationorganizationsattendedas did a numberofofficers and members of heUNPS. The meetingwas organized by DuaneAtwood,regional botanist for the US. orest Service. Jim Holland.of the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area hosted themeeting and served asmoderator.Much of the conferencewas devoted to discussionof theongoing efforts of ederal agencies to map and classifythevegetationofUtah, particularly areaswithin the NationalParks. Dr. *ball Harper, botanist from BYU, describedhis work Inmapping the vegetation In Zion National Park.Detailed data is being obtained from one twentieth acreplots established at section comers.Additional samplingsites are selected to represent hanging garden and seepcommunities. Where necessary,the study section Is offsetto avoid extreme terrain. The information gathered isbeing used to establish a computerized data base at BYU.The datawill be accessible for further study.

vegetation communities ofCapitol ReefNational Park aaccompanied the informationwith slides. Areas in thepark are being classified by dominant communities sucas bristle cone pine. black brush, pinion/juniper, saltbush and riparian and by geographic/geologicalfeaturIncluding elevation,exposureand substrate. Populationof sensitive plants:Toiunsendiaoprica,GQiacoespitosuh ~ h m - . ~ b - # dFedSocactuswtnfcleri.are being Inventoried.Joel Tuhy. rom the Nature Conservancydescribedhelicopteraccess o pristine and relict mesas alongtheColoradoRiver. T h e relict areas were grazed by sheep acattleprior to the fillingof ake Powell behind GlenCanyon Dam but are now Inaccessible. Informationgained should provide interesting comparisons with arewhich have been conttauoudygrazed during the sameperiod. Questions were raised during the meeting abouthe "lakeeffect"ofLake Powell on the climate andvegetation ofareasbordering thelake.Ken Holland showed slides of several rare plants growinin theGlen Canyon National RecreationArea.Heexpressed concern for the Dolea epkavar. flaucscenswhich grows on the site ofa proposed airplane landingstrip at Hall's Crossing on Lake PoweILThe purpose and work of he Center forPlantConservation (CPC)wasdescribed by Donald Falk,executive director ofCPC and by Pam Poulson of he UtStateArboretum, kn affiliateofCPC- Located InMassachusetts, CPC coordinatesthework of rboretaand botanical gardens In theUnited States Inpreservinthreatened and endangered plant species. The Utah StaArboretum, located on the University ofUtah campus iSalt Lake City, Is collaboratingwith CPC on preservatioof everal plant species at present T h e species involvedareArctomecon humflis,Phacella argolacea. Primulamaguimf,Pedlocactusdespuinfi and TownsendiaaprkaThreatened and endangered plants, federally listed orproposed forUsting in 1988,were discussed by LanyEngland of the FWSwith Input from a numberof theother meetingparticipants.See theStatus Summary inthis issue of Sego U y .(Ed. Note: Additional articleswill appear Inthis andsubsequent Issues ofSego LUy as the Information Isforwarded from the presenters. If the presenter falls tosubmit a s~un rna iyfthe presentation given I'll takemybest shot at reporting the presentations frommy notes.Presenters, please send summary materialor relatedarticlesas soon aspossible.)

Ken Heil spoke on the mapping and classificationof


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UNPS Sefo LilvC /O Usa McClanahanP.O. Box 8087Salt Lake City. Utah 84108

Return Postage GuaranteedAddress Correction Requested

US. ostageSalt Lake City. UtahPERMIT No.327

Pick AWild BunchTheUtahWildflower poster is off the press and ready togo. Twenty eight full color, life-size Illustrations of flowersnative to Utahwill be presented on a large 2 3 y 34"pster ready for framing.The poster combhes thebotanically accurate artworkofDavid Gardnerandcalligraphic labeling, resulting in a posterofwhich theUtah Native Plant Societycan be proud.Send flowers to a friendwith a Utah WUdflower poster ormake copies ofyour order form and et friends order theirown lowers.Posters can be ordered for$10.00per poster plus $1S Oto coverpostage and handling-Orderyour posters from:

Utah NativePlantSocietyP.O. Box 520041Salt Lake City. Utah 84152-0041

Membership Applicationi ewMember 0 Renewal UGiftName

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U Student/Senior ...................... 5.00..............................Individual $ 10.00a Family ..................................$ 15.00a upporting............................ 30.00..............................orporate $ 30.00 and-D fe ..-**..-....................-*..............200.00to the above individual.

Pleaseendoseacheck,payable o~tahNattrePlantSociety, nsend tt to:RamRxilsen.treasurer,UtahNativeRantSocietyP.O. Box520041SdtLate tty. Utah 84152-0041

(Ifyouprcfcrnotocut thisoutofyourSegoISf, fed free to cothememboshipionnorsfanptywrite hehfonnationdownandmall itwithpaymentforthecateigaryofmembership.)


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When, Where, What Vol. 11 No.3 August 1988August 25ThursdayCancelled

Salt Lake Chapter MeetingLoud sighs and lamentationsare inorder, the summer'sdrought canbeblamed for cancellationof he pre-mushroom hunt meeting and themushroomhunt as well. Dr. Andersonreports no sign ofquarry for themushroom hunt and ittle chance ofmushrooms even ifAugust is quiterainy. So the As-NearIy-Annual-As-Possible Mushroom Hunt won't beheld this year.

September 10 UNPS PlantsaleSaturday Now for some good news, the annual9:00 .rn.to native plant sale will take place on2:00 .m. the second Saturday In September.Mucreek Gardens Nursery is againgraciouslyproviding space for thesale.Millcreek Gardens s located at3500 South 900 East, on the westside of the street.

September s an excellent time toplant natives and let them settle in.We will havean extensive selectionof native trees, shrubs and flowers.mostlywell established plants tngallon cans.P.S. If you could help with th e plantsale. even for an hour or two, callDave Okelbeny (968-6190).t's anopportunity to meet othernativeplant enthusiasts and you don'tneed to be an expert to help out.October8 Utah GeologicalAssociationSaturday CentralWasatch Range Field Trip8:00 ..m. The rip is geared for naturalistsandto 6:30p.m. non-geologists. I t begins with a a shortoverview of the geologyof the centralWasatch Range by Frank DeCourten.Travel by bus will take participantsto stopsalong the Wasatch Fault andu p Big and Little CottonwoodCanyons. The trip includes a ride upthe tram at Snowbird and concludes

with the activities of the GrandOctoberfest at Snowbird prior toreturning to Salt Lake.Cost of thetrip is $14.00 per person and

advance registration Is required.To make reservations or formoreinformation, call 58 1-683 - days or363-1412 -evenings.

Wild Bunch Captivates UtahWhile too early to predict a econd printing, thewildflower poster Is selling faster than even the postercommittee had foreseen. The combination ofbotanicalaccuracy and eye-pleasing rtistry has made the posterpopular with wtldflower enthusiasts and art lovers. Many,having received a irst poster, have ordered more.It's gratifyingto those ofus who took part in draining th esociety's funds for this venture that the sales are goingwell. Natural history associations at two ofUtah'snational parks have quadrupled the number of postersordered with their second purchases.A couple of framingshopshave sought us out after framing our poster fortheir clients.And.while such sales are extremely pleasingand even complimentary, wholesale distribution does notproduce as much revenue for UNPS projects as do retailsails to individuals.Reticently, lastMay, I approached friendsand co-workersabout buying a poster. The posters were enthusiasticallyreceived. Before seeing the postermany contacts werelukewarm, after seeing the poster these individuals oftenbought two.One friend whose father made a frame forherposter lost th e whole works to hermother and had to buyanother copy. Walking down a hallway at work with aframed poster In hand, was accosted by a strangerwanting to knowwhere to buy the poster. They are nothard to sell. Other UNPS members have had the samesort of experience but there are too few members involvedin selling posters, and those few have nearly exhaustedtheir contacts.


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How can you help? First, if you haven'tbought one, do, fnot for yourself then as a gift for a flower-lovingfriend.Secondly, approachevery friend, teacher and co-workerwho has ever admired a wildflower in your presence. Ifyou are too shy for the direct approach,hang your posterat home or at work and let people ask where you got it.Our goalIs 600 retail poster sales this year. We are athird of heway there, but our best season (summer)ispassing quickly. Posters can be ordered by mail. bysending $10.00plus $1 SO forpostage and handling to:

Utah Native Plant SocietyP.O. Box 520041Salt Lake City, UT84152-0041Posters are also available through th e StateArboretum ofUtah on theUniversityofUtah campus.

T h e mountain meadows ofUtah present changing floralscenes throughout their growing season. Glacier lllles,spring beauties and marsh marigolds predominate inspring (May and June], sky pilot, columbine,bluebells.Indian paintbrush and hackelia in midseason. shading tofleabanesand seneclos at the end of the season.Our July 16 field trip found the Albion Basin In fullmidseason bloom. With the able directionof Beverly*\Ibee.Pam Poulson and Dave Wallace, we traversed theCecret Lake trail studying the vegetation ofdiversehabitats found In the area. Along the streamswere brooksaxifrage, shooting star. MfmulusguttatusandM i m u I u ~ewis0. On he moist tree shaded slopeswerea variety of plants Including polemonium, columbine,hackella. Indian paintbrush, bluebells, penstemonslupines and delphinium. On he rocliy slopes higher upthe train were luesia, sulphur newer, ow l clover, whitegllla, pussytoes and pennycress. All told. our botanistsidenWed more than seventy species ofplants inbloom.We wanted to find the Primdaparryi but it seemed to belissing from it s usual locations. Howard Albee finallylocated a ew plants In the cliffs adjacent to the CecretLake approach. The plant, as DaveWallace pointed out.looks somewhat like a arger edition ofthePr im&mqguireiwhich UNPS has been studying InLoganCanyon. It has a similar red-lavenderflowerand basal'.saves though the eaves are much larger.,+ lpine Flora Subject ofJune Meeting,I idrew BoyackDr. Shaw. professor emeritus of Utah State University.spoke of alpine flora at our June 23meeting. The alpinee wironment, according to Dr. Shaw, is characterized byspecial conditions, among them, low temperature, short

growing seasonsand harsh winters which shape thegrowinghabits of alpine plants.Alpine conditions exishigh elevations In the tropics and at successively loweelevations at higher latitudes. 10.000 feet in Utah. 7.0feet at th e Canadian border and at sea level Inthe arc"Alpine"s often thought ofas the ecosystem aboveUmberllne.Plants adapt to the dpine conditions in a ascinatingvariety ofways which Dr. Shawdescribed anddemonstrated with slides. To conserve heat. plants aresmall and grow close to the ground, often in tightbunches. Plants develop rapidly to take advantageof hshort growing season.The krumholtz form ofalpine firan example ofadaptation to cold. wind and snow. Thebristlecone pines ofWheeler Peak are another exampleadaptation.Alpine plants are versatile and ough but t h e ecosystemin which they exist is fragile. QuotingDr. Shaw,We hareceived a most marvellous gift from the alpine flora anIt is now a challenge to preserve this gift."Uintas Explored on Field TripAndrew BoyackFlora along Highway 150 in theUhtaswas explored onleisurely field trip, June 25, led by Dave Gardner. PamPoulson andDaveWallace. The geological formationsalong the route offered an interesting contrast asdescribed by Pam Poulson. From Karnas eastward theroad passes through Pennsylvaniansands one andMississippian limestone where the soil is basic. Here arfound the open stands of ponderosa pine (Ptnusponderosa) with snowbush (Ceartothus velutinus)understory. Beyond mllepost 18. the rock formationchanges to Precambrian granite of the Laramlde uplift,typical of the high Uintas. The soil ismore acidic.Ponderosa pine gives way o dense stands of lodgepolepine Phus contorts).Above 8,000 eet the forestbecomes predominantly subalpine flr (Abies lastocorpCFlowers Inbloom in th e meadows below Bald Mountainwere primarily marsh marigold (Cdthakptosepa4.glacier Illy {Erythronium grmdi/Iorum)and springbeauty (C lay onia ionceolu4 interspersedwithshooting star (DodecathempauciftoruirH, elephant'shead Ped icuIonS groedandicaland mountain bluebel( M e w a ciliata). It Isnoteworthy that Polemonfumfoltosissimum so abundant at higherelevations in theWasatch, is strangelylacking In this area of the Uh t a s .


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Welcome New MembersI don't have a ist that separates new members fromrenewals this time around so IOU Just extend our sincereappreciation to all dues paying members.Your continuedinterest in UNPS enables us o work actively forthepreservation and propagation of native plants in Utah.

Melinda Mcllwaine, SaltLakeDave Anderson, Salt LakeDesma H. Galway, Salt LakeAlah Griffin.SandyDanielle Paterson, Salt LakeShellyJulander, LaytonPaula Graham. Salt LakeDebra Hand. South JordanNeil Fttshknecht, ProvoRose Marie Pendelton, ProvoTom Roberts, Salt LakeJeanne Marie LeBer, SaltLakeL.E.Horton, PleasantViewSusan Crook,LoganDonald Barr, Lake Oswego, OregonConnie Lundberg, SandyDavid Humphrey. LoganSharon Loomis,LaytonDebra Lynn Hanni. Salt LakeDaniel F.Baker. Salt LakeJohn Veranth.Salt LakeMargaret McClelIand, Park CityRuth Dksel. Salt LakePatricia Lorenzo,Park City

Special thanks for cornrnittmentand generosityin theform ofa donation in excess of egular dues go to AliceStokes of Logan.Additional contributionsgo a long wayin funding special projects such as the dwarf bearclawpoppy study.

Grea t Basin National Park Field TripRobert FittsT h e plant communities in the mountains seem veryIn ima te after driving across the expanded valley floors ofthe Great Basin. T h e UNPS group camped near the10,000oot level on the flank ofWheeler Peak. Close tothe alpine beauties, but not far from the dry areas of helower slopes. The campground was filled with starwort,shooting star and arnica.The trail to the top ofWheeler Peak offered sights ofwetmeadows, and spruce forest with a weasel, deer morecurious than fearful, and many birds to liven the stagese t with trees and flowers.A mat of alpine flowerswelcomes you to the tundra of the peak. The wind blew sohard that t h e human guests had to adopt the ways of theground-huggingalpine plants to keep from being blownaway. This only brings you closer to the rich Ifttle carpetsofmoss campion, phlox and sky pilot.

Glacial moralns around the peak are the setting of theancient bristlecone pines. The excitement ofseeing thesphotogenic trees was made somberby he visit to theoldest hown tree. cut down aspart of a scientificstudyIt seemed UIce a visit to the ombofa fallen hero. W e mea California couplewhose personal cult also Included ayearly pilgrimage tothe ancient tree site.Using plant keysproved exasperating to those who triedto learn all of the plant names, butrewardingwhenspecies characteristicswere mastered.Near Stella Lakewas a meadow jeweled with red sedumand pygmy bitter root.What relaxation to be close to thearoundwith al l the thy plants.Following the stream down from the campground realtywanned up the group, going from the spruce forest to thgardens of cactus and sego lilies of the lower hills. TheIndian potatoes andwild onions were enjoyed by some,while others enjoyed the Howersvisually,meadowsofthemnopsisandbog orchids. streamsideviews ofmonkshood and cardamine, and dry flatswith Indianpaintbrush, penstemon and scarlet gilia. Dave Wallacehad a watermelon -waiting at the bottom for all, cooling ofor a trip through LehmanCaves. Jo Stolhand stopped otheway home to find a pile offossils.Including her firsttrilobites.Thiswas a ripwewould have hated to miss.

Editor'sNote: The following article isan extensionof theremarks by Donald Falk at the AnnualThreatened andEndangeredSpecies Conference held earlier thisyear. It isreprinted bypermissionof he author from the NaturalAreas Jottmal,April 1988:Volume 8, Number2EndangeredPlant Co-tbn Mamghg for D b d t yDonaldA Falk and Linda R McMahanIntroduction: he past century Is vivid evidenceof thehuman tendency to "liveas if tomorrowwill never come."We areawakening from th e pleasantdream of unlimitedresources o find ourwildlands disappearing along withth e animalsand plants inhabiting them. Only slowly arewemaking the necessary societal commitment to setaside natural areasand to learn how tomanage them. Athe species level the problemisno less formidable;about3000 of the approximately25,000 species, subspecies, orvarieties ofplants native to the United States are at riskof extinction in the wild. For an estimated200 pecies,we are oo late: they are alreadyextinct Otherspeciessurvive n cultivation, but their native habitats are gone.It is under these circumstancesthat botanic gardens findthemselves becoming partnerswith those who conserveour natural heritage. Botanicgardens have many skills


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to lend to the effort including knowledge of plantpropagationand growth, research acilities,and: dicated staff. Techniques such as cryogenicseed: torage. tissue culture niicropropagation,and Isoenzymeanalysis may seem like methods ofthe future. but suchtools will be an essentialpart of the conservationrepertoire Ifwe are o ensure the survivalof rare plantsI nd plant communities Inthe United States. Asmnservationist,we believe that tomorrow reallywillxne..,n verview of cooperationbetween onslte and offsitenatural resource management is given in. an earlierarticle in the NaturalAreas Journal. This article providesspecific examples ofhow botanic gardensare helping toconserve rareplants, especially through the auspicesofthe Center for Plant Conservation (CPC) The CPC'sprogram is aimed at encouraging botanic gardens tolevelop cohesive conservation projects. The program ispart ofan overall goal of integrated conservationstrategies,which incorporate site protection,habitatmanagement,and offsite backupand research. Webelieve that such Integrated strategies are ultimately themost effective approach to preventingextinction.t'he Center for Plant Conservation: Founded ta 1984.[h eCPC is the first private conservation organization nthe world dedicated to offsite germplasm conservation ofthe nation's rare flora. I t s network includes nineteenregional botanical gardens and arboreta, each with astrong commitment to plant conservation. TheCPC'sibjective is to create offsite germplasm collections(collectionsofseeds, living plants, tissue culture,pollen,and other plant material containing genetic information)of rare and endangered native plants in each region of theUnited States, so that there will be at least one site whereany endangered species can be safelygrown to ensuresurvival. Methods Include collection and propagation,seed storage, maintenance of living plants in cultivation.m d research on reproduction and growth. Collectionsare designed to represent the genetic composition of thewild populations to the greatest extent feasible. The.oUecUonsthus act as a esource for the future.peclficdy for research nto the plants' reproduction andiology or for carefully planned reintroductions Intolathe habitats. Throughout the process the CPC worksJosefywith other plant conservation professionals,bothin identifying the highest priority taxa for offsite:omemation and indevelopingstrategy for offsite(errnplasrncollection.\. basic part of the CPC's mission is to cooperate withagenciesmanagingwild populationsand their habitat.'the old dichotomy of "insitu versus ex situ" s dissolvinggradually as evidence accumulates that cooperativeirograrns can be more successfulthan any single methodpplled alone. This trend toward integratedconservationdmtegiesmay represent one of the most significant

4 ievelopments In conservation methodology.Current Cooperationsin Endangered SpeciesManagement: Following are examples of how botanicgardens and arboreta are carrying out plant conservationefforts in th e United States today. Activities range fromactive management ofnatural areas to seekinginformationon conservationpriorities. Many oftheexamples cited in this article predate the CPC. r haveproceeded independently of its efforts; no mplication ismade that all the cited projects are associatedwith CPCat the present time.

Management ofNatural Areas: Botanical gardens oftenmanage large tracts of land. It Is not surprising,therefore, o learn that rare species have been identifiedon and owned by several botanical gardens. Othergardenshave contracts to managelandsor species notunder their direct control.BokTower Gardens in central Floridadiscovered two rarspecieson their 12-ha 30-acre)nature preserve whileconducting a survey in 1985. The extremely rareclasping warea, Warea umpteXt/Mta,occurs in only a ewother locations. Additionally, botanists found nearlytwenty scrub plums, Prunusgenteuiata. Both species arfound only in centralFlorida's scrub pine habitats. Aspart of theCPCs program, Bok Tower collected seedsfrom the natural populations and is maintainingcultivated populations. The CPC's scientificAdvisoryCouncil approved the plans for maintaining separatecollections but cautioned against growing plants fromother populations of either species at Bok Tower so as notoaffect the genetics of the wild populationsfound closeby. In addition to land owned directly. Bok TowerGardens manages the nearbyTiger CreekPreserve or thFlorida Field Office of The Nature Conservancy,which Ishabitat to severalrare Florida species.Another example is thePacific Tropical Botanical GardeinKauai, Hawaii, which owns several natural areas onKauai and other islands. One area near Kona on heisland ofHawaii Is home to several rare plants. IncludingKokid drynarioIdes, NothocestrwnbrevIflorum, Dracuenahawatiensis.and Colubrinaopposit#Ala.T h e Denver Botanic Gardens manages three off-siteproperties. including the 8-ha (20-acre)WalterS. Reedsite Inthe montanezone of Upper Bear Creek Canyon inthe F'ront Range, the 65-ha (160-acre) Mt. Goliath AlpineUnit on the slopes of Mount Evans. and the 283-ha (700acre)Chatfleld Arboretum In Jefferson County, outhwesof Denver. Together these three sites provideopportunitiesfor field research and education,Inadditionto being significant natural areas Intheir own right.RecommendingTarget Species: Developing a programInvolves establishmentofpriorities. Since the CPC'sprogram has a national scope, t Is important todetermine clear criteria for selecting target projects in anygivenyear. The CPC's approach has been to integrateexisting national endangerment rankingswith other datacollected specUlcalIyfor and by the center. The publishedlistings of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife SErrice In theFederal Registerare a basic source, as are theglobalranks assigned byThe Nature Conservancy. Thequestion Is how to select the most important plants forcollectionand research In any@en year from this datase t ofmore than 5100 listings. To aid answering thisquestion, the CPC has been conductinga national surveyof 120 regional botanists, askingthem to identify speciesthat may be facing extinction in tenyears or less. Morethan 200 plants have been Identified as this dose oextinction: these taxa naturallywill have the highestpriorityfor the CPC program in the coming years.Conservation Collections : everal examples in thisarticle describe conservationefforts that could proceedonly because plants had been collected previously andestablishedin a permanent living collection (see thedescriptionsof projects for Kokia coakei, andArctostaphybs uua-ursivar. leobreweri). For this reason,the establishment of offsite conservation collections is the


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primary focus of the CPC's efforts.Conservationcollections that provide some Insuranceagainst total extinctionmaynow be foundat botanicgardens n all parts of the United States. Extremelyrareplants such asPeter's mountainmallow (Iliomnacord),runningbuffalo clover [Trtfolfum stcHoniferum),Texassnowbells (Styrox teJcona), Knowlton'scactus(PedtocuctuskmwttonIQ, ennesseepurple condowerEchinacea terwwsseensis), Florida torreya (TorreyatcudJotio),and the blowout penstemon (Penstemonhaydeny are protected in permanentUvtog collectionsorfn eed banks. Such collectionsare most effectivewhenthey are maintained aspart ofa coordinated,comprehensiveprogram such as that ofthe Center forPlant Conservation.Endangeredspecies can be maintained at botanicgardens orIn seedbanksfor long periods of time.although long-term maintenancecan present formidabletechnical, scientific,andinstitutional difficulties. One ofthe basic roles of the Center for PlantConservation is toencouragehstitutional commitment to consemtlonprograms, alongwith providing technical and financialassistance.The first instance ofan American speciessaved fromextinction through conservation collection was th eFranklin tree. Franklfnia alataniaha. T h e re e wasextirpated from its only known wild location inGeorgtainth e late nineteenth centurybut exists today In manycultivated collections. One such collectionis atTheArnold Arboretum ofHarvard University: the large shrubsIn the collection areprobably geneticallyclose to thoseonce occurring In the wild.Severalplants face Imminent extinctionIn thewild withlittle orno hope of saving their natural habitats. In suchcases offslte conservationcollectionsmay offer theonlyhope forperpetuationofmany species. ConservedgermplasmwlU be available for reestablishmentIn o th ewild Ifand when suitable circumstances develop.Following are examples ofthreeHawaiian conservationcollections.A single tree in a degradedhabitat Is all that remains ofthe palm, Pritshardiu mumit . Although the plantproduces seeds proIlflcaUy,both the seeds and seedlingsare consumed by domestic andwild animals, preventingseedling establishment Seeds from this lone survivorhave been collected andarebeing grown at theWaimeaArboretum and Botanical Garden.Also grown atWaimea Is a rare mallow, Hibtecusbrackera-ldgeivar. mofeuteino. Most wild plants in thistaxon alreadyhave disappeared from known sites. Theone emaining population is insuch poor condition thatWaimea's director. Keith WooUiains, estimates that It willonly survive for one or two more years. Botanistsaresearchingfor additional populations but sofarhave beenunsuccessful. Meanwhile, Walmea has collectedpropagules from the current site and alreadyhas materialfromanotherlocation,now extirpated.Another plant grown at Walrnea isCwkei kokla. Kokiacook& This tree. now extinct in the wild, bears beautifullarge red flowers. Before the tree became extinct in thewild, Waimea collected cuttings and established acultivatedpopulation. Only seven trees remain of thespecies, all In cultivationat the arboretum.

Rescue and Mitigation: When efforts to save apopulationin he wild fall, salvageof the plants Issometimesstfflpossible. Few biologists feel that salvagefforts are likely to conserve a pecies in thewild, sincespecific habitat requirements may be lacking Inthe sitetowhich they are moved. The shock of transplantationan d establishment canfurther threaten the urvival ofIndividual plants. Nonetheless, where extremelyrarespecies are concerned t is better to retain living plantsat al l possible. Several recent examples of salvage andtransplantationwill show how the process works.Barrett's penstemon,Penstemon boareWae, s a beautifrareplant endemic to h e Columbia River Gorge. Onerecently discovered population grewon a cliff near heBonnevllle Dam. TheCorps ofEngineers (COE)hadscheduleda new navigation lock before the plants werediscovered,and no site alternative for the lockexisted.Since the species I s not listed under the U.S.EndangerSpeciesAct, the COE was under no obligationtoprotecth e site or the species. But the Corps of Engineersproposed that cuttings of the plants be taken forincorporationinto garden beds on the dam property. TBerry Botanic Garden in Portland, Oregon, undertook tprojects, whichwas paid for by the COE and aided byvolunteers). In May 1967 and March 1988 the plants(progenyby cuttings from the original population)weretransplanted into the prepared beds. Additionally,planwere reestablished onone naturd rock face that hadbeen spared blasting. Backup cuttingsand seeds alsoaremaintainedat the Be n y Garden to help preserve thegene pool of this particular popuIatfon-Anotherexampleis the Florida goldenaster, CbysopstsJlorictano.In 198Bok Tower Gardens in central Florida collected seed ofthis species from a site thatwas slated for residentialdevelopment The parks departments orseveral nearbcountieswere Interested In the species. BokTowerGardens supplied more t

1988 Utah Native Plant Society Annual Compliations

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