1980’s, 90’s, 2000’s, 10’s Fixed Target vs. Colliders w/ calculuspeople.physics.tamu.edu/kamon/teaching/phys823wcu/... · 2011-10-06 · 1 Tevatron (Lecture 05) y1ñ0Î Ï

11

Tevatron(Lecture 05)

PHYS 823

2

1980’s, 90’s, 2000’s, 10’s

33

Fixed Target vs. Colliders

Energy E

FixedTarget Center of Mass Energy

mEs 2�

Energy E Energy E Es 2�

Head-On Collision

ultrarelativistic limit

� Compare protons @ 1 TeV:� Fixed Target: ECM = 43 GeV Collider: ECM = 2000 GeV

� Big advantage for colliders! � Most efficient use of beam energy for physics!� Challenge to get a high collision rate to look for interesting (rare) processes

� Fixed target still essential for secondary beams: antiprotons, kaons, �’s, �’s

Fi dw/ calculus

4

Model of Accelerator� Accelerating device + magnetic field to bring it back to accelerate

again

+ =

55 Hadron Collisions at the Tevatron and the LHC

1976 …

66

7

UUA1 and UA2 at SSppS

ZZ in 1987W in 1982

_11984

8

CERN Courier (July/August 2009)

Hadron Collisions at the Tevatron and the LHC 9

11985 ~ 1995 1985

Pencil and ruler?

10

11985. 10.13: First pp Collisions_

Run 493 Event 11

Run 493 Event 15

11 12

1994

13

1995 1995443 candidates

from 3.4x1012 collisionsDiscovery of Top in 1995

14

15 16

VVery Heavy Top

17

TTop Views

18

NNailing Down TOPs

2011

119

M�Small

Tevatron

01�� ~~ ��

LHC

h

�� A

20

Proving SUSY World

2011.09.30 before 2 pm

221

7:58 am 8:43 am

2011.09.30 at 2 pm

222

2011.09.30 after 2 pm

223 224

25Hadron Collisions at the Tevatron and the LHC

Hadron Colliders

Teruki KamonPHYS 809-01

Taken from slides by Ron Moore, Paul Derwent, Mike Syphers (FNAL) (April 2005)Modified/updated by Teruki Kamon for PHYS 627 (TAMU) and PHYS 809 (KNU)


AA little bit of Einstein…� RRecall the well-known equation:

� Measure energy in “electron volts” = eV

(1 eV ��x 10�19 Joule)

� Measure mass in units of eV/c2…

(1 eV/c2 ��x 10�36 kg)

� …but often use units where c � 1,

so mass can also be measured in eV

� For a moving particle:

� Total Energy = Rest Energy + Kinetic Energy

� Ultra-relativistic: >> 1 can neglect rest mass

2222 )()( mcpcmcE � �

2mcE �

211�

�

� cv

��

22 1 mc)(mcE � �


FFixed Target vs. Colliders


FFixed Target vs. Colliders

Energy E

FixedTarget Center of Mass Energy

mEs 2�

Energy E Energy E Es 2�

Head-On Collision

ultrarelativistic limit

� Compare protons @ 1 TeV:� Fixed Target: ECM = 43 GeV Collider: ECM = 2000 GeV

� Big advantage for colliders! � Most efficient use of beam energy for physics!

� Challenge to get a high collision rate to look for interesting (rare) processes

� Fixed target still essential for secondary beams: antiprotons, kaons, �’s, �’s

29

TTevatron iin 2010� TTevatron discovered top in

1995

� 880 times more data sincethe discovery. No newparticles to explain thedark matter …

� Why? Apparently we didnot get high enough inenergy� All the fun stuff must be

happening at a bit higherenergies

� LHC: next large step


MModel of Accelerator� AAccelerating device + magnetic field to bring it back to

accelerate again

+ =


CControlling Charged Particles


AAccelerator Components


AA little bit more about acceleration …


MMy Daughter’s Image


LLuminosity� LLuminosity is a measure of the collision rate in a

ccollider� Units : cm- 2 s-1

� 110-24 cm2 = 1 barn; 1032 cm- 2 s- 1 = 360 nb- 1/hr

� Goal at Tevatron 4.0 1032 cm- 2 s- 1

� Goal at LHC 1033 cm- 2 s- 1

� Goal at LHC (future) 5 1034 cm- 2 s- 1


Luminosity

221

4��NN

fL �sizebeamis

beameachinparticles#arefrequencycollisionis

21

�

NNf

,

� The beam area is products of accelerator properties and of beamproperties


HHigher Luminosity� TTo reach higher luminosity…

� More beam � May be hard…Tevatron needs more antiprotons

� Higher collision frequency (more bunches)� Not for Tevatron – will keep using 36 bunches of protons and

antiprotons

� Smaller beam� Tevatron beams are ~30 m wide at interaction points� Linear colliders have nm size beams

� All can be hard to achieve due to instabilities that may develop

� Want high luminosity to study rare processes� Luminosity Cross Section = Event Rate� e.g., 1 1032 cm-2 s- 1 10 pb = 3.6 events/hr


LLiivingston CCuurve

39 Hadron Collisions at the Tevatron and the LHC 40

TTevatronA unique place to produce high-intensity & high-energyanti-protons ….

Tevatron

Tevatron (proton-antiproton collider)

(USA, near Chicago)

1

6.3 km ringCenter-of-mass energy= 2 TeV

41 Hadron Collisions at the Tevatron and the LHC 42

WWhere is the FFermilab??


LLooking Down on the Fermilab Accelerator Complex

CDF

D0

~5 mi.


CClosely Looking Down on the Fermilab

1 kmMain Injector

Tevatron

Wilson Hall

Accelerator Highest Energy

Cockroft Walton 750 keV

Linac 400 Mev

Booster 8 GeV

Main injector 150 GeV

TEVATRON 980 GeV

2

3

1

45

6

9

7

108


MMachine Energies (c == 1)� Comparing relativistic �, � for electrons and protons at various

energies…

rest mass

Machine KE � �Cockroft-Walton 750 keV 0.926794588 2.47 0.707389304 1.00

FNAL Linac 400 MeV 0.999999186 784 0.818829208 1.43

FNAL Booster 8 GeV 0.999999998 15657 0.994538328 9.53

Main Injector 150 GeV 1 293543 0.999980691 161

ILC 500 GeV 1 978475 0.999998247 534

Tevatron 980 GeV 1 1.918E+06 0.999999543 1046

LHC 7 TeV 1 1.761E+07 0.999999995 9596

VLHC? 100 TeV 1 1.957E+08 1 106611

electron511 keV

proton938 MeV

1 keV = 103 eV 1 MeV = 106 eV 1 GeV = 109 eV 1 TeV = 1012 eVMass of top quark ��


HHi--rrise Building

•25 keV H� ion source

•750 keV Cockcroft-Walton accelerator


CCockcroft--WWalton

•25 keV H�� ion source

•750 keV Cockcroft-Walton accelerator


H� ions

Linac

�Accelerate H� ions to 400 MeV�116 MeV Alvarez linac (201.25MHz)

�400 MeV side-coupled cavity linac (805 MHz)


BBooster

Booster: 8 GeV Synchrotron�Runs at 15 Hz

�Stripper foil at injection removeselectrons from H�� ions

�Accelerates protons from 400MeV to 8 GeV

�Most protons (>75%) goingthrough Booster are delivered toMiniBoone (eventually NuMI)


MMain Injector & Recycler Ring

Main InjectorRecycler


MMain Injector (MI)� RReplaced Main Ring (formerly in Tevaron tunnel)

� Higher repetition rate for stacking pbars� Simultaneous stacking and fixed target running

� Many operating modes� Pbar production: ~ 6-7 x 1012 120-GeV protons to pbar target

� “Slip-stacking” – merge two booster batches of beam on 1 MI ramp cycle

� “Tevatron protons/pbars”:� Accelerate 8 GeV to 150 GeV� Coalesce 7-9 proton bunches at 90% eff into “270-300 x 109 proton” bunch� Coalesce 5-7 pbar bunches at 75-90% eff into “20-80 x 109 antiproton” bunch

� Transfer 8-GeV protons/pbars to the Recycler� Provide protons for neutrino production

� 8-GeV protons for MiniBoone� 120-GeV protons for NuMI

� 120-GeV protons to Switchyard (fixed target area)


Debuncher

Accumulator

Debuncher & Accumulator

Two rings


PPbar ((Antiproton) Source

� (1) > 6 x 1012 120-GeV protons per pulse strike Ni target every 2-3 sec; (2) Li lens (740 Tesla/m) collects negative secondaries; (3) Pulsed dipole “PMAG” bends pbars down AP-2 line to Debuncher

� �� (14-18) x 10�6 pbars/proton on target

� Pbars “debunched”, cooled briefly in Debuncher prior to Accumulator


~~30x1010 Pbar/hr


PPbar ((Antiproton) Source� SStack rate ~30x1010 Pbar/hr� Depending on stack size; Limited by stochastic cooling systems in

Accumulator

� Transverse beam size increases linearly with stack size -

That’s a drawback…

� In a really good 24 hour period, nearly 720 x 11010 Pbars(MPbar ��x 110-24 g) can be accumulated.

� Pbar Production Rate = 12 x 110-12 g/day

� 230 million years to make 1 g of antimatter!


TTevatron OOverview� Proton-pbar collisions (Ebeam = 980 GeV)� Revolution time ~ 21 ��s� Virtually all of the Tevatron magnets are

superconducting (Cooled by liquid helium, operate at 4 K)

� 150 GeV beams are injected from MI� Protons injected from P1 line at F17; Pbars injected from A1 line at E48

� 36 bunches of proton and pbars circulate in same beam pipe, but separated by “electrostatic separators”

� 3 trains of 12 bunches with 396 ns separation (see the next page)� 2 low � (small beam size) intersection points (CDF and D0)� 8 RF cavities (near F0) to keep beam in bucket, acceleration

� 1113 RF buckets (53.1 MHz � 18.8 ns bucket length)Hadron Collisions at the Tevatron and the LHC 58

PProton Bunch Positions3 trains of 12 bunches with 396 ns separation

P1

P12P13

P24P25 P36


PProtons and PPbars aat HEP

Proton bunches

Collide @ CDF

Collide @ D0

P1-P12 A25-A36 A13-A24P13-P24 A1-A12 A25-A36P25-P36 A13-A24 A1-A12

P25~P36


PProton--PPbar CCollision Point

Collaboration MeetingSeptember 28-30, 2011

Giovanni and Rob

Collaboration Meeting Schedule• Sep. 28: Workshop Day

– Higgs workshop: 9:00 - 4:30 (Bld. 327)– Top workshop: 10:00 - 4:30 (Theater)– Flavor workshop: 12:00 - 4:30 (Tr. 163-G)– QCD workshop: 2:00 - 4:30 (Pump room)

• Sep. 29: Plenary 1– 8:30 - 5:00 (Bld. 327)– 6:00 - Executive Board meeting (Connect via 85EB/8532)

• Sep. 30: Plenary 2– 8:30 - 12:00 (Building 327)– 1:45 - Group photo (CDF West High Bay)– 2:00 - start of Tevatron shutdown events

(streaming video in CDF west high bay)– 3:00-5:00 - Lab Party at Wilson Hall– 6:00-10:00 - CDF party at the Users Center

RUN II Luminosity: A Perfect 10

Final dataset close to round numbers: 12 fb-1 delivered - 10 fb-1 collected

Still another record FY11: >2.5 fb-1

Many thanks to AD !

High Efficiency through the end !

Huge thanks to all in operations !

CDF Publication Surge

Exceeded 550 total publications• 46 paper seminars in CY11 so far - that is 1.3 / week.

Recent years 0.8/week• Amazing 13 out of 48 “Wine&Cheese” seminars this year !

8

Higgs progress in one year

CDF result this summer = Tevatron result previous summer

And aiming at doing it again !

First 2-sided limits on Bs→μμ

BR(Bs →μ+μ−) = (1.8 +1.1-0.9)×10-8

• First indication of a legendary FCNC mode

Discover yet another baryon !

Ξb0

Top mass resolution <1GeV

13

A New Landscape

• No further data

• LHC now accumulating data fast

• ATLAS&CMS swept away hi-mass Higgs region

• Most our exotic searches now surpassed

• LHCb claiming lots of measurements previouslyunique to us

14

A New Landscape (2)

• High mass Higgs quite unlikely

• No SUSY in view or other low-hanging NP fruit

• Increased attention to possible Higgs anomalies

• Further progress asks for “precision work”

• Still several important goals for CDF.– Competitive, unique, or legacy measurements

• Physics Workshops yesterday focusing on those -look for the overview talks

15

The Higgs Landscape Today

•Includes LHC results and latest top mass (EPS11) •Peaks where Tevatron has good sensitivity

Complementarity of our Higgs search

•Our Higgs sensitivity in the favored region is driven by b-bbardecay - at LHC, it is WW/gamma-gamma•Looking at both decays very informative on the nature of Higgs

–Especially if none is found•Whatever information we will get on H->b-bbar,it will stay unique for quite some time.

Complementarity of our Higgs search

• Example of anomalous scenario much easier tonail down at Tevatron than LHC:Fermiophobic Higgs.

Other Investigations: Wjj

• Wjj director’s review concluded that CDF and DZeroresults differ by 2.5 sigma (not 4.2)(still could not make methods exactly comparable)

• No further joint work to happen for the moment

Further investigations in CDF

• We started a special subgroup(EKW+Higgs) to reconcile all availableCDF information on dibosons

• Crucial effort, both in itself, and as basisof the low-mass Higgs search

• Increasing statistics makes us moresensitive

• Multiple groups working in parallel - weare confident that our understanding willimprove– See report by H. Wolfe later today

t-tbar asymmetry

• CDF and D0 agree onlarge asymmetry -multiple channels

• Difficult to access at LHC• Source unknown, but

several ways for us toinvestigate further– More data– More distributions– More quarks: b, c…(Innovative flavor-top hybrid

analysis ideas)

Other p-pbar specifics

• Some of our precision asymmetrymeasurements are hard to beat anywhere else

EWK fit

• Our top and W mass measurements crucial• W mass with 2fb-1 progressing well: unblinding

of the Z mass TODAY (see talk by Bo later)

WHAT TO DO FROM OCT 1st• We can finally start producing our final measurements.

They need be of the highest quality as they are our legacy.

• Operations did their part sprinting through the finish line -Now the ball is the analyzersʼ court

• Desire to make the full data sample available ASAP -Normal processing would carry us to early December

• “Period-38 Challenge”: We challenged the offline group todelivering the final sample to analyzers in record time.– See Offline report tomorrow

• “10fb-1 Award” to the authors of the first 10fb-1 publication.(but see the first bullet)

Flavor

2

Physics of matter at its most fundamental level. Deals with masses/mixings of fermions. Origin of mass? Why are masses so different across families? Why are couplings different?...

λ3eiφ

-λ3e-iφ

Flavor is also where CPV occurs. SM has sufficient complexity to accommodate it but says nothing about its origin.

Where do we come from

4

Detectors

Collaborations

Funding

Physics

TevatronDettttectorsB->μμ

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTeevaattttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttrrrrrrrrrooooooooooooonnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnBs mixing frequency D ttttttttt t

CollaborationsBs mixing phase

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuunnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnndddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddiiiiiiiiiiinnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggCharmless Bs

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssiiiiiiiiicccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssPrecision charm

73 papers (..most cited ones..), 50 PhD theses. And counting...

10 resonances discovered

World’s best masses

World’s best lifetimes

Unique Bcstudies

...

Where are we (2011)

6

No NP found. However, discovered a new particle (old physics?)

Very productive 2011. 16 papers (submitted or published). All relevant and with at least four milestone results.

B->K(*)mu mu

7

5.8σ

new for EPSMost complete investigation of angular distributions, generally regarded as rich probe of broad class of NP model.

Sit between SM and Belle’s 2.7sigma claim

arXiv:1107.3753 and 1108.0695

First indication of Bs→μ+μ-

8

2.7σ assuming bck-only hypothesis 0.46×10-8 < Br < 3.9×10-8 at 90% CL (Br = 1.8 +1.1 -0.9 ×10-8 )

new for EPS

arXiv:1107:2304

Lower 90% CL bound slightly higher, but compatible with SM (p-value 1.9%). Also compatible with latest LHC upper bounds.

Most sensitive bin: 0.9±0.5 exp. 4 observed

Ξ0b observation

9

M(Ξ0b) = 5787.8 ± 5.0 ± 1.3 MeV M(Ξ0b) - M(Ξ-b) = 3.1 ± 5.6 ± 1.3 MeV

Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 1002001

new for EPS

25+6-5 evts

6.8σ in Ξc signal range

in Ξc sidebands

2007

The strange beauty of Lukens

10

2007

2007

2008 2009

2011

Where are we going

12

Flagship topics: B->mumu, B->Kmumu, J/psi Phi, B->hh

Will loose leadership on these between now and winter conferences (could’ve been worse)

Ongoing plan: finalize last iteration on each flagship with full 10/fb sample. Get papers (PRD, if possible) written before March.

finish up other ongoing analyses in the meantime

This looks realistic. All groups sufficiently staffed with highly motivated people.

In last year we achieved significant shortening of time gap between blessing and paper submission

Where are we going (cont’d)

13

Need to refocus group goals to keep it active and fully exploit the unique potential of our data

formed a committee to coordinate this effort (Herndon, Wester, Wicklund, Papadimitriou, Appel, Rosner, Lukens, Lewis, Tesarek)

generate ideas on interesting things to do in 2012 and beyond, prioritize them, produce an internal document to serve as a group resource for the future

Prepare tools to be efficiently available in low-manpower mode: improved version of Bsntuples, common generic MC

samples, instructions, documentation

2012 and beyond

14

Highest priority to measurements that are unique to CDF. Rely on ppbar initial state or specific energy (AFB in heavy mesons, inclusive ASL, production phenomenology)

Measurements that are systematics-limited (masses? lifetime ratios? high-precision CPV?)

Measurements that involve new techniques or strategies - can keep us competitive even with lower statistics, and allow intellectual contribution (MC-free lifetimes?)

Neglected topics (Lb ? Baryons?)

Summary

15

Thanks to a small but committed group of fanatics, many quality, high-impact results in flavor in 2011

No new physics so far. But first indication of Bs→μ+μ-

and most complete and precise search for NP in B→K(*)μ+μ-. Also, discovered some old physics.

Impact/legacy go beyond results. It’s amazing how LHC diligently copy our techniques and methods. Intellectual leadership will last even longer than our results.

Working actively to keep producing relevant physics after 2012 and beyond.

1980’s, 90’s, 2000’s, 10’s Fixed Target vs. Colliders w/ calculuspeople.physics.tamu.edu/kamon/teaching/phys823wcu/... · 2011-10-06 · 1 Tevatron (Lecture 05) y1ñ0Î Ï

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