1958, 128, SCIENCE · Editorial and personnel-placement correspond-eachdo ... Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington 5, ... is the pressure for centralized control.

28 November 1958, Volume 128, Number 3335

AMERICAN ASSOCIATIONFOR THE Fiscal

ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Board of Directors The u

WALLACE R. BRODE, President unrestricPAUL E. KLOPSTEG, President Elect search dLAURENCE H. SNYDER, Retiring President amountPAUL M. GROSS he thoutGEORGE R. HARSON research,CHAUNCEY D. LEAE of reseaMARGARET Mxku, earlier fTHOMAs PARK director'MINAREESave a'IWILLIAM W. RUEY have aALAN T. WATE N operatioPAUL A. ScHmn, Treasurer and appDAEL WOLFLE, Executive Officer the char

ing deciilaborato

DAzL WoLPLz, Executive Officer ThisGRAoAm DUSHANx, Editor money a

JOSEPH TURsE, Assistant Editor to takeROBERT V. On~ , Assistant Editor under h

Editorial Board power, iDONALD J. HUGHES H. BURR STEiNBACH In ap

KONRAD B. KRAUSxOPF WILLIAM L. STRAUS, JR. A CongEDWIN M. LEaNER EDWARD L. TATUM Defense

Editorial Staff reviewoSAMAN S. Dus, LUCILE GUINARD, NANCY S. se oflHAMILTON, W ^LL HAsELL, OLVE W. HAT- same ofWOLZ, YUKIE KOZAI, JUDITH B. LEvIN, ELMw offices aE. MURPHY, BETESARE PEDERSEN, MADELINE cussionsSCHNEIDER, NANCY L. TEIMOURIAN, MARIA A. duced dWOLSAK. A ba.

EARL J. SCHERAGO, Advertising Representative to makedecision

SCIENCE, which is now combined with THE levels, tSCIENTIFIC MONTHLY, is published each Fri- performday by the American Association for the Advance made ament of Science at Business Press, Lancaster, Pa.The joint journal is published in the SCIENCE the reseformat. Entered at the Lancaster, Pa., Post Office In aas second clas matter under the Act of 3 March1879. SCIENCE c indexed in the Reader's Guideto Periodical Literature. sisted, a

Editorial and personnel-placement correspond- each doence should be addressed to SCIENCE, 1515 plish aMassachusetts Ave., NW, Washington 5, D.C.Manuscripts should be typed with double spacing of deceiand submitted in duplicate. The AAAS assumes no of Hea:responsibility for the safety of manuscripts or forthe opinions expressed by contributors. For de- exampl(tailed suggestions on the preparation of manu- cently escripts, book reviews, and illustrations, see Science through125, 16 (4 Jan. 1957).

Display-advertiing correspondence should be the Britaddressed to SCIENCE, Room 740, 11 West 42 trial RESt., New York 36, N.Y. ductionCange of address notification should be sent to subts

1515 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington 5, D.C. submits4 weeks in advance. If possible, furnish an address postencil label from a recent issue. Be sure to giveboth old and new addresses, including zone num- Goodbers, if any. strangeAnnual subscriptions: $8.50; foreign postage, road of

$1.50; Canadian postage, 75¢. Single copies, 35¢.Cable address: Advancesci, Washington. foreign

congeni

SCIENCE

I Control of ResearchDiversity scientist, like his department head and his president, valuescted funds that he can use as the changing requirements of his re-letermine. Traditionally he has had such funds, frequently in smallbut with freedom to plan his own research and to alter his plans asght best. Now, however, with the increased cost of many kinds ofl,the changing pattern of research support, and the great amountLrch money coming from the Federal Government, some of thisfreedom has been lost, the comptroller is challenging the researchand there are beginning to be complaints from the campus that

discouragingly familiar ring to one acquainted with governmentins: plans must be submitted in advance so that they can be reviewed)roved at higher administrative levels; if changes become necessary,ages must also be reviewed; decisions-typically negative or curtail-isions-are frequently made by administrators who are far from thery but close to the seat of over-all fiscal responsibility.whole process stems from the fact that where large amounts ofare involved, the "safe" step for each person in the line of authorityis to insist upon reviewing the plans and expenditures of personsis supervision. The resulting multiplicity of reviews is costly in man-in frustration, and in inevitable and sometimes protracted delay.plied or developmental research, these costs can become very great.gressional committee has severely criticized the Department offor a management system that sometimes requires a project to be

d by as many as four parallel offices, as many as three times by thefice, and by a distressingly large number of individuals in differentnd at different administrative levels. A current topic in many dis-of military management is the extent to which this system has pro-langerous delays in the development of new weapons.sic fault with the whole process of multiple review is that authorityc decisions is divorced from the responsibility for carrying out thoseis. Decisions concerning weapon design are made at headquartersbut the contractor must build the weapons and see that they meetiance specifications. Some decisions concerning research plans areLt administrative levels, but the laboratory scientist must carry outmarch.general way, it is probably true that the larger the organization theis the pressure for centralized control. But the pressure can be re-and some administrators have learned that close attention to howliar is spent increases the total number of dollars necessary to accom-given end. Thus some large industries have learned the effectivenessntralizing authority as well as responsibility. The National InstitutesIth and the National Science Foundation provide some excellentLes of minimal review of project plans and changes. Congress re-extended the right to make grants, as opposed to research contracts,lout the research-supporting agencies of government. Farther afield,tish Parliament accepts from the Department of Scientific and Indus-esearch a budget document so slim that it hardly equals the intro-to the budget justification that the National Science Foundationto Congress. (For fiscal 1959 that document weighed three and a

unds.)d business management is essential in universities, but it will beindeed if university research management follows the stultifying

f bureaucratic review and review and review when that road is soUto university traditions and when there are effective and much moreial roads to follow.-D.W.

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SCIENCE, VOL. 1281312

closed ecological system (William T. In-gram, New York University), atmos-pheric contaminants and their control(Gerald J. Duffner, Medical Corps, U.S.Navy).American Psychiatric Association.

Four-session symposium: "Hallucina-tions"; arranged by Louis Jolyon West,University of Oklahoma School of Med-icine; 27 and 28 Dec.

Part I, Milton Greenblatt, Massachu-setts Mental Health Center, presiding.Introduction by Louis Jolyon West.Papers on neurophysiological mechan-isms underlying hallucinations (Edward

V. Evarts, National Institute of MentalHealth), hallucinations and the reticu-lar formation (Arnold B. Scheibel, Uni-versity of California at Los Angeles,Medical School), pharmacodynamics ofhallucinations (Amedeo S. Marrazzi,Veterans Administration Research Lab-oratories in Neuropsychiatry), a com-parison of drug-induced hallucinationswith those seen in spontaneously occur-ring psychoses (Sidney Malitz, NewYork State Psychiatric Institute), a com-parison of the visual hallucinations inschizophrenia with those induced by mes-caline (Irwin Feinberg, National Insti-

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tute of Mental Health), hallucinationsin neurological syndromes (MaitlandBaldwin, National Institute of MentalHealth).

Part II: Panel on "Hallucinations inSensory Deprivation"; Jay T. Shurley,University of Oklahoma School of Medi-cine, moderating. Panel members areEugene L. Bliss, University of UtahMedical School; Philip Solomon, Har-vard School of Medicine; Jack A. Ver-non, Princeton University; WoodburnHeron, McGill University; SanfordFreedman, Massachusetts Mental HealthCenter; Albert J. Silverman, Duke Uni-versity School of Medicine; Harold L.Williams, Walter Reed Army Instituteof Research; and Thomas I. Myers, Hu-man Relations Research Organization.

Part III, Lawrence C. Kolb, ColumbiaUniversity College of Physicians andSurgeons, presiding. Papers on halluci-nations in schizophrenia and their rela-tion to psychic structures (Arnold H.Modell, Massachusetts Mental HealthCenter), hallucinations: comments re-flecting clinical observations (Otto A.Will, Jr., Chestnut Lodge, Rockville,Md.), mechanisms related to the hallu-cinogenic effects of Tarexein (RobertG. Heath, Tulane University MedicalSchool). hallucinations in children(Leon Eisenberg, Johns Hopkins Uni-versity School of Medicine), hypnoti-cally induced hallucinations (MartinOrne, Massachusetts Mental Health Cen-ter), the phenomenology of hallucina-tions (Erwin W. Straus, Veterans Admin-istration Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky).

Part IV, Robert G. Heath, presiding.Papers on tactile hallucinations as a com-munication (James Clarke Moloney,Birmingham, Michigan), the hallucina-tions of the mystic (Edward A. Wein-stein, Department of Mental Health, St.Thomas, Virgin Islands), phantom sen-sations, hallucinations, and the bodyimage (Lawrence C. Kolb), the bodyimage in relation to hallucinations (Sey-mour Fisher, Baylor University Schoolof Medicine), psychophysics, reality,and hallucinations (Sandford Goldstone,Baylor University School of Medicine),a general theory of hallucinations (LouisJolyon West).

Dentistry

Section Nd. Three-session symposium,cosponsored by the American College ofDentists, the American Dental Associa-tion, and the International Associationfor Dental Research, North AmericanDivision, and by AAAS Sections F (Zo-ological Sciences) and N (Medical Sci-ences) : "Calcification in Biological Sys-tems"; 29 Dec.; arranged by Reidar F.Sognnaes, Harvard School of DentalMedicine.

Part I, Roy 0. Greep, Harvard Schoolof Dental Medicine, moderating. Speak-ers will be Gerrit Bevelander, New York

SCIENCE, VOL. 1281350

University College of Dentistry; Karl M.Wilbur, Duke University; Dorothy F.Travis, Harvard Biological Laboratories;Leonard F. Belanger, University of Ot-tawa School of Medicine; Richard H.Follis, Jr., Armed Forces Institute ofPathology; Robert C. Likens, Marie U.Nylen, Karl A. Piez, and David B. Scott,National Institute of Dental Research;Vernon M. Mosley, National Instituteof Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases; andLent C. Johnson, Armed Forces Insti-tute of Pathology.

Part II, Reidar F. Sognnaes, moderat-ing. Papers will be read by Marvin S.Burstone, National Institute of DentalResearch; Robert M. Frank, InstitutDentaire, Strasbourg; Reidar F. Sogn-naes; Clive C. Solomons and William F.Neuman, University of Rochester Schoolof Medicine and Dentistry; James T.Irving, South African Council for Scien-tific and Industrial Research and theUniversity of Witwatersrand; Robert A.Robinson, Johns Hopkins University;Reuben Eisenstein, Richard E. True-heart, and George M. Hass, Universityof Illinois College of Medicine; and S.Wah Leung, University of PittsburghSchool of Dentistry.

Part III, Franklin C. McLean, Uni-versity of Chicago, moderating. Paperswill be read by Melvin L. Moss, Colum-

bia University College of Physicians andSurgeons; Paul Goldhaber, HarvardSchool of Dental Medicine; Karl A.Piez; Jerome Gross, Massachusetts Gen-eral Hospital; Aaron S. Posner, NationalBureau of Standards; and Melvin J.Glimcher, Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology.

PharmacySection Np. Vice-presidential address,

"The AAAS and Pharmacy," by GeorgeF. Archambault, U.S. Public HealthService; 28 Dec.; coordinated by JohnR. Kenny, Jr., E. R. Squibb and Sons.

Eight sessions, cosponsored by theAmerican Pharmaceutical Association,Scientific Section; the American Asso-ciation of Colleges of Pharmacy; theAmerican Society of Hospital Pharma-cists; the American College of Apothe-caries; and the National Association ofBoards of Pharmacy.

Contributed papers; arranged by JohnE. Christian, Purdue University; 27Dec.; Justin L. Powers, American Phar-maceutical Association, presiding.

Contributed papers on hospital phar-macy; arranged by George F. Archam-bault, U.S. Public Health Service, andJoseph A. Oddis, American Hospital As-sociation; 28 Dec.; Joseph A. Oddis,presiding.

Contributed papers on hospital phar-macy; arranged by George F. Archam-bault; Joseph A. Oddis; and William F.Apple, American Pharmaceutical Asso-ciation; 28 Dec.; George F. Archam-bault, presiding.

Symposium: "Hospital Pharmacist ofthe Future"; 28 Dec.; William F. Apple,presiding. Papers will be read by CharlesU. Letourneau, Hospital ManagementMagazine; Charles W. Bliven, GeorgeWashington University; Kenneth Nelson,U.S. Public Health Service; and JosephA. Oddis.

Contributed papers; arranged by JohnE. Christian; 29 Dec.; Chauncey I.Cooper, Howard University College ofPharmacy, presiding.Symposium: "Advances in Conquer-

ing Cancer"; arranged by George F. Ar-chambault; Joseph A. Oddis; StuartSessoms, National Cancer Institute; andMilton Skolaut, National Institutes ofHealth; 29 Dec.; Stuart Sessoms, pre-siding. Papers will be read by StuartSessoms; T. Phillip Waalkes, NationalCancer Institute; Milton Skolaut; andRoderick Murray, National Institutes ofHealth.

Tours of the National Institutes ofHealth and the American Institute ofPharmacy have been arranged for 29Dec.

1353

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The American Association for theAdvancement of Science announcesthree new symposium volumes ofthe utmost importance to psychia-trists, neurologists, clinical psy-chologists, physiologists, pharma-cologists, and biochemists-and ofgreat interest to the general public.

Tranquilizing Drugs6"x 9", 205 pp., 32 illus., refer-ences, index, cloth, March 1957.Price $5.00. AAAS Members' cashorder price $4.50.

Psychopharmacology6" x 9", 175 pp., bibliographies,index, cloth, 1956. Price $3.50.AAAS Members' cash order price

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6" x 9", 220 pp., 33 illus., refer-ences, index, cloth, May 1957.Price $5.75. AAAS Members'cash order price $5.00.

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1354

MeetingsForthcoming Events

December18-20. American Physical Soc., Los

Angeles, Calif. (K. K. Darrow, APS, Co-lumbia Univ., New York 27.)

26-31. American Assoc. for the Ad-vancement of Science, annual, Washing-ton, D.C. (R. L. Taylor, AAAS, 1515Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington 5,D.C.)

27-29. American Economic Assoc., Chi-cago, Ill. (J. W. Bell, AEA, NorthwesternUniv., Evanston, Ill.)

27-29. Econometric Soc., Chicago, Ill.(R. Ruggles, Box 1264 Yale Station, YaleUniv., New Haven, Conn.)

27-30. American Folklore Soc., NewYork, N.Y. (MacE. Leach, AFS, Univ. ofPennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.)

28-30. Archaeological Inst. of America,Cincinnati, Ohio. (L. A. Campbell, AIA,Dept. of Classics, Brooklyn College, Brook-lyn, N.Y.)

29-30. National Council of Teachersof Mathematics, New York, N.Y. (M. H.Ahrendt, NCTM, 1201 16 St., NW, Wash-ington 6.)

28-30. Western Soc. of Naturalists,Seattle, Wash. (J. P. Harville, San JoseState College, San Jose 14.)

January7-9. Northeastern Weed Control Conf.,

13th annual, New York, N.Y. (E. R. Mar-shall, Carbide & Carbon Chemical Co.,New York, N.Y.)

12-14. Reliability and Quality Control,5th natl. symp., Philadelphia, Pa. (W. T.Sumerlin, Philco Corp., 4700 WissahickonAve., Philadelphia 44.)

20-22. American Mathematical Soc.,annual winter, Philadelphia, Pa. (E. G.Begle, Leet Oliver Hall, Yale Univ., NewHaven, Conn.)

21-22. American Group PsychotherapyAssoc., 3rd annual institute, New York,N.Y. (C. Beukenkamp, Public RelationsChairman, 993 Park Ave., New York 28.)

22-23. Mathematical Assoc. of America,42nd annual, Philadelphia, Pa. (H. M.Gehman, MAA, Univ. of Buffalo, Buffalo14, N.Y.)23-24. American Group Psychotherapy

Assoc., 16th annual conf., New York, N.Y.(C. Beukenkamp, Public Relations Chair-man, 993 Park Ave., New York 28.)

26-29. American Meterological Soc.,New York, N.Y. (K. C. Spengler, AMS,3 Joy St., Boston 8, Mass.)

26-29. American Soc. of Heating andAir Conditioning Engineers, 65th annual,Philadelphia, Pa. (W. M. Vidulich,ASHACE, 62 Worth St., New York 13.)

26-29. Institute of the AeronauticalSciences, 27th annual, New York, N.Y.(IAS, 2 E. 64 St., New York 21.)27-30. Society of Plastics Engineers,

Inc., 15th annual tech. conf., New York,N.Y. (L. A. Bernhard, SPE, 65 ProspectSt., Stamford, Conn.)

28-29. Nuclear Fuel Elements, 1stintern. symp., New York, N.Y. (H. H.Hausner, 1st intern. Symp. on Nuclear

Fuel Elements, 730 Fifth Ave., New York19.)28-31. American Physical Soc., annual,

New York, N.Y. (E. R. Fitzgerald, Dept.of Physics, Pennsylvania State Univ., Uni-versity Park.)

29-31. Western Soc. for Clinical Re-search, 12th annual, Carmel-by-the-Sea,Calif. (W. N. Valentine, Office of theSecretary, Univ. of California MedicalCenter, Department of Medicine, LosAngeles 24.)

February1-6. American Inst. of Electrical En-

gineers, winter general, New York, N.Y.(N. S. Hibshman, 33 W. 39 St., NewYork 18.)

9-11. Nature of Coal, symp., Bihar,India. (Director, Central Fuel ResearchInst., P. 0. Fuel Research Inst., DhanbadDistrict, Bihar.)

12-13. Solid State Circuits Conf., Phila-delphia, Pa. (A. B. Stern, General ElectricCo., Bldg. 3, Syracuse, N.Y.)

14. Short Range Navigation Aids.,Montreal, Canada. (Intern. Civil Avia-tion Organization, Maison de l'aviationinternationale, Montreal.)

15-19. American Inst. of Mining, Met-allurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, an-nual, San Francisco, Calif. (E. 0. Kirk-endall, AIME, 29 W. 39 St., New York18.)

16-19. Problems in Field Studies inMental Disorders, intern. work conf., NewYork, N.Y. (J. Zubin, American Psycho-pathological Assoc., 722 W. 168 St., NewYork 32.)

20-21. Epidemiology in Mental Disor-ders, annual meeting of the American Psy-chopathological Assoc., New York, N.Y.(J. Zubin, APA, 722 W. 168 St., NewYork 32.)

26-28. Genetics and Cancer, 13th an-nual symp. on fundamental cancer re-search, Houston, Tex. (Editorial Office,Univ. of Texas, M. D. Anderson Hospitaland Tumor Inst. Texas Medical Center,Houston 25.)

27-1. National Wildlife Federation,23rd annual convention, New York, N.Y.(NWF, 232 Carroll St., NW, Washington12.)

March1-5. Gas Turbine Power Conf., Cincin-

nati, Ohio. (0. B. Schier, ASME, 29 W.39 St., New York, N.Y.)

8-12. Aviation Conf., Los Angeles,Calif. (0. B. Schier, ASME, 29 W. 39St., New York, N.Y.)

16-20. American Inst. of Chemical En-gineers, Atlantic City, N.J. (F. J. VanAntwerpen, AICE, 25 W. 45 St., NewYork 36.)

16-20. National Assoc. of CorrosionEngineers, 15th annual conf., Chicago,Ill. (NACE, Southern Standard Bldg.,Houston, Tex.)

18-25. International Social ScienceCouncil, 4th general assembly (by invita-tion), Paris, France. (C. Levi-Strauss, Sec-retary-General, International Social Sci-ence Council 19, avenue Kleber, Paris.)(See issue of 21 November for comprehensive list)

SCIENCE, VOL. 128

EquipmentThe information reported here is obtained from

manufacturers and from other sources consideredto be reliable. Science does not assume responsibil-ity for the accuracy of the information. A couponfor use in making inquiries concerning the itemslisted appears on page 1358.

* NUMERICALLY CONTROLLED POSITION-

ING SYSTEMS for machine tools are avail-able in push-button keyboard types andin fully automatic versions controlled bystandard 1-in. punched paper tape. Po-sitional distances in translation are meas-

ured and set in inches and decimals.Typical performance provides a range

of 99.999 in. in steps of 0.001 in. withaccuracy and repeatability within±0.00025 in. Backlash is automaticallytaken up. (Wang Laboratories Inc.,Dept. 480)

* MAGNETIC POSITION CONVERTER, de-signed for flowmeter read-out, convertslinear motion into rotary indication. Aniron strip formed into a helix is encap-

sulated in a nonmagnetic tube that floatson two miniature-bearing races. Theflowmeter float carries an extension inwhich a small magnet is imbedded. Thehelix is attracted to the magnet, thus ro-

tating in response to linear displacementof the magnet. A pointer indicates helixrotation. (Brooks Rotameter Co., Dept.485)

* MASS FLOWMETERS are calibrated di-rectly in milligrams of air per minute.Flow measurement is accomplished byincorporating a heated thermopile ele-ment in a flow tube. The thermopile cir-cuit is self-compensating for both am-

bient temperature and rate of change oftemperature. Various ranges are avail-able. Typical are model MF-1, withrange from 0 to 10,000 mg/min, andmodel SM-1, with range from 0 to 500mg/min. (Hastings-Raydist, Inc., Dept.486)

* RELAY TEST SET automatically tests tenrelays simultaneously for normal oper-ate time, saturate release time, or releasetime after predetermined heating. Timeintervals are read to 0.1 sec on digitaltiming clocks. Energizing voltage is con-

tinuously adjustable between 2.5 and 230v. (G. V. Controls Inc., Dept. 490)

* ELECTRIC MONITORING SYSTEM detectsvariations in voltage, frequency, andphase in power sources and operates de-vices in response to these changes to pro-tect loads by deenergizing or by switch-ing to another source. Capacitive delaysup to 15 sec prevent actuation by tran-sients. Voltage range is 6 to 440 v, fre-quency 25 to 1600 cy/sec. Response timeis 0.2 sec. Accuracy of setting is ± 2 per-cent or better. (Electric RegulatorCorp., Dept. 492)28 NOVEMBER 1958

* RECORDER is an eight-channel instru-ment featuring a rectilinear record andthermal writing. A choice of two plug-inamplifiers is offered. One features sensi-tivity of 10 mv/mm and stability betterthan 0.5 mm/hr; the other, sensitivity of50 mv/mm and stability better than 0.1mm/hr. Eight chart speeds from 0.4 to100 mm/sec may be selected. An acces-sory provides eight additional speedsfrom 0.4 to 100 cm/hr. Frequency re-sponse is from d-c to 100 cy/sec. Tracecontrast is automatically adjusted tochart speed. (Brush Instruments, Dept.487)

*SCINTILLATION ANALYZER is designed foranalytical measurement of isotopes emit-ting either gamma or hard beta rays ora mixture of both in solid or liquid sam-ples. Separation of gamma emission iseffected by means of a pulse-height se-lector that determines the spectrumoperating point. The instrument permitsscintillation well counting of betas ofhigher than 1-Mev energy withoutsource preparation. (Baird-Atomic Inc.,Dept. 494)

M ACCELEROMETER consists of a nonpen-dulous seismic mass supported on a fric-tionless spring suspension. Displacementof the mass is sensed by an a-c variable-reluctance pickup. Magnetic dampingratio is nearly constant from - 651 to+ 2500 F. Full-scale range is + 0.5 to + 40g. Full-scale output is up to 10 v at 400cy/sec. Cross-axis sensitivity is less than0.5 percent. (Minneapolis-Honeywell,Dept. 500)

* LIQUID-NITROGEN GENERATOR consistsof a nitrogen separation column, a gasliquefier, and a 200-lit. storage tank. Theequipment, automatic in operation, pro-vides up to 95 lit. of 99.5 percent liquidnitrogen daily. Water and C02 are re-moved from intake air in a heat ex-changer, oxygen is separated in thepacked column, and nitrogen gas ispassed into the liquefier. Noncondensiblegases are bled off. (Arthur D. Little,Inc., Dept. 509)

* DIODE BOX permits rapid selection ofZener diodes for experimental bread-board circuits. Eleven basic 1-watt sili-con Zener diodes covering the rangefrom 3.6 to 30 v are selectable by a turnof the switch of the decade-type substi-tution box. (International RectifierCorp., Dept. 493)

* CONTAINERS FOR LIQUEFIED GASES orother cold liquids are wide-mouth stain-less-steel tanks covered with 1 /2-in. foaminsulation and protected by stainless-steel jackets. Five sizes from 1 to 8 qtare available (Labline, Inc., Dept. 507)

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1384

LettersInternational Language

Some inadequate and inaccurate infor-mation concerning Esperanto and Inter-lingua seems to have come to Mario Peifor inclusion in his book One Languagefor the World and How to Achieve It.Alexander Gode's review of the book inScience [128, 194 (1958)] adds a littlemore.

Pei gives considerable and generallyfavorable attention to Esperanto, but heis content with 1952 figures about it. Hecites the absurd charge that early Es-peranto congresses "frequently broke upin confusion, with schismatic movementsarising from them," and remarks that"the difference between Esperanto andits many schismatic descendants maybe described as trifling, but it is uselessto deny that they weaken the movementfor an international language by dis-persing the energies of the interlinguists"(p. 164). He seems to hold Esperantoitself responsible for its would-be reform-ers and competitors.

This is not altogether fair. If the bodyof Esperantists had compromised withthe individuals or groups seeking tomodify the language and had acceptedtheir changes, however "trifling," or hadheeded the advice of bystanders thatthey "get together" with the advocatesof unlike systems, Esperanto would havebecome as fluid as some of its competi-tors and would soon have perished. Its"lack of stability" would then have be-come an argument for proving any con-structed language chimerical and futile.The Congress of International Associa-tions, which in 1920 endorsed Esperantoas a world auxiliary language, had thewisdom to recommend that any improve-ment in it be deferred until it be adoptedby the governments (p. 213). Of coursethe emergence of new linguistic systemsweakened the Esperanto movement andlessened the impact of its actual demon-stration of the practicability of the auxil-iary language idea. The same thing ishappening today, in the attempt to pro-mote the inferior rival system Inter-lingua.

Apparently, Pei is quite interested inInterlingua, the only interlanguage pro-duced by persons hired to do so. Its his-tory, as he has it, is like a fairy tale:"Almost twenty years ago, a group oflinguists, heavily financed by a verywealthy lady, undertook to construct aninternational language on a truly 'scien-tific' basis" (p. 171). The facts behindthe fairy tale are as follows: Mrs. AliceVanderbilt Morris became interested inEsperanto as a possible addition to herphilanthropies. But the idea of formingan organization to sponsor impartial ex-

amination of the whole subject of inter-

language was presented to her at thistime. Dropping the thought of Esperanto,Mrs. Morris (aided by her husband,Dave Hennen Morris) organized an In-ternational Auxiliary Language Associa-tion (IALA), which was incorporated in1924 with an impressive board of direc-tors. Its "Outline of Program" statedthat its function was "merely to serve asa neutral clearing-house for study andinformation," with "no intention of de-veloping or promoting any new lan-guage."

After about a decade, the IALAstopped sponsoring impartial researchand undertook the creation of a lang-guage. It assembled a staff, three di-rectors of research being successivelyemployed, with some overlapping in dif-ferent capacities at one time or another,some delay and part-time employment,especially in the war years, and sometime out for preparation of a series offoreign-language textbooks. The first di-rector was E. Clark Stillman, who leftin 1942. The second was Andre Martinet,from 1946 to 1948. The third was Alex-ander Gode, already on the staff, who"assumed full direction of the work" in1948 and was responsible for it there-after (Interlingua dictionary, Storm Pub-lishers, New York, 1951, pp. xiii-xiv).The statement Pei imputes to Gode,

describing Interlingua as "the productof the world's greatest linguistic mindsover a period of nearly thirty years" (p.238), must refer to these three men(Stillman, Martinet, Gode); and the"period of nearly thirty years" mustmean the IALA's life span (1924-1953),regardless of the fact that during the firstdecade thereof the IALA was not pro-ducing a language and sponsored veryfew projects or studies having any bear-ing on language creation. The statementin the IALA circular Practical WorldLanguage that "work on the dictionarywas begun at the University of Liverpoolunder Professor William E. Collinson,"and the further inaccurate implication tothe same effect in the foreword to theInterlingua dictionary (p. xiii) surpriseda number of persons, including Collinsonhimself, an active supporter of Esper-anto, whose commission executed for theIALA may have been the last it offeredany scholar during its impartial researchperiod.The "scientific basis" claimed for In-

terlingua, as in the sentence quoted atthe beginning of the foregoing para-graph, seems exaggerated. Fewer sourcelanguages than are represented in Es-peranto were used in the compilation ofInterlingua's vocabulary (actually onlyItalian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, andEnglish-its Romance element only).The Interlingua dictionary mentionsadoption of "principles," such as thatwords considered for acceptance must

(Continued on page 1458)

SCIENCE, VOL. 128