1922-1941. Introduction: To Do (26 pts): Define 8 terms List the dictators in the Soviet Union, Italy, Germany Pg. 395 (1-2)

CHAPTER 21: LEADING UP TO WAR

1922-1941

Introduction: To Do (26 pts): Define 8 terms

List the dictators in the Soviet Union, Italy, Germany

Pg. 395 (1-2)

21.1: Dictators in Europe

Terms Dictator: a ruler with complete power in a country

Fascist: a member of a political party who supports extreme nationalism and a dictator

Nazi: a member of a political party in Germany, led by Adolf Hitler

Appeasement: the policy of giving in to someone’s demands in order to keep peace

To Start Off…

US economy started out strong in the 20sEurope was still repairing damage from

WWI○ Serious economic factors○ Some nations tried to avoid changing

governments…Europeans turned to strong leaders

(dictators)○ Wanted their nations to be strong again○ Idea: strong leaders = strong country

Communism in the S.U.

1917 – Communist revolution in RussiaRussia became the Union of Soviet Socialist

Republics (USSR) (Soviet Union)

Joseph StalinPowerful dictator / cruel leaderCitizens did not / could not go against him10 million were killed under his rule

Fascism in Italy

Italy – not defeated in WWIGovernment and economy was weakened

○ Labor strikes and riots○ People turned to Benito Mussolini for change

Benito Mussolini (Fascist)Spoke to his followers about the glories of warBecame prime minister in 1922

Nazism in Germany

Germany – Treaty of Versailles effectsHad to give conquered lands backFined huge reparationsCould not build up their militaryHad to take 100% of blame for the war

National Socialist Party took over Nazi = member of this partyLeader = Adolf Hitler

Nazism in Germany

Adolf HitlerBecame chancellor of GermanyReminded people about Treaty of

Versailles effects○ Allies expected Germany to pay the cost of

the war

Other opinions:○ German people were better than other people

Should rule the worldGermans = master race

Nazism in Germany

Adolf HitlerOther opinions:

○ Other groups were lower than Germans○ Blamed Jewish people / Communists for Germany’s

problems

○ 1935: Jews can no longer be German citizensJews = scapegoatsChildren were not allowed to attend German schools

• Forced to wear badges (Star of David) = easy identification

The Road to War

Hitler = believed Germany could become most powerful countryBegan moving beyond Germany’s boundaries

○ Crossed into the Rhineland (between France and Germany)

○ France and Great Britain complainedNo action was takenPolicy = appeasement

○ 1938 = Germany took control of AustriaDemanded Czechoslovakia give up the Sudetenland

The Road to War

France and Britain – had treaties to protect CzechoslovakiaLeaders met in Munich (Germany)Signed a pact

○ Hitler could keep the Sudetenland

War Breaks out Again

1939 – German forces took control of all of CzechoslovakiaHitler – next target was Poland

August: Stalin and Hitler join forcesAgree to attack / divide PolandSeptember 1, 1939

Great Britain and France realized appeasement was failing○ Declared war

1940: Germany invaded:DenmarkNorwayNetherlandsBelgiumLuxembourgFrance

Britain faced Hitler’s forces alone

To Do

Pg. 391

Pg. 393 (1-2)

Pg. 394 (1-3)

Exercise 88

21.2: Japan Rises to Power

Terms

Militarism: the policy of strong military actions taken by the leaders of a country

Puppet State: a government that is under the control of another, stronger power

For the most part…

Japan had been peacefulDemocracy

Military leaders took control (early 1930s)

○ Began to rise as a military power

Japan Expands its Empire Japan = military leaders gaining control

Wanted Japan to be the most feared military force in Asia○ MILITARISM

1930s – Japan needed natural resources to keep industries running○ Japan – few natural resources (oil / coal)

Japan Expands its Empire 1931 – Japan attacked Manchuria

Manchuria – coal / natural resource richPuppet State established

○ 6 years later – Japan attacked China

○ US became worried…

• did nothing

The Seeds of War

By 1938 – Japan controlled most of eastern China

Leaders: wanted all of E. Asia under Japan’s control○ Natural resources

Oil was needed to run industries and armies

Japan became friendly with Nazi Germany / Fascist Italy

Anti-Communist agreement signed:Japan agreed to become a world power with

Germany and Italy

To Do

Pg. 397 (1-3)

Exercise 90

21.3: From Isolation to Pearl Harbor

Terms

Cash and Carry Policy: a plan that let nations at war buy goods that they could pay cash for and then carry home

Lend-Lease Plan: to lend or lease supplies to a country whose defense is needed to protect the United States

The US in WWII

US did not want to be pulled into another warFeared alliances

Could see growing signs of war in Europe and Asia

Did the US have a duty to help other countries?

Staying out of War

1935-1937: Congress passed several laws to STAY OUT OF WARPeople wanted US to be a peaceful nationWhat policy is this?

○ US had plenty of problems, solve US problems rather than those of the world

Congress: Cash and carry policy○ Nations at war could buy goods as long as

they could pay cash

Staying out of War

Roosevelt:Did not agree with isolationism

○ US should be a good neighbor to world countries

○ Believed US should stand up to dictators

Pressing problem =

Great Depression

The End of Isolation

Before 1940 – no president had run for a 3rd term1940 – different (war in Europe)FDR’s experience as a leader was

necessary if the US was to go to war

FDR – promised people that he would keep US out of war1940: began 3rd term

The End of Isolation

US could see how dangerous Hitler wasUS had to keep Hitler out of the W. HemisphereAsked Congress for a peacetime draft

Winston Churchill (Britain’s leader)Asked US for help against Nazi Germany

○ Did not have enough money to buy weapons

Congress passed: Lend – Lease Plan

The End of Isolation

Congress passed: Lend – Lease PlanPresident could “lend” supplies for defensive

purposesIsolationists disagreed

US sent ships / guns / other supplies to Britain○ Became dangerous ○ German submarines began sinking American ships

○ October 1941 – Germany sank a US Navy shipWar was coming closer each day

Pearl Harbor

Remember:Japan was expanding into Asia

Roosevelt stopped trade with Japan○ Banned oil shipments

Japan needed oil to keep tanks, trucks, airplanes working

US and Japan began talking in November 1941○ Neither side was compromising

Pearl Harbor

Talks were not productiveJapan began to plan US attacksNavy base = Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

○ Japan – it would take the US a while to rebuild forces after the attack

December 7, 1941: Japan attacked Pearl Harbor○ Destroyed 19 American ships

Killed 2,400 Americans

Pearl Harbor

December 8, 1941: War declared on Japan

To Do

Pg. 400

Pg. 401 (1-3)

Exercise 91