1920s and 30s The Great Depression

1920s and 30sThe Great Depression

Review

This was the name given to the period of fear of communism in the U.S. following WWI.

The Red Scare

Who were the targets of the Palmer Raids?

Suspected radicals and communists

This Tennessee court case highlighted the conflict between traditional and modern ideas.

The Scopes Trial

This great American poet was a product of the Harlem Renaissance.

Langston Hughes

A quiet, handsome hero, this man was the first to solo across the Atlantic. He later created controversy by taking a strongly isolationist position prior to U.S. entry into WWII.

Charles Lindbergh

His assembly line techniques made automobiles more affordable.

Henry Ford

This African American political figure founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association.

Marcus Garvey

During the 1920’s, federal regulatory agencies became increasingly dominated by businessmen. Consequently, reforms from this earlier era were being distorted to help business.

Progressive Era

Being a follower of this religion may have cost Alfred Smith the 1928 election to Hoover.

Catholicism

Overproduction and a drop Overproduction and a drop in foreign demand led to in foreign demand led to trouble in this “growing” trouble in this “growing” industry in the 1920s.industry in the 1920s.

• Agriculture

Angry homeless people Angry homeless people referred to their referred to their

shantytowns by this term.shantytowns by this term.

• Hoovervilles

What was Roosevelt’s main What was Roosevelt’s main reason for rejecting the reason for rejecting the idea of federal aid to idea of federal aid to

individuals?individuals?• Nothing! Hoover objected to it, but FDR did not.

Name three specific details Name three specific details about the New Deal given by about the New Deal given by FDR in the 1932 campaign.FDR in the 1932 campaign.

• There• Were• None

For what reason was the For what reason was the Bonus Army protesting?Bonus Army protesting?

• Payment of bonuses promised to them as veterans of WWI

This labor organization This labor organization formed during the 1930’s in formed during the 1930’s in response to a desire by response to a desire by

workers to form industry-wide workers to form industry-wide unions.unions.

• Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

In order of In order of implementation, what implementation, what

are the three “R’s” of are the three “R’s” of the New Deal?the New Deal?

•Relief•Recovery•Reform

A key objective of the A key objective of the National Recovery National Recovery

Administration was to develop Administration was to develop codes of fair competition in codes of fair competition in business. What congressional business. What congressional

act created the NRA?act created the NRA?• National Industrial Recovery Act

Which Supreme Court case Which Supreme Court case ruled the NIRA (NRA) ruled the NIRA (NRA)

unconstitutional because unconstitutional because it regulated intrastate it regulated intrastate

commerce?commerce?

• Schechter v. U.S.

This act provided for This act provided for collective bargaining collective bargaining

for labor.for labor.

• National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)

Under this program, Under this program, farmers were paid to farmers were paid to destroy crops and destroy crops and

livestock to increase livestock to increase farm prices.farm prices.

• Agricultural Adjustment Act

What term was given to What term was given to FDR’s attempt to FDR’s attempt to

“reform” the Supreme “reform” the Supreme Court?Court?

• Court Packing

Although he did not fully Although he did not fully embrace the economic embrace the economic

philosophy of this man, philosophy of this man, FDR did reluctantly adopt FDR did reluctantly adopt his concept of deficit his concept of deficit

spending.spending.• John Maynard Keynes

This Louisiana political This Louisiana political boss wanted to “soak the boss wanted to “soak the rich” and make “every man rich” and make “every man

a king.”a king.”

•Huey Long

Which two New Deal Which two New Deal programs were ruled programs were ruled unconstitutional?unconstitutional?

• NIRA (the NRA portion)• AAA

What action by FDR would What action by FDR would have most troubled the have most troubled the

Founding Fathers on legal Founding Fathers on legal grounds?grounds?

• Attempting to pack the court to better serve his needs

What new type of stores What new type of stores were 1920’s consumers were 1920’s consumers flocking to because of flocking to because of variety of products and variety of products and seemingly affordable seemingly affordable

payment plans?payment plans?

•Department/Chain Stores

What percentage of the What percentage of the American workforce was American workforce was unemployed at the height unemployed at the height

of the Depression?of the Depression?• 25%

By November of 1929, $30 By November of 1929, $30 billion had been lost billion had been lost from this financial from this financial

institution.institution.• The stock market

President Hoover was President Hoover was against granting this against granting this kind of aid for those kind of aid for those suffering from the suffering from the

Depression.Depression.• Direct Federal Government Assistance– He thought that local governments should dole out relief

Many bought stock in Many bought stock in this manner, rather this manner, rather

than paying for it all than paying for it all up front.up front.

•Buying on margin

This Republican This Republican president was widely president was widely blamed for the Great blamed for the Great

Depression.Depression.•Herbert Hoover

Name two leading Name two leading causes of the Great causes of the Great

Depression.Depression.•Easy Credit•Unbalanced Foreign Trade•Mechanization of Industry•Uneven Distribution of Income

What kept most What kept most Americans from wanting Americans from wanting to accept aid from the to accept aid from the government during the government during the

Depression?Depression?•Pride

This New Deal program This New Deal program hired unmarried males to hired unmarried males to

work in forestry work in forestry projects.projects.

• Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

This was the name given This was the name given to the day on which the to the day on which the Stock Market ultimately Stock Market ultimately

crashed.crashed.• Black Tuesday

– The previous Thursday (“Black Thursday”) set the crash in motion, but history remembers Tuesday the 29th as the day of infamy.

In terms of political In terms of political philosophy, which party philosophy, which party tended to desire the tended to desire the

least change?least change?• Republicans– Known as the political “right” or right wing

Whose social/economic Whose social/economic program was referred program was referred to as the New Deal?to as the New Deal?

•Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Shanty towns of the poor Shanty towns of the poor during the depression during the depression

were known by this name.were known by this name.• Hoovervilles

He was a radio preacher He was a radio preacher who was critical of FDR who was critical of FDR and spoke out in favor of and spoke out in favor of

Hitler.Hitler.• Father Charles Coughlin

In order, what are the In order, what are the three “R’s” of the New three “R’s” of the New

Deal?Deal?

•Relief•Recovery•Reform

Through what form of Through what form of media did Americans media did Americans

receive FDR’s receive FDR’s “Fireside Chats”?“Fireside Chats”?•Radio

This natural disaster This natural disaster added to the misery of added to the misery of

Southern and Southern and Midwestern farmers Midwestern farmers

during the Depression.during the Depression.

•The Dust Bowl– A severe prolonged drought that left the soil dry and unable to sustain crops

Who asserted that “the Who asserted that “the only thing we have to only thing we have to fear is fear itself?”fear is fear itself?”

• FDR

In terms of political In terms of political philosophy, which party philosophy, which party tended to desire more tended to desire more change, sometimes even change, sometimes even

radical change?radical change?• Democrats

– Known as the political “left” or left wing

This name refers to This name refers to the initial flurry of the initial flurry of

New Deal laws and New Deal laws and agencies formed at the agencies formed at the

start of FDR’s start of FDR’s presidency.presidency.

•The (First) Hundred Days

Under which of the 3 Under which of the 3 R’s would the R’s would the Securities and Securities and

Exchange Commission be Exchange Commission be included?included?

• Reform

This New Deal This New Deal legislation followed legislation followed the Bank Holiday and the Bank Holiday and provided for federal provided for federal

bank inspectors.bank inspectors.• The Emergency Banking Act

Many of the New Deal Many of the New Deal programs were programs were

developed by these developed by these informal advisors to informal advisors to

FDR.FDR.• The Brain Trust

For what was the Bonus For what was the Bonus Army protesting?Army protesting?

• Payment of bonuses promised to them as veterans of WWI

Francis Perkins was Francis Perkins was the first woman to be the first woman to be

appointed to a appointed to a presidential cabinet. presidential cabinet. What cabinet position What cabinet position

did she hold?did she hold?• Secretary of Labor

This FDR advisor was This FDR advisor was head of the Federal head of the Federal Emergency Relief Emergency Relief

Agency. He was a big Agency. He was a big advocate of giving advocate of giving

jobs rather than the jobs rather than the dole.dole.

• Harry Hopkins

What does the acronym What does the acronym PWA stand for?PWA stand for?

• Public Works Administration– agency that created jobs for the unemployed

This New Deal program This New Deal program brought electricity brought electricity

and flood control to 7 and flood control to 7 states.states.

• Tennessee Valley Authority

This term refers to This term refers to programs that used programs that used government money to government money to

build public facilities.build public facilities.• Public Works

In what year did In what year did Hoover begin the New Hoover begin the New

Deal?Deal?• Trick question! It was FDR that used the New Deal

Under this program, Under this program, farmers were paid to farmers were paid to destroy crops and destroy crops and

livestock.livestock.• Agricultural Adjustment Act

What term was given to What term was given to FDR’s attempt to add FDR’s attempt to add more justices to the more justices to the

Supreme Court?Supreme Court?• Court Packing

This New Deal act This New Deal act established codes for established codes for fair competition among fair competition among

businesses.businesses.

• National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

How was the Bonus Army How was the Bonus Army removed from Washington?removed from Washington?

• Troops were brought in to remove them and destroy their encampments

Which two New Deal Which two New Deal programs were ruled programs were ruled unconstitutional?unconstitutional?

• NIRA• AAA

Under this program, 8 Under this program, 8 million jobs were million jobs were created to build created to build public projects.public projects.

• Works Progress Administration

What action by FDR cost What action by FDR cost him political support him political support

because he appeared to be because he appeared to be attempting to undermine attempting to undermine the separation of powers?the separation of powers?

• Court Packing

Joseph Kennedy was Joseph Kennedy was chosen to lead this chosen to lead this reform program meant reform program meant to regulate the stock to regulate the stock

market.market.• Securities and Exchange Commission

This Louisiana This Louisiana political boss political boss challenged FDR, challenged FDR, stating that the stating that the

government should take government should take money from the wealthy money from the wealthy

and give it to the and give it to the poor.poor.• Huey Long

What was the effect on the What was the effect on the economy when FDR cut back economy when FDR cut back on government spending on government spending

that had characterized the that had characterized the New Deal?New Deal?

• It triggered a new economic downturn

This New Deal program This New Deal program established a fund for established a fund for retirement, unemployment retirement, unemployment insurance, disability insurance, disability and dependent benefits.and dependent benefits.

• Social Security

This building project in This building project in New York provided needed New York provided needed

jobs and became the jobs and became the winner in the race to winner in the race to

build the world’s tallest build the world’s tallest building at that time.building at that time.

• The Empire State Building

In what year did the In what year did the Depression begin & in Depression begin & in

what year was what year was Roosevelt elected to Roosevelt elected to

try to end it?try to end it?• 1929• 1932

What term describes a What term describes a situation in which all situation in which all of the customers of a of the customers of a bank try to remove bank try to remove

their money at once?their money at once?• A Run

What was the usual What was the usual result of a failed bank result of a failed bank on those who had savings on those who had savings

accounts there?accounts there?

• Account holders lost their savings

This emergency This emergency measure, passed during measure, passed during

the Hoover the Hoover administration, was administration, was aimed at rescuing aimed at rescuing

banks and businesses.banks and businesses.• Reconstruction Finance Corporation

This term refers to the This term refers to the temporary closure of temporary closure of banks to prevent runs banks to prevent runs and ensure the strength and ensure the strength

of the banks.of the banks.

• Bank Holiday

Although it did much Although it did much to end the conditions to end the conditions of the Depression, of the Depression, what unpleasant what unpleasant

byproduct did the New byproduct did the New Deal create?Deal create?

• Soaring National Debt

This high protective This high protective tariff had the tariff had the

unintended result of unintended result of foreign nations foreign nations

passing reciprocal passing reciprocal tariffs against the tariffs against the

U.S.U.S.• Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Hoover believed that Hoover believed that people should provide people should provide

for themselves for themselves whenever possible. whenever possible.

What was this What was this philosophy known as?philosophy known as?

• Rugged Individualism

The Glass-Steagall Act The Glass-Steagall Act established an established an

insurance program for insurance program for banks. By what name banks. By what name was this agency known?was this agency known?

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC)

In 1932, she flew solo In 1932, she flew solo across the Atlantic to across the Atlantic to

earn the nickname earn the nickname “Lady Lindy.”“Lady Lindy.”

• Amelia Earhart

What was ultimately What was ultimately responsible for the end responsible for the end of the Great Depression?of the Great Depression?

• World War Two