1918 A Bitter Peace The Fighting stops BUT does the War End?

1918A Bitter Peace

The Fighting stops BUT does the War End?

Victors– Great Britain– France– United States– Italy– Belgium– Portugal

Difficulty in Making Peace

Directly Defeated

–Germany–Austria-Hungary–Ottoman Empire–Bulgaria

Indirectly Defeated

–Russia

Major Personalities

Georges Clemenceau“The Tiger”

Woodrow Wilson

David Lloyd George“squeeze the orange until the pips squeak”

Italy: Vittorio Orlando

Germany defeated…

Sept. 1918: Germany’s defeat Armistice negotiated btw.

French, Americans, Germans Oct-Nov.11, 1918

Nov. 9, 1918 Wilhelm II abdicates – flees to Holland

Kaiser Wilhelm IIAbdicates 11/9/18

Ferdinand Foch – Allied Supreme Commander

German Republic Declared

Nov. 11, 1918: Friedrich Ebert declares German Republic and acceptance of armistice

Period of political and social chaos ensues

Spartacus Group Karl Liebknecht and

Rosa Luxemburg - failed communist coup in Berlin– Marxist socialist group,

unhappy with revisionist beliefs of German Social Democratic Party

– Ultimately executed for their actions

General Results of Paris Treaties, 1919-

1920 The beginning of the end of 19th century

imperialism…

Total number dead - over 9 million – France 1,500,000 Britain 1,000,000– Italy 500,000 US 116,708– Russia 1,700,000 Germany 2,000,000– Austria 1,250,000

A peace…made in quicksand (see Treaty of Versailles, pg. 90-91 of APEH Book 2 workbook)

Versailles: a difficult peace

January 1919 – Paris – US, France, Great Britain, (Italy) +23 others– No Germany or Russia

The fight begins:– France: desire to punish Germany

• Demilitarized• Rhineland as buffer state

– Woodrow Wilson: desire for “Peace without Victors”• League of Nations (Jan 25, 1919); “open covenants of

peace”, reduction of armaments; self-determination

– GB: prevent France’s “buffer state”; make Germans pay $$

In the End = Paris Treaties– 5 sep. treaties w/ G, Au, Hu, Bu & OE

Specific Results Results: Germany is blamed for the war (

Article 231 War Guilt Clause)– Army can be no bigger than 100,000– Reparations: for causing war - $5 bill. yearly till

1921– Navy to be no larger than 24 ships – no subs– No new developments in air force– Demilitarize the Rhine area (but not a buffer state)– Lost 27,500 square miles of land to the League of

Nations (Alsace Lorraine, part of Prussia) New nations—imperialism continues

– Austria/Hungary:• Austria / Hungary / Czechoslovakia / Romania / Poland

/ Yugoslavia– “Polish Corridor” to Baltic– France: Lebanon / Syria– GB: Iraq / Palestine (w/Jewish Nat'l. home)– Japan: Germany’s holdings in China

War Guilt Clause, Article 231

"The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her Allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associate Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of a war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her Allies."

Birth of Secular Turkish State Oct. 30, 1918 – OE withdrawn from WWI 1920 treaty = dissolution of OE; British and

French mandates– Britain = Iraq / Palestine (w/Jewish Nat'l.

home, see Balfour Declaration, 1917)– France = Syria and Lebanon

Rise of Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)– 1923 Treaty of Lausanne = Republic of Turkey– modernization period begins

Impact of WWI on Imperialism

Establishment of Mandates– Countries would administer a territory on

behalf of the League of Nations. But what about self-determination? (see question 12a)

Colonial Participation (see question12b) Future Colonial Relations (see 12c)

John Maynard Keynes “The day is not far off when the economic

problem will take the back seat where it belongs, and the arena of the heart and the head will be occupied or reoccupied, by our real problems / the problems of life and of human relations, of creation and behavior and religion.”

True or False: Keynes believed that in times of great economic depression governments need to spend more money, in order to encourage employment stimulate the production and consumption of goods, thereby stimulating the (inter)national economy.

What is so radical about this idea?

To what is Kagan referring,

when he claims “the greatness weakness of the peace was its failure to accept reality”

by “the only hope for a lasting peace”

In Flanders Fields by John MacRae

In Flanders fields the poppies blowBetween the crosses, row on rowThat mark our place; and in the skyThe larks, still bravely singing, flyScarce heard amid the guns below.

We are the Dead. Short days agoWe lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,Loved and were loved, and now we lieIn Flanders fields.

Take up our quarrel with the foe:To you from failing hands we throwThe torch; be yours to hold it high.If ye break faith with us who dieWe shall not sleep, though poppies growIn Flanders fields.

Published Dec. 1915 in Punch