1914-Present Questions Contemporary Era. ► Shia and Sunni tensions in the Islamic world have been observed in which two countries in the Middle East in.

1914-Present 1914-Present QuestionsQuestions

Contemporary EraContemporary Era

►Shia and Sunni tensions in the Islamic Shia and Sunni tensions in the Islamic world have been observed in which world have been observed in which two countries in the Middle East in the two countries in the Middle East in the last 50 years?last 50 years?A) Israel and LibyaA) Israel and LibyaB) Iran and IraqB) Iran and IraqC) Egypt and PakistanC) Egypt and PakistanD) Lebanon and TurkeyD) Lebanon and TurkeyE) Algeria and SyriaE) Algeria and Syria

► BBThe area in the Middle East that has seen The area in the Middle East that has seen the most tension between Muslims in recent the most tension between Muslims in recent years is where Iraq and Iran are located. years is where Iraq and Iran are located. Formerly called Persia, Iran is where the Formerly called Persia, Iran is where the most Shia live. Iraq also has many believers most Shia live. Iraq also has many believers in the Shiite sect within its country. in the Shiite sect within its country. Tensions between the two branches of Islam Tensions between the two branches of Islam have been evident within Iraq and also when have been evident within Iraq and also when the two nations went to war in the 1980s.the two nations went to war in the 1980s.

► Japanese imperialism in the twentieth Japanese imperialism in the twentieth century was motivated largely bycentury was motivated largely byA) a lack of natural resourcesA) a lack of natural resourcesB) the influence of B) the influence of BushidoBushido on on economic policyeconomic policyC) large-scale famine during the Meiji C) large-scale famine during the Meiji eraeraD) poor relations with Great BritainD) poor relations with Great BritainE) Chinese chauvinism in East AsiaE) Chinese chauvinism in East Asia

► AAJapan modernized very rapidly after 1870 Japan modernized very rapidly after 1870 and built an impressive military. The and built an impressive military. The Japanese army and navy won significant Japanese army and navy won significant campaigns against the Chinese and campaigns against the Chinese and Russians by 1910. Its greatest challenge in Russians by 1910. Its greatest challenge in developing an industrial base was its lack of developing an industrial base was its lack of resources. Importing raw materials from resources. Importing raw materials from other nations put Japan at a distinct other nations put Japan at a distinct disadvantage. The Japanese government disadvantage. The Japanese government was dominated by conservative militarists, was dominated by conservative militarists, and they expanded to nearby Korea and and they expanded to nearby Korea and China to gain the resources they lacked.China to gain the resources they lacked.

War is coming. We will fight it and France will win!War is coming. We will fight it and France will win!- French general, 1912- French general, 1912

► The above quote reveals which of the following The above quote reveals which of the following about the pre-1914 atmosphere in Europe?about the pre-1914 atmosphere in Europe?A) Nationalist sentiment was expressed by A) Nationalist sentiment was expressed by military professionals.military professionals.B) Imperialism was creating tensions among B) Imperialism was creating tensions among European powers.European powers.C) Decolonization was already beginning C) Decolonization was already beginning overseas.overseas.D) France had made industrial progress since D) France had made industrial progress since 1871.1871.E) Tensions existed between Italy an France.E) Tensions existed between Italy an France.

►AATensions between France and Germany Tensions between France and Germany had simmered since the Franco-Prussian had simmered since the Franco-Prussian War of 1871. French losses created a War of 1871. French losses created a desire to avenge the nation. Nationalism desire to avenge the nation. Nationalism was pronounced within the general staffs was pronounced within the general staffs of many European nations. They planned of many European nations. They planned for the next war and believed they would for the next war and believed they would triumph quickly. Most nations believed triumph quickly. Most nations believed the war would be quick and decisive. the war would be quick and decisive.

►Which of the following describes the Which of the following describes the geopolitical situation in Europe prior to geopolitical situation in Europe prior to 1914?1914?A) Great Britain was in decline, which A) Great Britain was in decline, which inspired aggression in Central Europe.inspired aggression in Central Europe.B) Russia and France were on the bring of B) Russia and France were on the bring of war over the Balkans.war over the Balkans.C) War in Asia was draining the resources of C) War in Asia was draining the resources of some European powers.some European powers.D) The rise of Germany and the decline of D) The rise of Germany and the decline of Ottoman Turkey were changing the power Ottoman Turkey were changing the power relationships within Europe.relationships within Europe.E) Revolts in Africa were causing the E) Revolts in Africa were causing the collapse of European imperialism.collapse of European imperialism.

►DDAfter 1860, Ottoman Turkey was referred After 1860, Ottoman Turkey was referred to as the sick man of Europe. This meant to as the sick man of Europe. This meant that a once-mighty empire was in decline that a once-mighty empire was in decline and causing a power vacuum in one part and causing a power vacuum in one part of the continent. At the same time, of the continent. At the same time, Germany had become the most powerful Germany had become the most powerful continental power, with a large, modern continental power, with a large, modern standing army. These two factors created standing army. These two factors created specific regional tensions that would help specific regional tensions that would help bring war in 1914. bring war in 1914.

► Which of the following was the immediate Which of the following was the immediate cause of the Great War of 1914-1918?cause of the Great War of 1914-1918?A) A political assassination in the BalkansA) A political assassination in the BalkansB) Local tensions in Russia escalating into warB) Local tensions in Russia escalating into warC) A treaty between Russia and France that C) A treaty between Russia and France that angered Germanyangered GermanyD) A confrontation between France and Italy D) A confrontation between France and Italy in Africa, which led to fightingin Africa, which led to fightingE) Germany’s invasion of Belgium in an E) Germany’s invasion of Belgium in an attempt to increase its territoryattempt to increase its territory

►AAThe Great War, or World War I, was The Great War, or World War I, was started by an assassination in Sarajevo started by an assassination in Sarajevo in 1914. The heir to the Austria-in 1914. The heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne was shot by a Serbian Hungarian throne was shot by a Serbian nationalist who wanted to incite his nationalist who wanted to incite his people to revolt against the Austrians. people to revolt against the Austrians. This led to an Austrian declaration of This led to an Austrian declaration of war against Serbia, which in turn led to war against Serbia, which in turn led to other nations joined to help their allies.other nations joined to help their allies.

►Which of the following was NOT a long-Which of the following was NOT a long-term cause of World War I?term cause of World War I?A) Imperialistic competition for foreign A) Imperialistic competition for foreign territoriesterritoriesB) Defensive alliances among European B) Defensive alliances among European powerspowersC) Military build-up of navies and armiesC) Military build-up of navies and armiesD) Socialist influences on governmentsD) Socialist influences on governmentsE) Preplanned war movementsE) Preplanned war movements

► DDWhile socialism was making inroads in some While socialism was making inroads in some nations, it did not create the atmosphere nations, it did not create the atmosphere before 1914 that led to war. Powerful nations before 1914 that led to war. Powerful nations such as France, Britain, Germany, and Italy such as France, Britain, Germany, and Italy were building up their militaries in anticipation were building up their militaries in anticipation of conflict. Generals created multiple war of conflict. Generals created multiple war plans to be put into action should war come. plans to be put into action should war come. Alliances were created that bound certain Alliances were created that bound certain nations to one another should one of them be nations to one another should one of them be attacked. The summer of 1914 saw all these attacked. The summer of 1914 saw all these pieces play a role in turning a regional conflict pieces play a role in turning a regional conflict in the Balkans into a global war. in the Balkans into a global war.

► Which of the following is true of both Which of the following is true of both Germany and the United States by 1914?Germany and the United States by 1914?A) Both were monocultural nations.A) Both were monocultural nations.B) Both had low literacy rates among women.B) Both had low literacy rates among women.C) Labor unions had acquired great political C) Labor unions had acquired great political power in both governments.power in both governments.D) Both had surpassed Great Britain in steel D) Both had surpassed Great Britain in steel production.production.E) Both had large standing armies in case of E) Both had large standing armies in case of war. war.

►DDGermany and the United States were the most Germany and the United States were the most dynamic industrial powers prior to World War I. dynamic industrial powers prior to World War I. They had grown rapidly during the nineteenth They had grown rapidly during the nineteenth century, and their industries were the envy of century, and their industries were the envy of the world. Large populations were available for the world. Large populations were available for factory work, and both had efficient managerial factory work, and both had efficient managerial approaches to manufacturing. While Germany approaches to manufacturing. While Germany had the largest and most efficient army in the had the largest and most efficient army in the world, the United States had a modest military world, the United States had a modest military reserve system to use in case of war. reserve system to use in case of war.

► The military situation during most of World The military situation during most of World War I can best be described as which of the War I can best be described as which of the following?following?A) Defensive tactics were useless against A) Defensive tactics were useless against automatic weapons.automatic weapons.B) Airplanes played a crucial role in winning B) Airplanes played a crucial role in winning battles.battles.C) Brilliant generals maneuvered on both C) Brilliant generals maneuvered on both sides of the conflict.sides of the conflict.D) The Allies moved rapidly and won quick D) The Allies moved rapidly and won quick victories.victories.E) Frustrating stalemate and high casualty E) Frustrating stalemate and high casualty rates marked the war. rates marked the war.

► EEWorld War I was a new kind of conflict with World War I was a new kind of conflict with weapons such as the machine gun causing weapons such as the machine gun causing extraordinary death rates. Massive frontal assaults extraordinary death rates. Massive frontal assaults into rapid firing guns led to many deaths but little into rapid firing guns led to many deaths but little military advantage gained. Defensive works were military advantage gained. Defensive works were built so that soldiers could live underground to built so that soldiers could live underground to protect them from artillery and bombings. The protect them from artillery and bombings. The airplane was introduced as a weapon but had little airplane was introduced as a weapon but had little impact on so vast a land war. Until the breakouts impact on so vast a land war. Until the breakouts of 1918, there was a basic stalemate in which of 1918, there was a basic stalemate in which neither side could gain much territory from the neither side could gain much territory from the other side. other side.

►Which of the following regions were Which of the following regions were NOT the sites of military battles in NOT the sites of military battles in World War I?World War I?A) The Atlantic OceanA) The Atlantic OceanB) AsiaB) AsiaC) AfricaC) AfricaD) South AmericaD) South AmericaE) Europe E) Europe

►DDWorld War I was the largest war to take World War I was the largest war to take place in so many different parts of the place in so many different parts of the globe. While the main battles took place in globe. While the main battles took place in Western and Eastern Europe, there were Western and Eastern Europe, there were also colonial battles taking place in the also colonial battles taking place in the Middle East, Africa, and the Far East. Navies Middle East, Africa, and the Far East. Navies fought on the high seas, and the new fought on the high seas, and the new submarine technology meant that ships submarine technology meant that ships were vulnerable around the world. The were vulnerable around the world. The North Atlantic was the scene of many North Atlantic was the scene of many attacks by German submarines on ships attacks by German submarines on ships headed for France and Britain.headed for France and Britain.

►Which of the following is NOT a reason for Which of the following is NOT a reason for the Allied victory in 1918?the Allied victory in 1918?A) Mutinies took place in the Germany navy.A) Mutinies took place in the Germany navy.B) Germany went back to unrestricted B) Germany went back to unrestricted submarine tactics in the North Atlantic.submarine tactics in the North Atlantic.C) American troops were bolstering the C) American troops were bolstering the Allied army.Allied army.D) Russia stopped fighting after the 1917 D) Russia stopped fighting after the 1917 revolution.revolution.E) The long war had exhausted Germany E) The long war had exhausted Germany and Austria.and Austria.

► DDThe war in Europe had many unintended The war in Europe had many unintended consequences, such as the Russian Revolution in 1917. consequences, such as the Russian Revolution in 1917. The Bolsheviks took power in Russia and had The Bolsheviks took power in Russia and had promised to end the war. This was an advantage for promised to end the war. This was an advantage for the Germans because they could now concentrate the Germans because they could now concentrate their armies in the West and hoped for a breakthrough their armies in the West and hoped for a breakthrough in the stalemate of that campaign. But after four years in the stalemate of that campaign. But after four years of numerous losses, morale was very low in many units of numerous losses, morale was very low in many units on both sides. Some French and German units refused on both sides. Some French and German units refused to fight or follow orders. When the Germans prompted to fight or follow orders. When the Germans prompted the entry of the United States into the war, American the entry of the United States into the war, American troops began to replace many exhausted French, troops began to replace many exhausted French, British, and Canadian divisions. This allowed for an British, and Canadian divisions. This allowed for an Allied breakthrough in the fall of 1918, which led to a Allied breakthrough in the fall of 1918, which led to a ceasefire agreement in November. ceasefire agreement in November.

►Which of the following was NOT a result Which of the following was NOT a result of the Great War from 1914 to 1918?of the Great War from 1914 to 1918?A) Refugees were dislocated after losing A) Refugees were dislocated after losing their homes.their homes.B) Colonial power was enhanced B) Colonial power was enhanced overseas.overseas.C) Monarchies were toppled.C) Monarchies were toppled.D) Marxist movements gained strength in D) Marxist movements gained strength in Europe.Europe.E) Nations lost territories when political E) Nations lost territories when political boundaries were redrawn. boundaries were redrawn.

► BBWorld War I had multiple effects around the World War I had multiple effects around the world. It led to the collapse of three world. It led to the collapse of three monarchies – in Austria, Germany, and Russia. monarchies – in Austria, Germany, and Russia. Colonial power was weakened in Africa and Colonial power was weakened in Africa and Asia because France and England were unable Asia because France and England were unable to return to their former influence, and radical to return to their former influence, and radical movements on the right and left gained more movements on the right and left gained more followers. The postwar settlement also followers. The postwar settlement also changed the political boundaries in Europe changed the political boundaries in Europe and the Middle East, which led to other and the Middle East, which led to other tensions after the end of the war. tensions after the end of the war.

XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and political independence and territorial integrity to great and

small states alike.small states alike.-Woodrow Wilson, The Fourteen Points, 1918-Woodrow Wilson, The Fourteen Points, 1918

►The above excerpt refers to what The above excerpt refers to what international body established in the international body established in the post-World War I era?post-World War I era?A) The Organization of American statesA) The Organization of American statesB) The League of NationsB) The League of NationsC) The European UnionC) The European UnionD) The United NationsD) The United NationsE) The North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationE) The North Atlantic Treaty Organization

► BB In 1918, the president of the United States In 1918, the president of the United States laid out his Fourteen Points, which were a laid out his Fourteen Points, which were a plan for peace after the Great War. His last plan for peace after the Great War. His last point suggested a new international point suggested a new international association of nations that would help keep association of nations that would help keep the peace. This was debated at the treaty the peace. This was debated at the treaty negotiations at Versailles after the war, when negotiations at Versailles after the war, when it was decided that the League of Nations be it was decided that the League of Nations be established. It was founded in 1920 with its established. It was founded in 1920 with its headquarters in Switzerland. headquarters in Switzerland.

His Majesty’s Government views with favour of the establishment in His Majesty’s Government views with favour of the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being

clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country. - or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country. -

Lord Balfour, Letter, 1917Lord Balfour, Letter, 1917

►The above quote fulfills the desires of The above quote fulfills the desires of which of the following twentieth-which of the following twentieth-century movements?century movements?A) Pan-Slavism in the BalkansA) Pan-Slavism in the BalkansB) Zionism in EuropeB) Zionism in EuropeC) Pan-Arabism in the Middle EastC) Pan-Arabism in the Middle EastD) National Socialism in GermanyD) National Socialism in GermanyE) Syrian nationalism in Asia MinorE) Syrian nationalism in Asia Minor

► BBThe letter, written in 1917, expressed some The letter, written in 1917, expressed some support by the British government for the support by the British government for the Zionist movement that developed in the late Zionist movement that developed in the late nineteenth century in Europe. Nationalism nineteenth century in Europe. Nationalism took root in certain Jewish circles, which took root in certain Jewish circles, which sought a homeland for Jewish people. sought a homeland for Jewish people. Ottoman Turkey dominated the former Ottoman Turkey dominated the former geography of ancient Israel but tolerated geography of ancient Israel but tolerated some Jewish settlement after 1880. some Jewish settlement after 1880. Influential Jewish leaders sought support for Influential Jewish leaders sought support for the idea of a Jewish state from important the idea of a Jewish state from important nations such as Britain. nations such as Britain.

►All of the following are features of the All of the following are features of the twentieth-century fascism EXCEPTtwentieth-century fascism EXCEPTA) following pro-Marxist policiesA) following pro-Marxist policiesB) support of conservative business B) support of conservative business interestsinterestsC) single-party ruleC) single-party ruleD) ultranationalist themes used to inspire D) ultranationalist themes used to inspire patriotismpatriotismE) the build-up and promotion of E) the build-up and promotion of militariesmilitaries

► In which region of the world do the In which region of the world do the largest number of Buddhists live?largest number of Buddhists live?A) East AsiaA) East AsiaB) South AsiaB) South AsiaC) Central AsiaC) Central AsiaD) Eastern EuropeD) Eastern EuropeE) Middle EastE) Middle East

► AAFascism arose as a reaction to Marxist Fascism arose as a reaction to Marxist revolution after World War I. Fascist revolution after World War I. Fascist movements were successful in gaining power movements were successful in gaining power in Europe and Latin America after 1920. in Europe and Latin America after 1920. Capitalist interests might support fascist Capitalist interests might support fascist leaders as long as communism and unionism leaders as long as communism and unionism were thwarted. Nationalism and militarism were thwarted. Nationalism and militarism are central features of this ideology so that are central features of this ideology so that people would be prepared to fight for their people would be prepared to fight for their country. Flags are used extensively to country. Flags are used extensively to stimulate patriotism in the population and stimulate patriotism in the population and gather support for the government.gather support for the government.

►AABuddhism began in South Asia but did not Buddhism began in South Asia but did not thrive in the Hindu cultural environment. thrive in the Hindu cultural environment. It was spread by missionaries to China and It was spread by missionaries to China and Southeast Asia, and found many converts Southeast Asia, and found many converts over the centuries. In time, it also spread over the centuries. In time, it also spread to Japan. Today more Buddhist temples to Japan. Today more Buddhist temples are found in countries from Korea to are found in countries from Korea to Vietnam. Different sects of the religion Vietnam. Different sects of the religion have developed in different parts of Asia. have developed in different parts of Asia.

►All of the following helped cause the All of the following helped cause the Russian Revolution of 1917 EXCEPTRussian Revolution of 1917 EXCEPTA) a long war had exhausted the militaryA) a long war had exhausted the militaryB) the death of the tsar weakened the B) the death of the tsar weakened the governmentgovernmentC) Germans helped Lenin return to C) Germans helped Lenin return to RussiaRussiaD) charismatic leadership spurred the D) charismatic leadership spurred the radical revolutionariesradical revolutionariesE) widespread famine destabilized the E) widespread famine destabilized the nationnation

► BBWorld War I brought about the downfall of the World War I brought about the downfall of the tsarist regime in Russia. Defeats on the tsarist regime in Russia. Defeats on the battlefield left the army in shambles, and battlefield left the army in shambles, and famine was common across the nation. The famine was common across the nation. The tsar abdicated and turned the government tsar abdicated and turned the government over to moderate socialists, who took charge over to moderate socialists, who took charge briefly. The radical Bolsheviks then took over briefly. The radical Bolsheviks then took over and placed the tsar under house arrest. and placed the tsar under house arrest. Eventually they shot the entire royal family to Eventually they shot the entire royal family to end the monarchy.end the monarchy.

►Which of the following is true about the Which of the following is true about the Treaty of Versailles in 1919?Treaty of Versailles in 1919?A) Land was reapportioned in Eastern A) Land was reapportioned in Eastern Europe to create new countries.Europe to create new countries.B) Germany was allowed to keep its army.B) Germany was allowed to keep its army.C) Switzerland was enlarged at the expense C) Switzerland was enlarged at the expense of Austria.of Austria.D) The kaiser gave up his throne to the D) The kaiser gave up his throne to the crown prince. crown prince. E) France gladly returned the Rhineland to E) France gladly returned the Rhineland to Germany.Germany.

► AAThe Treaty of Versailles attempted to reorder The Treaty of Versailles attempted to reorder Europe and keep the peace. Wilson had Europe and keep the peace. Wilson had promised that people would be able to promised that people would be able to determine their own political future. Poland determine their own political future. Poland was repositioned on the map in Eastern Europe, was repositioned on the map in Eastern Europe, and new nations such as Czechoslovakia were and new nations such as Czechoslovakia were created out of the old Austrian empire. created out of the old Austrian empire. Germany lost its large army and its monarchy Germany lost its large army and its monarchy was abolished. France occupied portions of was abolished. France occupied portions of western Germany to extract mineral wealth western Germany to extract mineral wealth from the defeated nation.from the defeated nation.

►Ho Chi Minh and Mao Tse-tung both Ho Chi Minh and Mao Tse-tung both borrowed their ideologies from which borrowed their ideologies from which of the following revolutionary thinkers?of the following revolutionary thinkers?A) Mohandas GandhiA) Mohandas GandhiB) Leon TrotskyB) Leon TrotskyC) Fidel CastroC) Fidel CastroD) Sacco and VanzettiD) Sacco and VanzettiE) Karl MarxE) Karl Marx

►EEHo Chi Minh and Mao Tse-tung were both Ho Chi Minh and Mao Tse-tung were both twentieth-century Marxist twentieth-century Marxist revolutionaries in East Asia. Ho became revolutionaries in East Asia. Ho became the father of modern Vietnam, while Mao the father of modern Vietnam, while Mao founded the People’s Republic of China founded the People’s Republic of China in 1949. Both borrowed heavily from in 1949. Both borrowed heavily from Marxist ideas about the workers needing Marxist ideas about the workers needing to overthrow imperialist capitalism. to overthrow imperialist capitalism.

►What do Great Britain, Australia, and What do Great Britain, Australia, and Israel have in common?Israel have in common?A) Presidents as heads of governmentA) Presidents as heads of governmentB) Monarchies that function as B) Monarchies that function as symbols of the nationsymbols of the nationC) Bilingual educational policiesC) Bilingual educational policiesD) Militaries allied with GermanyD) Militaries allied with GermanyE) Parliamentary forms of governmentE) Parliamentary forms of government

►EEGreat Britain, Australia, and Israel all Great Britain, Australia, and Israel all have prime ministers as the heads of have prime ministers as the heads of their governments. They have their governments. They have parliaments that are elected by the parliaments that are elected by the people and form the national people and form the national governments. They all have monolingual governments. They all have monolingual language policies. All are industrial language policies. All are industrial nations with high-tech infrastructures. nations with high-tech infrastructures.

►Which of the following countries grew Which of the following countries grew to have the largest population in the to have the largest population in the world in the twentieth century?world in the twentieth century?A) ChinaA) ChinaB) RussiaB) RussiaC) IndiaC) IndiaD) CanadaD) CanadaE) IndonesiaE) Indonesia

►AABy 1900, China had over 400 million By 1900, China had over 400 million people. This growth continued until the people. This growth continued until the population topped 1 billion in the 1960s. population topped 1 billion in the 1960s. Most Chinese were poor peasants who Most Chinese were poor peasants who barely survived as farmers. Revolution barely survived as farmers. Revolution and war characterized the twentieth-and war characterized the twentieth-century Chinese experience, and tens of century Chinese experience, and tens of millions of people were killed across the millions of people were killed across the country.country.

►All of the following were accomplished All of the following were accomplished by Kemal in establishing modern Turkey by Kemal in establishing modern Turkey EXCEPTEXCEPTA) Muslim courts were suppressedA) Muslim courts were suppressedB) women were not allowed to wear veilsB) women were not allowed to wear veilsC) European laws were introducedC) European laws were introducedD) The Arabic alphabet was retainedD) The Arabic alphabet was retainedE) Turkey was declared a secular E) Turkey was declared a secular republicrepublic

►DDMustafa Kemal, also known as Ataturk, is the Mustafa Kemal, also known as Ataturk, is the father of modern Turkey and radically remade father of modern Turkey and radically remade the country after defeat in World War I. He was the country after defeat in World War I. He was a military hero and father figure who wanted to a military hero and father figure who wanted to make Turkey into a modern European nation. make Turkey into a modern European nation. To do this, he reformed education and took To do this, he reformed education and took power away from Muslim clerics. He did away power away from Muslim clerics. He did away with the Arabic alphabet and replaced it with a with the Arabic alphabet and replaced it with a Romanized Latin writing system that is still in Romanized Latin writing system that is still in use today.use today.

► Japan turned to a right-wing militaristic Japan turned to a right-wing militaristic government in the 1920s and 1930s government in the 1920s and 1930s because of which of the following?because of which of the following?A) Postwar nationalism and the Great A) Postwar nationalism and the Great Depression weakened democracy.Depression weakened democracy.B) A powerful shogun took control in B) A powerful shogun took control in Tokyo.Tokyo.C) The emperor became imperialistic after C) The emperor became imperialistic after World War I.World War I.D) Liberal democracy led to labor riots.D) Liberal democracy led to labor riots.E) The Diet was dominated by socialists. E) The Diet was dominated by socialists.

► AAJapan was on the winning side of World War I Japan was on the winning side of World War I but did not receive what it wanted in the but did not receive what it wanted in the peace settlement of 1919. Many nationalists peace settlement of 1919. Many nationalists protested and wanted Japan to assert itself on protested and wanted Japan to assert itself on the world scene. Liberals were under siege as the world scene. Liberals were under siege as the military took more and more control of the military took more and more control of the government. The global depression the government. The global depression further weakened the government, which was further weakened the government, which was finally dominated by the army and navy.finally dominated by the army and navy.

►The great twentieth-century physicist The great twentieth-century physicist credited with the theory of relativity iscredited with the theory of relativity isA) James NewtonA) James NewtonB) Niels BohrB) Niels BohrC) Robert OppenheimerC) Robert OppenheimerD) Albert EinsteinD) Albert EinsteinE) Max PlanckE) Max Planck

►DDThe older model of Newtonian physics The older model of Newtonian physics was rethought when Einstein published was rethought when Einstein published his theory of relativity in the early his theory of relativity in the early twentieth century. He theorized that twentieth century. He theorized that matter, space, and time were not fixed matter, space, and time were not fixed but relative to one another. New theories but relative to one another. New theories about the nature of light and the universe about the nature of light and the universe followed. This amounted to a revolution followed. This amounted to a revolution in terms of human understanding of the in terms of human understanding of the universe. universe.

►After World War I, the former Ottoman After World War I, the former Ottoman empire was partitioned into new empire was partitioned into new nations includingnations includingA) Ethiopia and OmanA) Ethiopia and OmanB) Israel and LebanonB) Israel and LebanonC) Jordan and IraqC) Jordan and IraqD) Libya and AlbaniaD) Libya and AlbaniaE) Egypt and MacedoniaE) Egypt and Macedonia

►CCThe Ottoman Turks had allied themselves The Ottoman Turks had allied themselves with Germany and were defeated by the with Germany and were defeated by the Western powers. The Ottoman empire Western powers. The Ottoman empire lost its territories in the Middle East, and lost its territories in the Middle East, and new nations were created. These new new nations were created. These new nations included Iran, Iraq, Jordan, nations included Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Saudi Arabia. As Lebanon, Syria, and Saudi Arabia. As new nations, they were overseen by new nations, they were overseen by Britain and France for a time under Britain and France for a time under League of Nations mandates.League of Nations mandates.

We want to glorify war, the world’s only hygiene-militarism, pure We want to glorify war, the world’s only hygiene-militarism, pure in deed, destroyer of anarchisms,…in deed, destroyer of anarchisms,…

- Filippo Marinetti, 1920- Filippo Marinetti, 1920

►The above slogan relates to which The above slogan relates to which twentieth-century political twentieth-century political phenomenon?phenomenon?A) Trade unionismA) Trade unionismB) Marxist revolutionary movementsB) Marxist revolutionary movementsC) Italian fascist in the interwar periodC) Italian fascist in the interwar periodD) Wilsonian democracyD) Wilsonian democracyE) Liberal positivismE) Liberal positivism

► CCAfter the Treaty of Versailles, numerous After the Treaty of Versailles, numerous nations – including Italy – were dissatisfied nations – including Italy – were dissatisfied with the settlement. Some Italian nationalists with the settlement. Some Italian nationalists dreamed of a strong nation led by military dreamed of a strong nation led by military men who glorified war and masculine struggle. men who glorified war and masculine struggle. Benito Mussolini became the spokesperson Benito Mussolini became the spokesperson for this new political ideology and took power for this new political ideology and took power in Italy after 1922. Fascists believed that war in Italy after 1922. Fascists believed that war was the great endeavor of powerful nations, was the great endeavor of powerful nations, so they built up their armies to fight and so they built up their armies to fight and expand their territories. expand their territories.

► Five Year Plans initiated by Hitler, Stalin, Five Year Plans initiated by Hitler, Stalin, and Mao were evidence of which trend in and Mao were evidence of which trend in governmental management?governmental management?A) Mass production in government-owned A) Mass production in government-owned factoriesfactoriesB) Fascist control of manufactureB) Fascist control of manufactureC) Marxist oversight of industryC) Marxist oversight of industryD) Liberal democratic approaches to ending D) Liberal democratic approaches to ending the Great Depressionthe Great DepressionE) Centrally planned economies under E) Centrally planned economies under single-party dictatorshipssingle-party dictatorships

► EEPowerful dictators took control of Germany, Powerful dictators took control of Germany, Russia, and China in the middle of the Russia, and China in the middle of the twentieth century. Some were fascist and twentieth century. Some were fascist and others were Marxist, but they all sought to others were Marxist, but they all sought to control their nations. While Germany allowed control their nations. While Germany allowed for private investment, the Soviet Union and for private investment, the Soviet Union and China became communistic, with complete China became communistic, with complete government control of the economy. government control of the economy. Dictators on the right and left tried to plan Dictators on the right and left tried to plan their national economies so they would their national economies so they would develop and grow stronger.develop and grow stronger.

►Collectivization Collectivization can best be defined as can best be defined as which of the following?which of the following?A) The consolidation of small farms A) The consolidation of small farms into large state enterprisesinto large state enterprisesB) Acquisition of overseas territoriesB) Acquisition of overseas territoriesC) Internationalism on a global scaleC) Internationalism on a global scaleD) Building of labor organizations in D) Building of labor organizations in different countriesdifferent countriesE) Promotion of land reform for E) Promotion of land reform for peasants in Latin Americapeasants in Latin America

► AAAfter the revolution, Stalin began to create After the revolution, Stalin began to create large-scale agricultural enterprises to control large-scale agricultural enterprises to control national farming and the people who worked national farming and the people who worked the land. Many resisted and were starved or the land. Many resisted and were starved or imprisoned by the Soviet dictator. Machinery imprisoned by the Soviet dictator. Machinery and mass production were used to modernize and mass production were used to modernize Russian farming. Only obedient farmers Russian farming. Only obedient farmers survived the transition, and finally land was survived the transition, and finally land was brought under government control by the brought under government control by the 1930s. 1930s.

►Economic depression is characterized Economic depression is characterized by all of the following EXCEPTby all of the following EXCEPTA) bank failuresA) bank failuresB) rampant inflationB) rampant inflationC) high unemployment C) high unemployment D) collapse of the equity marketsD) collapse of the equity marketsE) declining pricesE) declining prices

► BBEconomic depression is defined as a long-term Economic depression is defined as a long-term shrinking of the economy. Economic depressions shrinking of the economy. Economic depressions have tended to occur periodically in history, and the have tended to occur periodically in history, and the most severe world depression took place in the most severe world depression took place in the 1930s. Depressions are characterized by the 1930s. Depressions are characterized by the closing of both companies and banks. Panic results closing of both companies and banks. Panic results in large-scale selling in the stock markets and in large-scale selling in the stock markets and plummeting share prices. Prices for goods fall as plummeting share prices. Prices for goods fall as demand decreases and money is scarce. Workers demand decreases and money is scarce. Workers are laid off and joblessness increases dramatically. are laid off and joblessness increases dramatically. Inflation occurs with the rising of consumer prices Inflation occurs with the rising of consumer prices and cannot occur during a depression.and cannot occur during a depression.

►All of the following destabilized All of the following destabilized international relations in the 1930s international relations in the 1930s EXCEPTEXCEPTA) The Munich Agreement of 1938A) The Munich Agreement of 1938B) Japan’s invasion of ManchuriaB) Japan’s invasion of ManchuriaC) Hitler’s annexation of AustriaC) Hitler’s annexation of AustriaD) Italy’s invasion of EthiopiaD) Italy’s invasion of EthiopiaE) Lenin’s death in RussiaE) Lenin’s death in Russia

► EEStrong and aggressive military regimes took Strong and aggressive military regimes took power in Japan, Germany, and Italy in the power in Japan, Germany, and Italy in the 1930s. Each nation used its military forces 1930s. Each nation used its military forces to take territories and thus expand its to take territories and thus expand its power. Germany absorbed Austria and took power. Germany absorbed Austria and took Czechoslovakia with the Munich accord in Czechoslovakia with the Munich accord in 1938. Japan took northern China, and Italy 1938. Japan took northern China, and Italy invaded East Africa. All these acts of invaded East Africa. All these acts of aggression weakened the liberal powers in aggression weakened the liberal powers in the West and made war more likely. Lenin the West and made war more likely. Lenin had died in 1924, which led to the rise of had died in 1924, which led to the rise of Stalin in the Soviet Union.Stalin in the Soviet Union.

►Which Asian nation was most Which Asian nation was most successful in modernizing along successful in modernizing along Western lines after 1900?Western lines after 1900?A) ThailandA) ThailandB) The Republic of ChinaB) The Republic of ChinaC) BoliviaC) BoliviaD) IndonesiaD) IndonesiaE) JapanE) Japan

► EEThe intrusion of the West influenced every Asian The intrusion of the West influenced every Asian nation after 1700. Most resisted the Europeans but nation after 1700. Most resisted the Europeans but could not keep them out over the long term. Japan could not keep them out over the long term. Japan also tried to fend off the West but was pressured into also tried to fend off the West but was pressured into opening trade with the Americans in the nineteenth opening trade with the Americans in the nineteenth century. The Japanese then became disciplined century. The Japanese then became disciplined students of Western technology in many fields and students of Western technology in many fields and succeeded in building a modern nation with a large succeeded in building a modern nation with a large military. Japan’s industry was able to manufacture military. Japan’s industry was able to manufacture textiles, high-quality steel, and other goods. By textiles, high-quality steel, and other goods. By 1940, it had the largest navy in the world and was 1940, it had the largest navy in the world and was ready to engage the West in a titanic war over ready to engage the West in a titanic war over control of the Pacific.control of the Pacific.

► Christianity, Judaism, and Islam have which of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam have which of the following in common?the following in common?A) All three religions view Jerusalem as a holy A) All three religions view Jerusalem as a holy city.city.B) They are animistic faiths.B) They are animistic faiths.C) The Quran is seen as the revealed word of C) The Quran is seen as the revealed word of God.God.D) All see Jesus as an important prophet sent D) All see Jesus as an important prophet sent by God.by God.E) Clergy may not marry according to their E) Clergy may not marry according to their traditionstraditions

► AAAll of the three monotheisms were born in the All of the three monotheisms were born in the deserts of the Middle East. Judaism is the parent deserts of the Middle East. Judaism is the parent faith to the other two religions because Jesus was a faith to the other two religions because Jesus was a Jew, and Mohammed saw himself as a continuation Jew, and Mohammed saw himself as a continuation of Hebrew and Christian revelation from God. of Hebrew and Christian revelation from God. Jerusalem plays a role in all three religions. Stories Jerusalem plays a role in all three religions. Stories take place there involving many personalities such take place there involving many personalities such as King David, Jesus, Saint Peter, Mohammed, and as King David, Jesus, Saint Peter, Mohammed, and others. Followers of all three monotheisms have others. Followers of all three monotheisms have traveled to Jerusalem to worship and see the holy traveled to Jerusalem to worship and see the holy sites from the Bible and the Quran. sites from the Bible and the Quran.

► All of the following were factors in the rise of All of the following were factors in the rise of Nazism in Germany EXCEPTNazism in Germany EXCEPTA) the perception that the Treaty of Versailles A) the perception that the Treaty of Versailles was unjustwas unjustB) Germans being drawn to Western B) Germans being drawn to Western liberalismliberalismC) Political instability resulting from the Great C) Political instability resulting from the Great DepressionDepressionD) political instability resulting from the Great D) political instability resulting from the Great DepressionDepressionE) Hitler’s appeals to German pride because E) Hitler’s appeals to German pride because he promised a stronger nationhe promised a stronger nation

► BBGermany was saddled with large war debts Germany was saddled with large war debts after the Great War ended. The economy after the Great War ended. The economy suffered rampant inflation and then the suffered rampant inflation and then the devastation of the global depression in the devastation of the global depression in the 1930s. The success of communism in nearby 1930s. The success of communism in nearby Russia also caused anxiety in the middle and Russia also caused anxiety in the middle and upper classes. Hitler crafted an appealing upper classes. Hitler crafted an appealing message of returning Germany to greatness. message of returning Germany to greatness. He promised to tear up the Treaty of He promised to tear up the Treaty of Versailles and rebuild the military.Versailles and rebuild the military.

►Which of the following were twentieth-Which of the following were twentieth-century fascist nations?century fascist nations?A) Canada and SpainA) Canada and SpainB) Germany and RussiaB) Germany and RussiaC) Poland and ItalyC) Poland and ItalyD) Nicaragua and MexicoD) Nicaragua and MexicoE) Italy and SpainE) Italy and Spain

►EEFascism took root in several nations in Fascism took root in several nations in the twentieth century. Some of these the twentieth century. Some of these countries were in Europe and others in countries were in Europe and others in latin America. The most well-known latin America. The most well-known fascist governments were established in fascist governments were established in Europe in the 1920s and 1930s. Italy was Europe in the 1920s and 1930s. Italy was the first nation to adopt a right-wing the first nation to adopt a right-wing fascist government, but both Germany fascist government, but both Germany and Spain followed with militaristic and Spain followed with militaristic dictatorships of their own. dictatorships of their own.

►Which of the following were great Which of the following were great advantages for the Allies in their victory advantages for the Allies in their victory over the Axis nations in World War II?over the Axis nations in World War II?A) New technologies such as rocketsA) New technologies such as rocketsB) Stronger navies at the start of the B) Stronger navies at the start of the conflictconflictC) Abundant natural resources and C) Abundant natural resources and large populationslarge populationsD) Shorter supply linesD) Shorter supply linesE) Support from African nationsE) Support from African nations

► CCAfter the Soviet Union and the United States After the Soviet Union and the United States entered the war in 1941, the Axis nations faced two entered the war in 1941, the Axis nations faced two very large and resourceful nations. The United very large and resourceful nations. The United States was already the most productive industrial States was already the most productive industrial nation in the world and could manufacture large nation in the world and could manufacture large quantities of material for the war effort. The Soviet quantities of material for the war effort. The Soviet Union had a large population to contribute and was Union had a large population to contribute and was able to design weaponry to counter the German able to design weaponry to counter the German assault on its territory. The advantage of natural assault on its territory. The advantage of natural resources, which Japan and Germany lacked, was a resources, which Japan and Germany lacked, was a decisive advantage in a long protracted war.decisive advantage in a long protracted war.

►All of the following were new All of the following were new technologies adapted to warfare in technologies adapted to warfare in World War II EXCEPTWorld War II EXCEPTA) armored tanksA) armored tanksB) long-range missilesB) long-range missilesC) nuclear bombsC) nuclear bombsD) jet aircraftD) jet aircraftE) radarE) radar

► AAWorld War II saw the introduction of many World War II saw the introduction of many new technologies used to fight the war on new technologies used to fight the war on both sides. The Germans made impressive both sides. The Germans made impressive advances in rocketry and launched the first advances in rocketry and launched the first long-range missiles that delivered explosives long-range missiles that delivered explosives to foreign cities. They also produced the first to foreign cities. They also produced the first jet aircraft used in war. The British developed jet aircraft used in war. The British developed radar to detect aircraft from a distance, and radar to detect aircraft from a distance, and the Americans developed the atomic bomb to the Americans developed the atomic bomb to use on Japan in the last month of the war. use on Japan in the last month of the war. Tanks had already been produced during Tanks had already been produced during World War I, a generation earlier. World War I, a generation earlier.

►Appeasement Appeasement is best defined as which of is best defined as which of the following?the following?A) Bilateral negotiations between enemy A) Bilateral negotiations between enemy statesstatesB) The desire for peace, leading to B) The desire for peace, leading to concessions with another powerful nationconcessions with another powerful nationC) Protests against aggressive by an C) Protests against aggressive by an international bodyinternational bodyD) Appealing to the world community for D) Appealing to the world community for aidaidE) Surrogate fighting in another countryE) Surrogate fighting in another country

► BBThe term appeasement has often been used to The term appeasement has often been used to describe the events of 1938 when Germany describe the events of 1938 when Germany demanded territorial adjustments in Central Europe. demanded territorial adjustments in Central Europe. Hitler believed that the Treaty of Versailles had not Hitler believed that the Treaty of Versailles had not taken ethnic Germans into consideration, so he taken ethnic Germans into consideration, so he demanded control over the border region of demanded control over the border region of Czechoslovakia. Britain and France negotiated a Czechoslovakia. Britain and France negotiated a settlement that allowed Germany to take parts of settlement that allowed Germany to take parts of Czechoslovakia in return for a promise that Hitler Czechoslovakia in return for a promise that Hitler would keep the peace. That agreement has been would keep the peace. That agreement has been criticized as a precursor to World War II because criticized as a precursor to World War II because Hitler was not satisfied with the Czech settlement Hitler was not satisfied with the Czech settlement and later invaded Poland.and later invaded Poland.

►The concept of collective security is The concept of collective security is best represented in the twentieth best represented in the twentieth century by the creation ofcentury by the creation ofA) the CominternA) the CominternB) large militaries by some nationsB) large militaries by some nationsC) bilateral treatiesC) bilateral treatiesD) the League of NationsD) the League of NationsE) the G8 organization E) the G8 organization

► DDAfter the horrors of modern war in World War I, After the horrors of modern war in World War I, nations tried to come up with a mechanism to nations tried to come up with a mechanism to prevent another conflict. The League of Nations prevent another conflict. The League of Nations was envisioned as an organization that would was envisioned as an organization that would provide international pressure in case war were to provide international pressure in case war were to break out somewhere in the world. If one country break out somewhere in the world. If one country were to break the peace and start war, other were to break the peace and start war, other nations would force an aggressor to back down. nations would force an aggressor to back down. This concept of collective security meant that all This concept of collective security meant that all nations would be more secure if they worked nations would be more secure if they worked together to keep war from escalating into global together to keep war from escalating into global conflict.conflict.

►The euphemism The euphemism Greater East Asian Co-Greater East Asian Co-prosperity Sphereprosperity Sphere was used by Japan in was used by Japan in World War II to refer toWorld War II to refer toA) The commonwealth of former British A) The commonwealth of former British coloniescoloniesB) former French colonies in AsiaB) former French colonies in AsiaC) Anglo-Japanese colonies in the Pacific C) Anglo-Japanese colonies in the Pacific D) territories conquered by their military D) territories conquered by their military and included in their empireand included in their empireE) free trade occurring in their regionE) free trade occurring in their region

► Japanese and German crimes against Japanese and German crimes against humanity during World War II included all of humanity during World War II included all of the following EXCEPTthe following EXCEPTA) using prisoners of war in cruel medical A) using prisoners of war in cruel medical experimentsexperimentsB) mass murder of selected ethnic groupsB) mass murder of selected ethnic groupsC) forced prostitution of colonial women C) forced prostitution of colonial women during the warduring the warD) torture of prisoners captured in battleD) torture of prisoners captured in battleE) unleashing chemical weapons in major E) unleashing chemical weapons in major battlesbattles

► DDJapan tried to appeal to fellow Asians by suggesting Japan tried to appeal to fellow Asians by suggesting that they create an anti-imperialistic zone under that they create an anti-imperialistic zone under Japanese control. This meant expelling the Japanese control. This meant expelling the Europeans from Asia, and while some Indians, Europeans from Asia, and while some Indians, Indonesians, and Malaysians did collaborate with Indonesians, and Malaysians did collaborate with the Japanese to fight the Europeans, many saw this the Japanese to fight the Europeans, many saw this appeal as a way to replace on imperialist with appeal as a way to replace on imperialist with another. Propaganda from Tokyo continued to another. Propaganda from Tokyo continued to publicize the Japanese triumphs over the British and publicize the Japanese triumphs over the British and the Dutch, but many Asians fought Japan and the Dutch, but many Asians fought Japan and helped the Allies during the war.helped the Allies during the war.

► EEBoth Germany and Japan were held responsible for Both Germany and Japan were held responsible for atrocities during World War II. These international atrocities during World War II. These international trials or tribunals sought to set a precedent for trials or tribunals sought to set a precedent for prosecuting people who had behaved barbarously prosecuting people who had behaved barbarously in time of war. Both the Germans and Japanese in time of war. Both the Germans and Japanese conducted medical experiments on Russians and conducted medical experiments on Russians and Chinese in prisoner camps. Special military units Chinese in prisoner camps. Special military units also participated in the torture of people who also participated in the torture of people who opposed the military occupations of the Axis opposed the military occupations of the Axis nations. Numerous German and Japanese military nations. Numerous German and Japanese military and government officials were tried and executed and government officials were tried and executed after the war by the Allied military courts.after the war by the Allied military courts.

►The nation that experienced the most The nation that experienced the most casualties (dead and wounded) during casualties (dead and wounded) during the World War II wasthe World War II wasA) Soviet Union A) Soviet Union B) GermanyB) GermanyC) the United StatesC) the United StatesD) JapanD) JapanE) FranceE) France

► AAIt is estimated that over 50 million people It is estimated that over 50 million people died in World War II. The war between died in World War II. The war between Germany and Russia was particularly Germany and Russia was particularly gruesome and hard-fought, and left as many gruesome and hard-fought, and left as many as 20 million Russians dead. Both sides set as 20 million Russians dead. Both sides set aside the conventional rules of combat and aside the conventional rules of combat and fought one another without restraint. While fought one another without restraint. While many more Russians died in the battles many more Russians died in the battles fought, the Germans were eventually invaded fought, the Germans were eventually invaded by Russia and defeated in 1945.by Russia and defeated in 1945.

►After the defeat of the Axis powers in After the defeat of the Axis powers in World War II, which two nations World War II, which two nations emerged with unprecedented military emerged with unprecedented military power?power?A) Great Britain and CanadaA) Great Britain and CanadaB) The United States and Soviet UnionB) The United States and Soviet UnionC) China and JapanC) China and JapanD) France and HollandD) France and HollandE) Great Britain and the United StatesE) Great Britain and the United States

► BBWith the massive destruction of World War II, only two With the massive destruction of World War II, only two nations had the resources and populations to continue nations had the resources and populations to continue as true world powers. Japan and Germany were as true world powers. Japan and Germany were utterly defeated and had to reconstitute their utterly defeated and had to reconstitute their governments and economies. Britain and France had governments and economies. Britain and France had exhausted their treasuries and were victorious but exhausted their treasuries and were victorious but weak. China was deeply divided between the weak. China was deeply divided between the nationalist leadership and communist movements in nationalist leadership and communist movements in the countryside. Only the United States and the the countryside. Only the United States and the Soviet Union had large standing armies and possessed Soviet Union had large standing armies and possessed abundant resources after 1945. The term abundant resources after 1945. The term superpower superpower was coined to describe the United States and the was coined to describe the United States and the Soviet Union in the postwar period.Soviet Union in the postwar period.

► The term The term cold warcold war best refers to which of the best refers to which of the following in history?following in history?A) Colonial conflicts between different Marxist A) Colonial conflicts between different Marxist groupsgroupsB) Peace negotiations between Middle B) Peace negotiations between Middle Eastern nationsEastern nationsC) Decolonization in Africa after 1945C) Decolonization in Africa after 1945D) Naval tensions in the cold North Atlantic D) Naval tensions in the cold North Atlantic OceanOceanE) Two hostile camps, communist and E) Two hostile camps, communist and capitalist, contending for influencecapitalist, contending for influence

► EEWorld War II caused large shifts in world World War II caused large shifts in world power. After the surrender of the Axis powers power. After the surrender of the Axis powers in Tokyo and Berlin, the Allies wielded great in Tokyo and Berlin, the Allies wielded great influence during the postwar order. A new influence during the postwar order. A new rivalry arose between democratic/liberal rivalry arose between democratic/liberal states led by the United States and states led by the United States and communist/revolutionary states led by the communist/revolutionary states led by the Soviet Union. For decades after 1945, the Soviet Union. For decades after 1945, the Cold War created numerous regional conflicts Cold War created numerous regional conflicts in which the Americans and Russians sought in which the Americans and Russians sought domination over the other. domination over the other.

► ContainmentContainment can best be defined as which of can best be defined as which of the following after 1945?the following after 1945?A) Giving aid to war-torn nations in the name A) Giving aid to war-torn nations in the name of peaceof peaceB) Arms agreements between the United B) Arms agreements between the United States and the Soviet UnionStates and the Soviet UnionC) New environmental programs to stop C) New environmental programs to stop pollutionpollutionD) The American policy to stop the spread of D) The American policy to stop the spread of communism in the worldcommunism in the worldE) Chinese communist propaganda against E) Chinese communist propaganda against the Westthe West

►DDin 1947, American attitudes toward Soviet in 1947, American attitudes toward Soviet communism were evolving. A former World communism were evolving. A former World War II ally, the Soviet Union was now seen as a War II ally, the Soviet Union was now seen as a threat to democracy around the world. George threat to democracy around the world. George Kennan, a top expert on the Soviet Union, Kennan, a top expert on the Soviet Union, wrote a paper suggesting that the United wrote a paper suggesting that the United States seek to limit the influence of the Soviet States seek to limit the influence of the Soviet Union. This policy would become an Union. This policy would become an overarching goal to work around the world to overarching goal to work around the world to “contain” communism where it existed. “contain” communism where it existed.