A PROJECT REPORT ON Human Resource In Taxation In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree in M.B.A Dr. BHIMRAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY,AGRA (SPCJ Institute of Management Khandari) Submitted to: Submitted by : Prof. Alok Saxena Alok Ratan
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A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
Human Resource In Taxation
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of theDegree in
M.B.A
Dr. BHIMRAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY,AGRA
(SPCJ Institute of Management Khandari)
Submitted to:
Submitted by :
Prof. Alok Saxena Alok Ratan
Roll.No. 01`
M.B.A
1.DECLARATION
VAE VKN Industries Pvt. Ltd. Sonepat (Haryana) (formerly known as Veekayan
Industries Pvt. Ltd.) is a joint venture ,multinational company in collaboration with
VEA GmbH, Austria, globally renewed and a pioneer company in the field of
Railway Track Systems and its affiliate company JEZ Sistemas Ferroviarios S.L.,
Spain ,specialized in manufacture of CMS crossings for conventional, heavy-haul
and high –speed applications.
VEA VKN has achieved unambiguous competence through this joint venture to
produce indigenously all the components constituting the track structure with the
latest technology till date available.
VEA VKN is well equipped with most modern and state of the art infrastructure and
technical back up by VAE and their associates all over the world over to produce
and meeting quality requirement of the customers in all respects.
VAE VKN is an ROSO-certified Class -A Foundry, approved supplier for a wide
range of track work products for Indian Railways and ISO 9001:2000 certified.
The company is managed by competent, well qualified technical, commercial and
managerial professionals merging international and local Indian expertise.
CERTIFICAT
This is certified that the project entitled “HUMEN RESOURESE
MANAGEMENT“ submitted by ALOK RATAN in partial fulfillment for the
award of master of management studies in HUMAN RESOURESE
MANAGEMENT for the academic session 2012-2014 from Dr. BHEEM RAO
AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA .This his original work and does not form
any part of the project undertaken previously.
Also it is certified that project represents the original work of the candidate.
Prof. ALOK SAXENA Project guide (MBA Department)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.NO. TOPIC SIGNATURE
1. Declaration 1
2. Certificate 2
3. Summary 3
4. Acknowledgement 4
5. Company profile 5
6. Objective of study 6
7. Research methodology
8. Introduction of topic 8
9. Analyse and Interpretation
10. Findings 10
11. Limitations 11
12. Suggestions 12
13. Conclusion 13
14. Bibliography 14
15. Annexure 15
3.SUMMARY
VAE VKN Industries Pvt. Ltd. Sonepat (Haryana) (formerly known as Veekayan
Industries Pvt. Ltd.) is a joint venture ,multinational company in collaboration with
VEA GmbH, Austria, globally renewed and a pioneer company in the field of
Railway Track Systems and its affiliate company JEZ Sistemas Ferroviarios S.L.,
Spain ,specialized in manufacture of CMS crossings for conventional, heavy-haul
and high –speed applications.
Through this report we get to know about the company profile, products that are
manufactured by VAE VKN Industries. our brief description is on excise duty, it’s
introduction, analysis and interpretation.
VAE VKN is an RDSO-certified Class-A Foundry, approved supplier for a wide
range of track work products for Indian Railways and ISO 9001:2000 certified.
The Company is managed by competent, well qualified technical, commercial and
managerial professionals merging international and local Indian expertise .
In this report, limitations, bibliography, suggestions, are also explained.
4.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am over helmed in all humbleness and gratefulness to acknowledge
our depth to Mrs. Lalita Jindal (Company secretary cum Senior Manager HRD &
Marketing) who have helped me to put these ideas, well above the level of simplicity
and into something concrete.
I m very thankful for guidelines of DR.ALOK KUMAR SAXENA,FACUlty guide for
summer internship, seth padam chand jain institute of management,Dr.Bhimrao
ambedkar University Agra and Miss.Garima and lalita jindil their valuable
help.VAE VKN Industries Pvt.Ltd.Sonipat (Haryana) He was always there to show
me the right track when I needed his help. With the help of his valuable suggestions,
guidance and encouragement, I was able to perform this observational training.
I would like to thank to all members of this organizations, who often helped and gave
me support at critical junctures during this training.
I would also like to thank DCRUSTM for giving me this opportunity to learn
something new.
5.ABOUT COMPANY.
Welcome to VAE VKN Industries Pvt. Ltd.
VAE VKN Industries Pvt. Ltd., Sonepat (Haryana) (formerly known as Veekayan
Industries Pvt. Ltd.) is a joint venture, multinational company in collaboration with
VAE GmbH, Austria, globally renowned and a pioneer company in the field of
Railway Track Systems and its affiliate company JEZ Sistemas Ferroviarios S.L.,
Spain, specialized in manufacture of CMS Crossings for conventional, heavy-haul
and high-speed applications.
VAE VKN has achieved unambiguous competence through this joint venture to
produce indigenously all the components constituting the track structure with the
latest technology till date available.VAE VKN is well equipped with most modern
and state of the art infrastructure and technical back up by VAE and their associates
all over the world over to produce and meeting quality requirement of the customers
in all respects.
VAE VKN is an RDSO-certified Class-A Foundry, approved supplier for a wide
range of trackwork products for Indian Railways and ISO 9001:2000 certified.
The Company is managed by competent, well qualified technical, commercial and
managerial professionals merging international and local Indian experti
6. OUR OBJECTIVES.
Continuous quality-improvement of services and products
Introduction of latest technology production processes
Application of engineering know-how accessible from Sister Companies around the
world
Reduction of Life-Cycle Costs of products supplied
Switch devices made by VAE VKN offer state-of-the-art quality. The diverging path geometry of our switches is optimised according to the principles of vehicle dynamics. This cuts induced forces and thereby improves travelling comfort and service life. The use of highly wear-resistant materials together with most advanced production technologies facilitates the practical use of the knowledge gained from EDP-supported simulation programmes. Products made by the VAE-group meet also the requirements of the Technical Specification for Interoperability of Directives 96/48/EC and 01/16/EC for European High-speed Rail Systems.
GEOMETRY OPTIMIZATION
KGO (Kinematic Gauge Optimisation)
Optimised geometry and wheel/rail contact, reduced deflecting forces - Layout geometry (e.g.circular curve turnouts, asymmetric clothoids) - Kinematic Gauge Optimization KGO for special applications (self-steering effect) - Load-optimised switch and wheel transition - Wheel contact geometry (Delta-Kappa, constant running radius difference for different wheel positions)
Optimised geometry and wheel/ rail contact. Switch geometry optimization by use of- Multibody-dynamic vehicle simulations as mass-spring-damper system and track with variable sections
PRODUCTION
CNC Machining of Switches and CMS Crossings
Manufactured by CAD/CAM systems, using standard materials or special wear-resistant materials like HSH (Head Special Hardened). Switches with an asymmetrical transition area which is heat-treated to guarantee a constant hardness gradient in the forged area. Similarly, CMS Crossings are being CNC-machined for optimum dimensional accuracy and best surface finish
Different microstructure and hardness in the switch rail section. The switches are manufactured in accordance with the technical terms of supply of UIC and CEN, supplemented by the specific requirements of the customers and the vast experience of VAE. Tongue rails can be manufactured and delivered in lengths of 50 meters and more, with or without forging, in one piece.
Milling of the switch rail .The switches are prepared for the mounting of all commonly used locking types and setting devices. For medium and high loads, the material R260 (S900) is generally used for stock rails and switches. For highest loads, rails type R350 HT (S900 HSH) (Head Special Hardened) are used. These rails are
manufactured according to a special heat-treatment procedure. The fine pearlitic structure is particularly suitable for rolling contact due to its high wear resistance combined with high tensile strength and elongation.
SWITCH FORGINGAt the end of the asymmetrical switch section, the required rail section is obtained by forging. The tools and equipment for this essential technology are designed and manufactured at the VAE factories in order to be able to supply top quality products and provide safe manufacturing procedures. The weld joint is in any case outside of the transition area.
HEAT TREATMENTThe decreasing tensile strength in the heat affected zone of the forging is eliminated by a computer-controlled heat treatment process, which is carried out as a standard procedure at VAE. This patented procedure reduces the formation of soft spots on the running surface of the switch. After the forging procedure, the fishing table corresponds to the measurements of the rolled rail. The area of the head and foot is adjusted to the required measurements by machining.
CROSSINGS
Cast Manganese Crossings
Explosion Depth Hardening of CMS Crossings.
VAEVKN are currently approved suppliers from RDSO for the following types of CMS Crossings
1:12, UIC 60
1:8.5, UIC 60
1:12, IRS 52
Currently a develepmental order of four more types of CMS Crossing for a complete Scissor Crossover is under execeution .CMS Crossings being used on the track of Indian Railways have the surface hardness of 180-220 BHN and under traffic load leads to metal flow on the top running surface, hence adversely affecting the service life and comforts. In order to seize this tendency of metal flow to crop up appreciated increase in life span and service comforts, the surface hardness of the top surface needs an increase to the range of 330 – 360 BHN, which can be achieved by imparting “Explosion Depth Hardening” (EDH) process. Through application of the ‘EDH’-process, the total life of the CMS Crossing can reach up to double its conventional life, in addition to the improved dimensional stability and other structural benefits.
Presently weldable CMS crossings are not produced in India. At present CMS Crossings are connected by fish-plated machined joints, as the welding technology of Cast Manganese Steel crossing with normal rails of carbon steel is not available in our country. Fish plated machined constitutes the weak link in the track which leads to less safety and comfort in the track. It also attracts heavy wear and tear also of CMS Crossing. Hence, Railways needs to undertake increased maintenance and has additional down-time of the track. VAE GmbH, Austria is one of the few that has developed this special welding technology and is in course of transferring this technology to VAE VKN in India.Thus, we can offer this technology to our Indian customers and will serve them through not only by increasing the life of these costly assets but also providing much more safety in the track which will subsequently lead to considerable reduction in both tangible and intangible cost to Railways. It is recommended to use the EDH-process especially also for weldable CMS which will further improve the lifespan and reduce the life-cycle costs
Monoblock made of austenitic high-manganese steel (AMS) with welded-on legs.
The complete central part of the crossing is cast in one high-manganese steel block. This part is similar to a monoblock crossing, with the exception of the fishing table lengths. At the four ends, closure rails (made from standard rail sections) are welded to the central block by the flash-butt welding process (intermediatepiece welding)
patented by VAE and proven worldwide. These weldings are subjected to ultrasonic tests. The supporting surfaces (plate bearings) as well as the complete running edges and surfaces are milled. Most importantly, The patented flash-butt welding process of VAE permits the connection of AMS high manganese steel with normal rail steel and thus it can be welded into the CWR track. Further Explosion Depth Hardening process can be applied on the AMS monoblock to increase hardness and thus further increase lifetime of the crossing
Requires little maintenance because no bolts are used
Excellent wear resistance due to work-hardening process of AMS
Optimized wheel transfer conditions
Guaranteed exchangeability
Suitable for curved turnouts
Built-up and repair welding possible without pre-heating
Suitable for all types of rail fastenings
Reduced maintenance, particularly for high axle loads because the running surface can be pre-hardened
Technical characteristics:
Material
grades:
Crossing
High-manganese steel according to UIC 866
Closure
Rails
Either S900 according to UIC 860 and 260 as per
CEN
or
S900A head-hardened (HSH) and 350HT as per
CEN
Special grades on request
\
DIAMOND CROSSING
VAE VKN is the first and foremost company in India which has developed and is actively supplying complete diamond crossings (with double slip, single slip and without slip) as a single-source supplier of the key components, CMS Crossings and Switches.
Our clients benefit from assurance of complete and accurate fitment of the components inclusive of fittings and fastenings which can only be ensured in case of providing the complete turnout from a single source.
Further the logistics in the hand of the customer is being streamlined as through the complete supply from VAE VKN there is no requirement of seperate control that all components required reach the installation site on time which is always a critical part in case of split purchase of crossings, switches and fittings / fastenings.
Diamond Crossing with Cast Manganese Crossings (Frogs)
The diamond crossing consists of 4 centre-block crossings CENTRO MN13, made from austenitic high-manganese steel (AMS) with fishplated or welded-on closure rails and the corresponding check rails. The complete central part of the crossing is cast in one block from high-manganese steel. At the four ends, are either connecting rails are connected through fishplated joints closure rails are flash-butt welded to the blocks using VAE's wordwide patented and proven procedure (intermediate piece welding).
On these welds geometrical tests, visual tests (VT) and ultrasonic tests (UT) are performed as well as a dye penetration test (PT). The bearing surfaces (bearing of the plates) and the complete running and head surfaces are machined.
Can be thermit welded into the track (no fishplated joints, low noise and vibration emissions)Requires low maintenance because boltless design
Excellent wear resistance due to work hardening process of AMS during operation -> long service life
Technical characteristics
Material
grades:
Crossings
High-manganese steel as per UIC 866
Closure
rails
Optionally, S900 as per UIC 860 and 260 as per CEN
or
S900A head-hardened (HSH)
Special grades on request
SCISSOR CROSSOVER
VAE VKN is the first and sole company which has taken on the task of developing the scissor crossover in cast manganese steel. This solution allows Indian Railways to stay with their preferred crossing solution, namely CMS crossings, also for special requirements like scissor crossovers. Through this development completed by VAEVKN, Indian Railways is now in a position of benefiting from the excellent wear-characteristics of CMS and thus generate additional value through a reduction in the life-cycle-costs of scissor crossovers compared to any existing railbound designs.
Scissor Crossover in CMS
The Scissor Crossover consists of 8 centre-block crossings CENTRO MN13, made from austenitic high-manganese steel (AMS) with fishplated or welded-on closure rails and the corresponding check rails. The complete central part of the crossing is cast in one block from high-manganese steel. At the four ends, rails are either connected through fishplated joints or closure rails are flash-butt welded to the CMS-monoblocks using VAE's worldwide proven process (intermediate piece welding). On these welds geometrical tests, visual tests (VT) and ultrasonic tests (UT) are performed as well as a dye penetration test (PT). The bearing surfaces (bearing of the plates) and the complete running and head surfaces are machined.
Indian Railways is striving towards the modernization and upgradation of the track technology and swing nose crossing can be one the best alternatives for handling the upcoming heavy haul traffic comprising of more than 25 ton axle load for the Golden Quadrilateral project, which is the dream project for Indian Railway, as well as the dedicated Freight Corridor connecting Mumbai, Delhi & Kolkata. Moreover this will be the best possible turnout solution for high speed trains also.
Advantages
Continuous wheel overrunning area (no running edges and head surface interruptions), therefore particularly suitable for high-speed and heavy haul traffic as well as for mixed operation (different vehicles and wheel set types)
No check rails required – a condition for high-speed traffic
Reduced airborne and structure-borne noise
Highest possible service life because there are no impacts in the wheel transition area
Can be thermite welded into the track
With special anti-creep equipment for transmission of longitudinal forces in the continuously welded track.
Wing rails Made from high-manganese steel as per UIC
866
Point of the crossing
Optional, S900 as per UIC 860 and 260 as per
CEN
or
S900A head-hardened (HSH) and 350 HT as per
CEN
Special grades on request
Crossing with moveable point, type “HBS-HBM“ with manganese base plat.
CASTING FOR TOOLS AND WEAR RESISTANCE
Using our specialized infrastructure for quality castings for the railway industry, we are also manufacturing various wear-resistant castings in our ISO 9001 certified workshop in Sonepat, Haryana, India.
Switches made from specific asymmetrical tongue rail sections are forged at the end to match the standard rail section. The transition from one section to the other lies mostly in the clamped area at the end of the switch, which makes welding in the flexible area superfluous. The length of the forging can be adjusted to the specific connecting system such as welding, insulated fishplating or emergency fishplating. In order to reduce the setting forces and to influence the elastic line of the switch, it is possible to mill the base in the flexible area.
Advantages
State-of-the-art design
No weld joint in the complete, non-clamped switch area
High wear reserves
Little maintenance work
3. Totally Enclosed Locking System”SPHEROLOCK”.
4. VAE Road-Master 2000.
Eisenbahnsysteme GmbH since the early 80's dealt intensively with the topic of remote diagnostics of stationary controls with the emphasis of switch diagnosis. The goal of the development was to improve and optimise track availability, early recognition and predictability of failures as well as the reduction of the Life Cycle Costs.The collected know-how during this development process led to a modular, intelligent diagnostic system VAE ROADMASTER 2000.
5. Swing Nose Crossing.
6. Switch Expansion Joint.
Rail movement joints are required when tracks are layed across engineering structures such as bridges and viaducts. These structures are exposed to changes in lengths due to ambient influences like traffic load, temperature and wind. These influences sometimes lead to angular rotations of the end spans in the abutment. Rail movement joints are installed to bridge such length variations and - if required - to accommodate angular rotations of the end spans.
6.OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
Our objective is to learn the taxation system in the industry. we get the knowledge
Research in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. Once can also define research as a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. In fact, research is anart of scientific investigation. The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English lays down the meaning of research as “a careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.”
1 Redman and Mory define research as a “systematized effort to gain new knowledge.”
2 Some people consider research as a movement, a movement from the known to the unknown. It is actually a voyage of discovery. We all possess the vital instinct of inquisitiveness for, when the unknown confronts us, we wonder and our inquisitiveness makes us probe and attain full and fuller understanding of the unknown. This inquisitiveness is the mother of all knowledge and the method, which man employs for obtaining the knowledge of whatever the unknown, can be termed as research..Research is an academic activity and as such the term should be used in a technical sense. According to Clifford Woody research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting, organising and evaluating data; making deductions and reaching conclusions; and at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit theformulating hypothesis. D. Slesinger and M. Stephenson in the Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences define research as “the manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalising to extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in construction of theory or in thepractice of an art.”
3 Research is, thus, an original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge making for its advancement. It is the persuit of truth with the help of study, observation, comparison and experiment. In short, the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solution to a problem is research. The systematic approach concerning generalisation and the formulation of a theory is also research. As such the term ‘research’ refers to the systematic method
1 The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, Oxford, 1952, p. 1069.
2 L.V. Redman and A.V.H. Mory, The Romance of Research, 1923, p.10.
3 The Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences, Vol. IX, MacMillan, 1930.2 Research Methodology consisting of enunciating the problem, formulating a hypothesis, collecting the facts or data, analyzing the facts and reaching certain conclusions either in the form of solutions(s) towards the concerned problem or in certain generalisations for some theoretical formulation.
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures. The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered as yet. Though each research study has its own specific purpose, we may think of
research objectives as falling into a number of following broad groupings:
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it (studies with this object in view are termed as exploratory or formulative research studies);
2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group (studies with this object in view are known as descriptive research studies);
3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else (studies with this object in view are known as diagnostic research studies);
4.To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables (such studies are known as hypothesis-testing research studies).
MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH
What makes people to undertake research? This is a question of fundamental
importance. The possible motives for doing research may be either one or more of
the following:
1. Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential benefits;
2. Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems, i.e., concern over practical problems initiates research;
3. Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work;
4. Desire to be of service to society;
5. Desire to get respectability
TYPES OF RESEARCH
The basic types of research are as follows:
(i) Descriptive vs. Analytical: Descriptive research includes surveys and fact-
finding enquiries of different kinds. The major purpose of descriptive research is
description of the state of affairs as it exists at present. In social science and
business research we quite often use Research Methodology: An Introduction 3
the term Ex post facto research for descriptive research studies. The main
characteristic of this method is that the researcher has no control over the variables;
he can only report what has happened or what is happening. Most ex post facto
research projects are used for descriptive studies in which the researcher seeks to
measure such items as, for example frequency of shopping, preferences of people, or
similar data. Ex post facto studies also include attempts by researchers to discover
causes even when they cannot control the variables. The methods of research utilized
in descriptive research are survey methods of all kinds, including comparative and
correlational methods. In analytical research, on the other hand, the researcher has to
use facts or information already available, and analyze these to make a critical
evaluation of the material.
(ii) Applied vs. Fundamental: Research can either be applied (or action) research or
fundamental (to basic or pure) research. Applied research aims at finding a solution
for an immediate problem facing a society or an industrial/business organisation,
whereas fundamental research is mainly concerned with generalisations and with the
formulation of a theory.“Gathering knowledge for knowledge’s sake is termed ‘pure’
or ‘basic’ research.”
(iii) Quantitative vs. Qualitative: Quantitative research is based on the measurement
of quantity or amount. It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms
of quantity.Qualitative research, on the other hand, is concerned with qualitative
phenomenon, i.e.,phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind. For instance,
when we are interested in investigating the reasons for human behaviour (i.e., why
people think or do certain things),we quite often talk of ‘Motivation Research’, an
important type of qualitative research. This type of research aims at discovering the
underlying motives and desires, using in depth interviews for the purpose. Other
techniques of such research are word association tests,
sentence completion tests, story completion tests and similar other projective
techniques.Attitude or opinion research i.e., research designed to find out how people
feel or what they think about a particular subject or institution is also qualitative
research. Qualitative research is specially important in the behavioural sciences
where the aim is to discover the underlying motives of human behaviour. Through
such research we can analyse the various factors which motivate people to behave in
a particular manner or which make people like or dislike a particular thing. It may be
stated, however, that to apply qualitative research
(iv) Conceptual vs. Empirical: Conceptual research is that related to some abstract
idea(s) or theory. It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new
concepts or to reinterpret existing ones. On the other hand, empirical research relies
on experience or observation alone, often without due regard for system and theory.
It is data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable of being
verified by observation or experiment. We can also call it as experimental type of
research. In such a research it is necessary to get at facts firsthand, at their source,
and actively to go about doing certain things to stimulate the production of desired
information. In such a research, the researcher must first provide himself with a
working hypothesis or guess as to the probable results. He then works to get enough
facts (data) to prove or disprove his hypothesis. He then sets up experimental designs
which he thinks will manipulate the persons or the materials concerned so as to
bring forth the desired information. Such research is thus characterised by the
experimenter’s control over the variables under study and his deliberate manipulation
of one of them to study its effects. Empirical research is appropriate when proof is
sought that certain variables affect other variables in some way. Evidence gathered
through experiments or empirical studies is today considered to be the most powerful
support possible for a given hypothesis.
(v) Some Other Types of Research: All other types of research are variations of one or more of the above stated approaches, based on either the purpose of research, or the time required to accomplish research, on the environment in which research is done, or on the basis of some other similar factor. Form the point of view of time, we can think of research either as one-time research or longitudinal research. In the former case the research is confined to a single time-period, whereas in the latter case the research is carried on over several time-periods. Research can be field-setting research or laboratory research or simulation research, depending upon the environment in which it is to be carried out. Research can as well be understood as clinical or diagnostic research. Such research follow case-study methods or indepth approaches to reach the basic causal relations. Such studies usually go deep into the causes of things or events that interest us, using very small samples and very deep probing data gathering devices. The research may be exploratory or it may be formalized. The objective of exploratory research is the development of hypotheses
rather than their testing, whereas formalized research studies are those with substantial structure and with specific hypotheses to be tested. Historical research is that which utilizes historical sources like documents, remains, etc. to study events or ideas of the past, including the philosophy of persons and groups at any remote point of time. Research can also be classified as conclusion-oriented and decision-oriented. While doing conclusionoriented research, a researcher is free to pick up a problem, redesign the enquiry as he proceeds and is prepared to conceptualize as he wishes. Decision-oriented research is always for the need of a decision maker and the researcher in this case is not free to embark upon research according to his own inclination. Operations research is an example of decision oriented research since it is a scientific method of providing executive departments with a quantitative basis for decisions regarding operations under their control.
Research Approaches
The above description of the types of research brings to light the fact that there are two basic approaches to research, viz., quantitative approach and the qualitative approach. The formerinvolves the generation of data in quantitative form which can be subjected to rigorous quantitativeanalysis in a formal and rigid fashion. This approach can be further sub-classified into inferential, experimental and simulation approaches to research. The purpose of inferential approach to research is to form a data base from which to infer characteristics or relationships of population. Thisusually means survey research where a sample of population is studied (questioned or observed) to determine its characteristics, and it is then inferred that the population has the same characteristics.
Experimental approach is characterised by much greater control over the research
environment and in this case some variables are manipulated to observe their effect
on other variables. Simulation approach involves the construction of an artificial
environment within which relevant information and data can be generated. This
permits an observation of the dynamic behaviour of a system (or itssub-system)
under controlled conditions. The term ‘simulation’ in the context of business and
socialsciences applications refers to “the operation of a numerical model that
represents the structure of a dynamic process. Given the values of initial conditions,
parameters and exogenous variables, asimulation is run to represent the behaviour of
the process over time.”Simulation approach can also be useful in building models for
understanding future conditions.
Qualitative approach to research is concerned with subjective assessment of
attitudes, opinions and behaviour. Research in such a situation is a function of
researcher’s insights and impressions.Such an approach to research generates results
either in non-quantitative form or in the form which are not subjected to rigorous
quantitative analysis.
Significance of Research
“All progress is born of inquiry. Doubt is often better than overconfidence, for it
leads to inquiry, andinquiry leads to invention” is a famous Hudson Maxim in
context of which the significance of research can well be understood. Increased
amounts of research make progress possible. Research inculcates scientific and
inductive thinking and it promotes the development of logical habits of thinking
and organisation.The role of research in several fields of applied economics, whether
related to business or to the economy as a whole, has greatly increased in modern
times. The increasingly complex nature of business and government has focused
attention on the use of research in solving operational problems. Research, as an aid
to economic policy, has gained added importance, both for government and business.
Research provides the basis for nearly all government policies in our economic
system.For instance, government’s budgets rest in part on an analysis of the needs
and desires of the people and on the availability of revenues to meet these needs. The
cost of needs has to be equated to probable revenues and this is a field where
research is most needed. Through research we can devise alternative policies and can
as well examine the consequences of each of these alternatives.
Decision-making may not be a part of research, but research certainly facilitates the
decisions of the policy maker. Government has also to chalk out programmes for
dealing with all facets of the country’s existence and most of these will be related
directly or indirectly to economic conditions. The plight of cultivators, the problems
of big and small business and industry, working conditions, trade union activities,
the problems of distribution, even the size and nature of defence services are matters
requiring research. Thus, research is considered necessary with regard to the
allocation of nation’s resources. Another area in government, where research is
necessary, is collecting information on the economic and social structure of the
nation. Such information indicates what is happening in the economy and what
changes are taking place. Collecting such statistical information is by no means a
routine task, but it involves a variety of research problems. These day nearly all
governments maintain large staff of research technicians or experts to carry on this
work. Thus, in the context of government, research as a tool to economic policy has
three distinct phases of operation, viz., (i) investigation of economic structure
through continual compilation of facts; (ii) diagnosis of events that are taking
place and the analysis of the forces underlying them; and (iii) the prognosis, i.e., the
prediction offuture developments.Research has its special significance in solving
various operational and planning problems of business and industry. Operations
research and market research, along with motivational research, are considered
crucial and their results assist, in more than one way, in taking business decisions.
Market research is the investigation of the structure and development of a market for
the purpose of formulating efficient policies for purchasing, production and sales.
Operations research refers to the application of mathematical, logical and analytical
techniques to the solution of business problems of cost minimisation or of profit
maximisation or what can be termed as optimisation problems. Motivational research
of determining why people behave as they do is mainly concerned with market
characteristics.
In other words, it is concerned with the determination of motivations underlying the
consumer (market) behaviour. All these are of great help to people in business and
industry who are responsible for taking business decisions. Research with regard to
demand and market factors has great utility in business. Given knowledge of future
demand, it is generally not difficult for a firm, or for an industry to adjust its supply
schedule within the limits of its projected capacity. Market analysis has become an
integral tool of business policy these days. Business budgeting, which ultimately
results in a projected profit and loss account, is based mainly on sales estimates
which in turn depends on business research. Once sales forecasting is done, efficient
production and investment programmes can be set up around which are grouped the
purchasing and financing plans. Research, thus, replaces intuitive business decisions
by more logical and scientific decisions.
Research is equally important for social scientists in studying social relationships and
in seeking answers to various social problems. It provides the intellectual satisfaction
of knowing a few things just for the sake of knowledge and also has practical utility
for the social scientist to know for the sake of being able to do something better or in
a more efficient manner. Research in social sciences is concerned both with
knowledge for its own sake and with knowledge for what it can contribute to
practical concerns. “This double emphasis is perhaps especially appropriate in the
case
of social science. On the one hand, its responsibility as a science is to develop a body
of principlesthat make possible the understanding and prediction of the whole range
of human interactions
Type Methods Techniques
1. Library (i) Analysis of historical Recording of notes, Content analysis, Tape and
Film listening and Research records analysis.
(ii) Analysis of documents Statistical compilations and manipulations, reference and
abstract guides, contents analysis.
2. Field (i) Non-participant direct Observational behavioural scales, use of score
cards, etc. Research observation
(ii) Participant observation Interactional recording, possible use of tape recorders,
photo graphic techniques.
(iii) Mass observation Recording mass behaviour, interview using independent
observers in public places.
(iv) Mail questionnaire Identification of social and economic background of
respondents.
(v) Opinionnaire Use of attitude scales, projective techniques, use of sociometric
scales.
(vi) Personal interview Interviewer uses a detailed schedule with open and closed
questions.
(vii) Focused interview Interviewer focuses attention upon a given experience and its
effects.
(viii) Group interview Small groups of respondents are interviewed simultaneously.
(ix) Telephone survey Used as a survey technique for information and for discerning
opinion; may also be used as a follow up of questionnaire.
(x) Case study and life history Cross sectional collection of data for intensive
analysis, longitudinal collection of data of intensive character.
2. Laboratory Small group study of random Use of audio-visual
recording devices, use of observers, etc.
3. Research behaviour, play and role analysis
From what has been stated above, we can say that methods are more general. It is the
methods that generate techniques.However, in practice, the two terms are taken as
interchangeable and when we talk of research methods we do, by implication,
include research techniques within their compass.8 Research Methodology use in
performing research operations. In other words, all those methods which are used by
the researcher during the course of studying his research problem are termed as
research methods. Since the object of research, particularly the applied research, it to
arrive at a solution for a given problem, the available data and the unknown aspects
of the problem have to be related to each other to make a solution possible. Keeping
this in view, research methods can be put into the following three groups:
1. In the first group we include those methods which are concerned with the
collection of
data. These methods will be used where the data already available are not sufficient
toarrive at the required solution;
2. The second group consists of those statistical techniques which are used for
establishing relationships between the data and the unknowns;
3. The third group consists of those methods which are used to evaluate the accuracy
of the results obtained
Research methods falling in the above stated last two groups are generally taken as
the analytical tools of research.Research methodology is a way to systematically
solve the research problem. It may beunderstood as a science of studying how
research is done scientifically. In it we study the various steps that are generally
adopted by a researcher in studying his research problem along with the logic behind
them. It is necessary for the researcher to know not only the research
methods/techniques but also the methodology. Researchers not only need to know
how to develop certain indices or tests, how to calculate the mean, the mode, the
median or the standard deviation or chi-square, how to
apply particular research techniques, but they also need to know which of these
methods or techniques, are relevant and which are not, and what would they mean
and indicate and why. Researchers also need to understand the assumptions
underlying various techniques and they need to know the criteria by which they can
decide that certain techniques and procedures will be applicable to certain problems
and others will not. All this means that it is necessary for the researcher to design his
methodology for his problem as the same may differ from problem to problem. For
example, an architect, who designs a building, has to consciously evaluate the basis
of his decisions, i.e., he has to evaluate why and on what basis he selects particular
size, number and location of doors, windows and ventilators, uses particular
materials and not others and the like. Similarly, in research the scientist has to expose
the research decisions to evaluation before they are implemented. He has to specify
very clearly and precisely what decisions he selects and why he selects them so that
they can be evaluated by others also. From what has been stated above, we can say
that research methodology has many dimensions and research methods do constitute
a part of the research methodology. The scope of research methodology is wider than
that of research methods. Thus, when we talk of research methodology we not only
talk of the research methods but also consider the logic behind the methods we use in
the context of our research study and explain why we are using a particular method
or technique and why we are not using others so that research results are capable of
being evaluated either by the researcher himself or by others. In the broadest sense of
the word, the definition of research includes any gathering of data, information and
facts for the advancement of knowledge.Secondary method is used for data
collection in the report:-
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Primary method is used for data collection in the report:-
But these traditional expressions are becoming less common for the theoretical discipline.
Sometimes even employee and industrial relations are confusingly listed as synonyms,[ although these normally refer to the relationship between management and workers and the
behavior of workers in companies.
The theoretical discipline is based primarily on the assumption that employees are individuals
with varying goals and needs, and as such should not be thought of as basic business
resources, such as trucks and filing cabinets. The field takes a positive view of workers,
assuming that virtually all wish to contribute to the enterprise productively, and that the main
obstacles to their endeavors are lack of knowledge, insufficient training, and failures of
process.
Human Resource Management(HRM) is seen by practitioners in the field as a more
innovative view of workplace management than the traditional approach. Its techniques force
the managers of an enterprise to express their goals with specificity so that they can be
understood and undertaken by the workforce, and to provide the resources needed for them to
successfully accomplish their assignments. As such, HRM techniques, when properly
practiced, are expressive of the goals and operating practices of the enterprise overall. HRM
is also seen by many to have a key role in risk reduction within organisations. Synonyms such
as personnel management are often used in a more restricted sense to describe activities that
are necessary in the recruiting of a workforce, providing its members with payroll and
benefits, and administrating their work-life needs. So if we move to actual definitions,
Torrington and Hall (1987) define personnel management as being
HRM strategy
An HRM strategy pertains to the means as to how to implement the specific functions
of Human Resource Management. An organization's HR function may possess
recruitment and selection policies, disciplinary procedures, reward/recognition
policies, an HR plan, or learning and development policies, however all of these
functional areas of HRM need to be aligned and correlated, in order to correspond
with the overall business strategy. An HRM strategy thus is an overall plan,
concerning the implementation of specific HRM functional areas.
An HRM strategy typically consists of the following factors:-
"Best fit" and "best practice" - meaning that there is correlation between the
HRM strategy and the overall corporate strategy. As HRM as a field seeks to
manage human resources in order to achieve properly organizational goals, an
organization's HRM strategy seeks to accomplish such management by
applying a firm's personnel needs with the goals/objectives of the organisation.
As an example, a firm selling cars could have a corporate strategy of
increasing car sales by 10% over a five year period.
Accordingly, the HRM strategy would seek to facilitate how exactly to
manage personnel in order to achieve the 10% figure. Specific HRM
functions, such as recruitment and selection, reward/recognition, an HR plan,
or learning and development policies, would be tailored to achieve the