1901 Theodore Roosevelt

“In any moment of decision, the best thing you can do is the right thing, the next best thing is the wrong thing, and the worst thing you can do is nothing.”

Created by Joe Burton © 2014

Theodore Roosevelt1901-1909Presidential History

Born: 27 October, 1858

Location: New York, New YorkParents: Theodore (1831-1878) and Nancy (1834-1884)

Family Background: Business

Education: Harvard College (1880)Religion: Dutch Reformed

Occupation: Accomplished Author, Successful Public OfficialMilitary Career: Colonel, U.S. Army, Spanish-American War

Political Career: New York State Assembly, 1882-1884;

Assistant Secretary of The Navy, 1897-1888;Governor of New York, 1898-1900;

Vice President, 1901Presidential Annual Salary: $50,000

Political Party: Republican

Died: 6 January, 1919 - Oyster Bay, New York

2 - Theodore Roosevelt (Lesson Plan)

Focus Standards[What Will Students Know and Be Able to Do As a Result of This Lesson]

Gain Evidence through Research Leading to Higher Thinking Skills in relation to The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt.

Learning Target The Political Impact of Teddy Roosevelt and his ‘Constructive’ Progressive Reforms.

Anticipatory Set

The Set: Provide Continuity From the Previous Lesson - Whet The Classes Appetite for The Lesson at Hand

Objective: The students will show that they understood and learned the goals of this lesson through a variety of learning modules… including worksheets, collaboration, lesson presentations, and created illustrations.

Core Vocabulary: Booker T. Washington, Bully Pulpit, Trust Busting, Monopoly, Monopolize, Square Deal, Big Stick, Conservation, Sphere of Influence, Muckraker.

Guided PracticePractice: Create an Environment That Encourages Inquiry… Allow Time to Use Language, Negotiate the Meaning of The Language, and Practice New academic Vocabulary by inserting it into classroom language and discussion.ESL Strategies: Use of Multiple Modes and Academic Supports… Language, Gestures, Graphic Organizers, Drawings, and Technology.

Independent Practice

Practice: Overall Picture of Lesson by Engaging the Main Points Through Causes and Effects which led to TR’s reforms.Grammar: Listening… Speaking… Reading… Writing… and Language Evaluation by focusing on grammar and mechanics (or “conventions”) as they relate to his specific lesson.Spelling: Work on Grade-Level Phonics Only - then Word Analysis Skills by Decoding Words. “Read… Decode… Distinguish… and Then Recognize in order for the students to use their knowledge to engage in the application of the newly formed Foundational Skills in Order to Support Their Specific Reading and Writing Levels in order to comprehend the meaning and purpose of this lesson.Writing: Writing About Specific Points of Information Leading up To The Progressive Politics of Theodore Roosevelt.

Diffferentiation

[How Will You Ensure That All Students Have Access to And Are Able to Engage Appropriately in The Lesson?]{Consider All Aspects of Student Diversity}Essay Responses…Student Voice/Choice (for Less Able Writers)… Grammar Skills Focusing on Clear Communication, Rehearsal Skills for Success in Writing through Both Reading and Writing… Using Synectics: Spark… Create… and then Think.

RTI Holding Students to High Expectations Regardless of Background Through Challenging All of the Above Aspects in The Classroom

Modifications Accommdations

Oral Instructions… Record a Lesson, instead of Taking Notes… Have a Fellow Student Share Class Notes… Outline The Lesson… Visual Presentation(s)… Word Webs… Visual Organizers… Written List of Instructions as A Handout.

Main Resources https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/theodoreroosevelt, http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/theodore-roosevelt

Relevance & Rationale (CCR)Beginning of Lesson… State the Relevance of What is being taught… Explain How The Lesson Connects to Our present World… Asking Questions that Prompt Contextual Reflection… Engaging in Activities That Focus on The Relevance of What Is Being Learned.

Formal Assessment(s) As Lesson Progresses… Daily… Weekly… Unit… Quarterly… Annually - results are used as an ongoing teaching/learning strategy in order to improve students' achievement of intended instructional outcomes

Reflection

3 - Learning Outline on The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt (Do)

50 Minutes Materials Needed - LCD Projector, Overhead Project, Surround Sound Speaker System, Overhead Screens, Paper, Pencil

Objectives

TSWBAT write, explain, or answer quiz questions on previous lesson leading up to this one. TSWBAT explain what was meant by the phrase - “He was High Energy”TSWBAT explain the events of his early life and how those events prepared him for the presidency.TSWBAT explain the emotional events and personal turmoil of his life and how those events helped him to be a great leader.TSWBAT explain what TR learned from Governor of New York … and how that position helped him during his presidency.TSWBAT explain how TR set a precedence by standing up to racism in America.TSWBAT explain the role that the constructing of the Panama Canal played in making America Powerfully respected around the world.

Setting the Stage1. Discuss the political importance of the Elkins Act of 1903.2. Discuss the role that WEB Dubois played in American Society at the turn of the 20th Century.3. Discuss the accomplishments of TR during his second administration.

Discussion & Collaboration Assignments

1. Determine the Causes and Effects of The Book - The Jungle and how it impacted public policy under TR.2. Determine his Second Term policies and world goals.

Construct Name two of the most political accomplishments of Theodore Roosevelt’s Administrations.

Groups Assignment Research and discuss this lessons information… using your notes and any interaction as it applied to The presidency of TR - then construct a group (250 Word) paper telling me how TR’s progressivism is different than todays obstructionist progressivism.

Journal Journal the reason that TR’s exploration down the River of Doubt was so significant to him.

Exit Assignment List Three Main Points of Today’s Lesson

"Climb the mountains and get their good tidings. Nature's peace will flow into you as sunshine flows into trees. The winds will blow their own freshness into you, and the storms their energy, while cares will drop off like autumn leaves.

John Muir - Our National Parks , 1901, page 56."

4 - Content Standards for U.S. History (Study)

The Students WillIdentify important people and events in order to analyze significant patterns, relationships, themes, ideas, beliefs, and turning points as they could possibly relate to New Mexico, the United States, and The World. This is done in order to interpret and understand the complexity of the human experience in as it relates to New Mexico, the United States, and The World over time.

H-B-9-12.1 United States History Performance Standards - Analyze and Discuss The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt

I. Research & Know The Early Political Aspirations of Theodore Roosevelt.

II. Research & Know The Impact of TR’s courage in standing up to The Robber Barons.

III. Research & Know The Role and Impact of Journalism on changing the meat packing industry.

IV. Research & Know The Results, Effects, and purpose the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.

V. Research & Know The two sides of TR’s personality and personal pain - and how he used both to his life’s advantage.

VI. Research & Know The Impact of TR on the environment.

VII. Research & Know The Impact TR’s strong leadership gifts and how they helped to create his style of progressivism.

Exit Assignment List Three Main Points of Today’s Lesson

"I was going aboard the yacht and found that I had nothing to light my cigar with; so I ventured to ask one of the men on the pier for a match. In return for the courtesy I handed him one of my cigars - which I think a good deal of. He accepted it promptly. ‘Thanks to you,’ he said, ‘I was just out of tobacco.’ Then he broke it into little bits and stuffed it into his pipe!

J.P. Morgan

“People ask the difference between a leader and a boss. The leader leads, and the boss drives.”

TR Was High Energy At 42, He Was The Youngest President to Take The Office

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Republican Bosses thought Theodore Roosevelt (TR) was a maverick, appropriately enough for a one-time rancher out west, and conspired to place him where he could not do much political damage: the vice presidency. An anarchists bullet then placed him the White House. In 1904 he defied tradition, becoming the first president who had inherited the office to be elected to it in his own right. He did not run for re-election in 1908 and during the administration of his successor, William Howard Taft, he spend four years regretting his public commitment only to serve one full term. So in 1912 he ran again as the candidate of his own (constructive) Progressive Party. He came in second. Theodore Roosevelt was an elemental and unquenchable political force, whose impact upon the United States and the presidency was profound.

“A thorough knowledge of the Bible is worth more than a college education.”

Early Life

Born in 1858, into a wealthy New York family, he was named for his father, a prominent businessman. The elder Theodore supported Lincoln during the Civil War, avoiding active service because Roosevelt’s mother, Martha, came from a slave-owning family in Georgia and had relatives fighting for the Confederacy. TR was asthmatic, and as a teenager he worked to overcome his illness through a program of rigorous physical exercise. It was an early example of his self-discipline and obsession with what he called “the strenuous life.” In 1876, he entered Harvard and beside academic pursuits took up wrestling and boxing. While he was there, in 1878, his father died. TR married Alice Hathaway Lee in 1880, the year he graduated. Two years later he dropped out of Columbia Law School to begin the first of two terms in the New York State Assembly as its youngest member. He became known in that assembly as a tireless worker and flag-bearer of ‘constructive’ progressivism.

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We all had a friend that was seemingly born without any inclination toward fear or hesitation, without a story of a fight he ever failed to win, and yet surprisingly he's the man you still find breathing after endless recounts of dares and stunts never once refused… that man was TR. This is a photo of TR as a participant on the Harvard College boxing team.

“If you could kick the person in the pants mostly responsible for most of your trouble, you wouldn’t sit for a month.”

His Private Life & Career

It all fell apart on Valentines Day 1884. Roosevelt’s mother died from typhoid fever and a few hours later his wife succumbed to a fatal kidney infection, dying in his arms. His diary entry for that day, written under a large cross, was devastatingly simple: “The Light has gone out of my life.” His first child, a daughter named Alice, was just two days old. Leaving Alice with his sister, Roosevelt spent the next two years in the Badlands of Dakota, ranching, hunting, and laying down the law as a local deputy sheriff. On his return to the city, in November 1886,, he campaigned unsuccessfully to become mayor of New York City. A month later, in London, he married his second wife, Edith Carrow. At home in Oyster Bat, New York, Roosevelt resumed a writing career that had started with the publication of his first book, The Naval War of 1812 in 1882, publishing among other works the first volume of The Winning of The West (1889), a romanticized version of the USA’s expansion across the continent. In 1897, following appointments to the U.S. Civil Service Commission and as president of the New York City Police Commission, he became assistant secretary of the Navy in President McKinley’s administration. He resigned that position in order to fight in the Spanish-American War.

An romantic artist’s rendition of Teddy Roosevelt at the Charge on San Juan Hill (Above). Actually the Rough Riders fought on foot alongside a troop of American Black troops. TR led and organized this volunteer Regiment up the hill while carrying a revolver salvaged from the U.S. Battleship Maine, this was the stuff that heroic legends are made of. This action was a pivotal in propelling TR to elective office as governor of New York in 1898.

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“Far and away the best prize that life has to offer is the chance to work hard at work worth doing.”

As Governor of New York

In 1898, while governor of New York, TR rapidly became a nuisance to the GOP. His mistake, in the eyes of the state’s Republican bosses, was to support taxes on the public utility companies, which were important donors to the party machine. The Republican leader in New York, Thomas Platt, consulted with Mark Hanna, President McKinley’s influential political advisor… after the meeting, Roosevelt was maneuvered into reluctantly accepting the vice-presidential nomination for the 1900 election. Nobody anticipated that an assassinations bullet would make “that damned cowboy” … as Hanna dismissively called him, the youngest president to assume the office. On 14 September 1901, Theodore Roosevelt became the chief executive at the age of 42.

The cabinet began arriving at the Wilcox home as soon as Roosevelt returned to Washington.  Six of the eight cabinet members were present: Secretary of War Elihu Root, Secretary of the Navy John Long, Attorney General Philander Knox, Secretary of the Interior Ethan Hitchcock, Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson, and Postmaster General Charles Emory Smith.  Absent were Secretary of State John Hay and Secretary of the Treasury Lyman Gage.   United States District Judge John R. Hazel was asked to administer the oath.  Wilcox remembered, "The room [the library], not a large one, was far from full, and at the last moment, the newspaper men, who were eager for admission, were all let in, but were prohibited from taking any photographs."

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James Benjamin Parker, “A Black Hero “ - McKinley’s Bodyguard James Parker (middle of drawing) clearly prevented Anarchist Leon Czologoz from firing a third time.

“Speak softly and carry a big stick.”

A New Century

When Roosevelt came to the White House in 1901, the United States had take its place among the most industrialized nations of the age, and he aimed to demonstrate its potential to wield an unprecedented influence in world affairs. His energies were now focused on his ambition: an administration of unparalleled achievement. It was a compelling performance. Roosevelt knew the political value of dramatic gestures: just over a month after taking office he invited Booker T. Washington (lower left), the prominent black Civil Rights activist, to the White House for dinner. He appreciated the persuasive power of what he called the “bully pulpit” … or a position that allowed TR (or any president) to air his views, using his personality to force the government to take respons-ibility. He courted the press, and had the priceless talent of providing them with a memorable quote, the pre-radio equivalent of a sound bites. “Speak softly and carry a big stick” not only described his foreign policy, but also provided a gift for commentators and newspaper cartoonists.

Members of Roosevelt’s administration were shocked by the vociferously negative response from many white Southerners… seeking to ‘put out the fire,’ TR’s staff backpedaled, suggesting that the dinner hadn’t taken place, or that it had been a lunch. In the African-American community… the dinner invitation was seen as a mark of progress, the reaction however was a reminder of how much progress was still needed. In 1903 ragtime composer Scott Joplin produced an opera about the incident (now lost), titled “A Guest of Honor.”

The Panama Canal

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“Is America a weakling, to shrink from the work of the great world powers? No! The young giant of the West stands on a continent and clasps the crest of an ocean in either hand. Our nation, glorious in youth and strength, looks into the future with eager eyes and rejoices as a strong man to run a race.”

TR pushed for the for passage of the Platt Amendment which would have made Cuba a U.S. Dependent… and allowed Panama to declare its independence from Colombia at his urging. This gave the U.S. (TR) the leverage need to establish their presence in Panama in order to build the Canal. During 1901 the USA and Britain negotiated a treaty opening the way for the construction of a canal across the Central American isthmus. There were two possible routes to link the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans: through Nicaragua or Panama. Roosevelt backed the second option. After some complex financial, political, and diplomatic maneuverings together with a judicious U.S. Naval Blockade to establish Panama as an independent republic, in 1904 work began.

Left: Constructing the Panama Canal, connecting two oceans, was one of the most difficult engineering tasks ever undertaken.

Origin of The Teddy Bear

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“To sit home, read one's favorite paper, and scoff at the misdeeds of the men who do things is easy, but it is markedly ineffective. It is what evil men count upon and hope that the good man is doing."”

Though they seem like they’ve been around forever, the ‘Teddy Bear’ is actually a rather recent toy addition, created just over 100 years ago. The story involves a TR, one of his many hunting trips, and a cartoon (lower left). In 1902, Mississippi Governor Andrew H. Longino invited TR to go bear hunting with him. The governor asked the renown bear hunter, Holt Collier, to lead their hunt since hunting bears in the Mississippi marshes was particularly risky, and he knew the president had a penchant for running toward danger. After the team assembled, they set out on their 10-day hunt. On their second morning, Collier’s hunting dogs picked up the scent of a young bear and rushed to corner it. Roosevelt had ventured off in another direction, so the huntsman, trying to save the bear for the president, frantically bugled for Roosevelt to join them. The animal, was a black bear that was well over 200 pound … it began to fight against the dogs that surround-ed it. When the bear killed one of the dogs, Collier began to realize just how dangerous the situation was becoming both to himself and his dogs… he then beat the bear into submission so he could tie it up and wait for the president to shoot it. When Roosevelt arrived at the scene, he was disgusted to see the severely injured bear tied up, and refused to shoot the injured creature because he thought such an act unsportsmanlike and dishonorable.

Morris Michton, a store owner in Brooklyn, New York – or his wife – heard about this incident and got the idea of making a cuddly stuffed animal that the Michton’s named the “Teddy Bear.” The bears were a hit and the rest is history. A Stuffed Teddy Bear was first manufactured in 1903 by the Ideal Toy Company.

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‘Jack and the Wall Street Giants’ – in this vivid cartoon (left) from the humor magazine ‘Pack,’ Jack (TR) has come to slay the Giants of Wall Street (America’s Investment Center). To the country, ‘Trust-Busting’ took on the Mythic qualities of the fairy tale – with about the same amount of awe for the fearsome Wall Street giants and hope in the prowess of the intrepid Roosevelt. In February 1902, TR announced that the Federal Government would prosecute the Northern Securities Company (three railroads that had eliminated all competition) for violations of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 (which aimed to curb the activities of cartels and monopolies), taking on the world’s leading banking banker, John Pierpont (J.P.) Morgan, one of the 20’ or so financiers and industrialists who controlled the U.S. economy. The Detroit Free Press observed, “Wall Street is paralyzed at the thought that a President of the United States should sink so low as to enforce the law.” Two years later, by a one-vote majority, the Supreme Court rule that Northern Securities should be broken up. Roosevelt’s ‘Trust Bustin’ - more cases followed - gained him widespread popular support. In all, 44 lawsuits were initiated against major U.S. Corporations. TR was methodically breaking up all of America’s Monopolies… the Beef Industry… the Oil Industry… the Tobacco Industry… and other products/industries as well. TR then created the controversial Department of Commerce and Labor (in order to keep a watchful eye on unethical corporate/industrial practices).

Trust Busting

This illustration shows a diminutive President Theodore Roosevelt standing on Wall Street, holding a large sword labeled "Public Service" before giant capitalist ogres labeled "J.J. Hill" holding a club labeled “Merger,” “J.P. Morgan” holding a club labeled "High Finance,” and then "Rockefeller, Oxnard, [and] Gould” looking on with anticipation of the outcome.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act “Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person or persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce in the United States will be breaking the law of the land.”

The Sherman Antitrust Act is a landmark federal statute (or "competition law") passed by Congress in 1890. Passed under the presidency of Benjamin Harrison, it prohibits certain business activities that federal government regulators deem to be anti-competitive, and requires the federal government to investigate and pursue trusts. It has since, more broadly, been used to oppose the combination of entities that could potentially harm competition, such as monopolies or even cartels. According to its authors, it was not intended to impact market gains that are obtained by honest means… such as those that benefit consumers more than competitors. Senator George Hoar of Massachusetts, another author of the Sherman Act, said the following: "... [a person] who merely by superior skill and intelligence…establishes a business because nobody can or could do it as well as he will not be considered a monopolist.” The Act's reference to “trusts" … and to "antitrust" law in general, is sometimes misunder-stood… in 19th century America, the term "trust" was synonymous with many monopolistic practices. In most countries outside the United States, antitrust law are known as "competition laws.”In 1879, C. T. Dodd, an attorney for the Standard Oil Company of Ohio, devised a new type of trust agreement to overcome prohibitions against corporations owning stock in other corporations. A trust is an otherwise neutral… and centuries-old form of a contract whereby one party entrusts its property to a second party. The property is then used to benefit the first party. Acts by a monopolist to artificially preserve his status, or dealings to create a monopoly, are not legal. Put in another way, it has sometimes been said that the purpose of the Sherman Act is not to protect competitors, but rather to protect competition, as well as promote and preserve a level competitive landscape. The purpose of the [Sherman] Act is not to protect businesses from the working of the market; it is to protect the public from the failure of a monopolistic market. The law directs itself not against conduct which is competition itself.

]

"This focus of U.S. competition law, on protection of competition rather than competitors, is not necessarily the only possible focus or purpose of competition law. For example, it has also been said that competition law in the European Union (EU) is in place to protect competitors.”

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A 1907 Political Cartoon, “TR’s Dream of a Successful Hunt,” shows Roosevelt controlling businesses engaged in unfair practices.

The Square Deal

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“Do what you can, with what you have, where you are.”

In 1902, hoping to use the persuasive powers of the presidency to end a coal strike in Pennsylvania that threatened the nation’s heating supplies… he wanted to settle the strike before the hard winter months set in. TR met mine owners and union leaders at the White House. When the negotiations stalled, TR was furious! The president threatened to use a ‘big stick’ domest-ically: he suggested that federal troops would be used to take over the mines, which would then be run by the government. The negotiations were resumed, and both sides accepted arbitration before the hard winter set in. The miners received a pay raise and a nine-hour work day… down from 12 hours. Roosevelt called it a “Square Deal” and coined the slogan for the 1904 election campaign. Surfing a wave of popular support, he won easily, admitting himself “glad to be elected President in my own right.”

When TR met with the miners and the coal field operators in Washington D.C. … Roosevelt became the first president to personally intervene in a labor dispute. Presenting himself as a representative of the millions of people affected by the strike, he urged both parties to resolve their differences and return the miners to work.

Conservation

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“Although not an ‘accomplishment,’ Roosevelt’s devotion to his conservation beliefs served to underscore the importance of the topic for the nation. He carried his beliefs so strongly, according to the Forest Historical Society, that he even refused to have a Christmas tree cut for the White House.”

Roosevelt’s abiding interest in the natural world and the memories of his experiences living on the U.S. frontier combined in his commitment to conservation. In May 1902, he signed the bill establishing Crater Lake in Oregon as a National Park, the first of five that he would create while president. Unpopular with business interests at the time, his policy of bring the USA’s wilderness land under public protection, and preventing they destruction through the exploitation of natural resources, proved to be of immeasurable benefit to future generations. When TR took office, only 200 million acres of virgin forest remained (800 million originally) … one-half of the forests were controlled by the timber and mining companies. Gifford Pinchot became the chief of the newly created Forest Service… TR then withdrew 150 million acres from public land sales… the area that he withdrew is an area roughly the same size as France… TR then doubled the number of National Parks in America during his tenure as President. The Newland Reclamation Act provided funds from the sale of other lands… the money went to irrigation projects in order to reclaim wastelands that were created by logging and other industries across the American landscape. Crater Lake lies in a volcanic basin in Oregon. It was protected

by legislation purchased by Roosevelt.

The Elkins Act of 1903

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Below, President Roosevelt with John Muir - Muir was one of America’s greatest naturalists. TR and Muir spent time together discussing conserva-tionist policy on various camping trips to the National Park in Yosemite, California.

This Act amended the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. This Act also authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to impose heavy fines on railroads that offered rebates, and upon the shippers that accepted those rebates. The railroad companies were not permitted to offer rebates. Railroad corporations, their officers, and their employees, were all made liable for these legally confirmed discriminatory practices. Prior to the Elkins Act, the livestock and petroleum industries paid standard rail shipping rates, but then would demand that the railroad company give them rebates. The railroad companies resented being extorted by the railroad trusts and therefore welcomed passage of the Elkins Act. The law was sponsored by TR as a part of his "Square Deal" domestic program, and greatly boosted his popularity with the American people. The ICC had been unable to protect competition and fair pricing. Court cases brought before the commission generally did not result in punitive action, as the ICC was composed primarily of the railroad interests. Carriers found guilty of price discrimination could appeal to the ICC decision to federal courts, which usually delayed disciplinary action by the ICC for years. This Act was named after its sponsor… Senator Stephen B. Elkins… who introduced the bill in 1902 at the request of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The Act then made it a misdemeanor for a carrier to impose preferential rebates, and implicated both the carrier and the recipient of the low price. The Act also abolished imprison-ment as a punishment for breaching the law, so a violator could only be heavily fined. By reducing the severity of punishment, legislators hoped to encourage firms to testify against each other, and promote stricter enforcement of the law.

John Muir’s (right) books and articles in popular magazines help-ed awaken Americans to the need for conservation, and he consistently urged TR to create more national parks and forests.

W.E.B. Dubois “Herein lies the tragedy of the age: not that men are poor… all men know something of poverty; not that men are wicked… who is good? Not that men are ignorant… what is Truth? Nay, but that men know so little of men.”

The Souls of Black Folk is a classic work of American literature by W. E. B. Du Bois. It is a seminal work in the history of sociology, and a cornerstone of African-American literary history. The book, published in 1903, contains several essays on race, some of which had been previously published in Atlantic Monthly magazine. Du Bois drew from his own experiences to develop this groundbreaking work on being African-American in American society. Outside of its notable place in African-American history, The Souls of Black Folk also holds an important place in social science as one of the early works to deal with sociology. Chapter 10 - In this essay, Du Bois argues that the Black church is deeply connected to black political movements. Instead of seeing this as a positive, he sees this as a weakness that needs to be overcome. He sees the Church as the last remnants of tribal life that needs to be overthrown for Black Civilization to thrive. He says by the middle of the Eighteenth Century the black slave was sunk to the bottom of the economic ladder. Through this… the black man lost all joy in the world. The Church then offered him salvation in the next world, which he held on to for purpose in this life. Du Bois says the slave… and the Black Man… now must look to salvation in this life in order to build a culture of economic prosperity. However, he said that the Black Church was better than the wider Christian Church because it never excluded. He challenged the Church to buy real estate for its members and thus increasing their economic status in society.

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W.E.B Dubois publishes his Social Treatise ‘The Souls of Black Folk’

“The best test of true love of liberty in any country is the way in which minorities are treated."

Second Administration

Before he took the Oath of Office for a second time, in December 1904, he announced the ‘Roosevelt Corollary’ to the Monroe Doctrine (which had been announced in 1823 and asserted that the United States had a Sphere of Influence that included its neighbors to the south). Under Roosevelt’s amendment, the United States assumed the right “to the exercise of an international police power” in Latin America. This more interventionist policy increasing resentment at ‘Yankee Imperialism’ but reflected what Roosevelt saw as the USA’s necessary involvement in what was widely regarded as its own backyard. At home, the United States still needed cleaning up. Investigative journalists, whom Roosevelt character-ized as “muckrakers’” after the character in Pilgrim’s Progress “who could look now way but downward, with a muckrake in his hand,” highlighted the unsafe industrial practices and squalor that prompted the constructive progressive policies of the period. In 1906, the president read the scathing exposure of corruption in Upton Sinclair’s book, The Jungle, which portrayed the grim accuracy the sickening malpractices of the meatpacking factories.

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Slum-living in squalid, cramped conditions was a reality of life for many in the early years of the 20th Century.

The Jungle

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“Upton Sinclair’s unflinching chronicle of crushing poverty and oppression set in Chicago in the early 1900s. A landmark work of social commentary, Sinclair’s work diligently exposes what can be, at times, the inhumane and brutal sides of any industry.” … the filth was created in the meat products as a

result of daily floor sweepings… dead rats, etc. The president was skeptical of the accusations so freely set forth in the book… until his own investi-gators confirmed it… TR demanded action. Congress passed the Meat Inspection Act in 1906. This act set the standards for sanitation and created government positions of Federal Meat Inspectors… the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 said that food manufacturers must make accurate claims about food and that medical manufacturers must label/name the benefits that the medicines provide to the public.

Men dress beef, remove hides, and split backbones in Swift's Packing House, Chicago, in the early 1900’s.

The Jungle by: Upton Sinclair

“There was meat that was taken out of pickle and would often be found sour, and  they would rub it up with soda to take away the smell, and sell it to be eaten on free-lunch counters; also of all the miracles of chemistry which they performed, giving to any sort of meat, fresh or salted, whole or chopped, any color and any flavor and any odor they chose. In the pickling of hams they had an ingenious apparatus, by which they saved time and increased the capacity of the plant – a machine consisting of a hollow needle attached to a pump; by plunging this needle into the meat and working with his foot, a man could fill a ham with pickle in a few seconds.”

- Excerpt from ‘The Jungle’

The Jungle is a 1906 novel written by author and journalist Upton Sinclair. Sinclair wrote the novel to highlight the plight of the working class and to show the corruption of the American meatpacking industry during the early-20th century. The novel depicts in harsh tones poverty, absence of social programs, unpleasant living and working conditions, and hopelessness prevalent among the working class, which is contrasted with the deeply-rooted corruption on the part of those with unlimited power. Sinclair's observations of the state of turn-of-the-century labor were placed front and center for the American public to see, suggesting that something needed to be changed to get rid of American "wage slavery.” The novel was first published in serial form in 1905. "After five rejections,” its first edition as a novel was published by Doubleday, Page & Company on February 28, 1906, and it became an immediate bestseller and has been in print ever since. TR considered Sinclair a "crackpot“ and wrote to William Allen White, "I have an utter contempt for him. He is hysterical, unbalanced, and untruthful. Three-fourths of the things he said were absolute falsehoods. For some of the remainder there was only a basis of truth.” The President was leery of aligning himself with Sinclair's politics and conclusions in The Jungle, so he sent Labor Commissioner Charles P. Neill, a man whose honesty and reliability he trusted, to Chicago to make surprise visits to meat packing facilities. Despite betrayal of the secret to the meat packers, who worked three shifts a day for three weeks to clean the factories prior to the inspection, Neill was still revolted by the conditions at the factories and at the lack of concern by plant managers and reported this to TR.

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“Every immigrant who comes here should be required within five years to learn English or leave the country."

Reforms and Personal Diplomacy

With public approval the president approved the first legislation regarding the industry, paving the way for the creation of the Food and Drug Administration. It was among the last of his significant domestic reforms. In 1905, he used personal diplomacy to end the war that personal diplomacy to end the war that had broken out between Russian and Japan the previous year, mediating peace talks in New Hampshire. His efforts were recognized with the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize: the first time it had been awarded to a recipient outside of Europe. The following year, Roosevelt sent the U.S. Fleet, painted white for the occasion, on a voyage around the world. It symbolized the USA’s sea power: only the British navy was now superior in size. TR left the White House in 1909, at the age of 50. He had explored the possibilities of presidential power and made the office the focus of national attention in a manner unrivaled since the Civil War.

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On 16 December, 1907, sixteen new battleships steamed out of Hampton Roads, Virginia on a journey that led them straight into the pages of naval history. These steel ships, painted white and adorned with gilded scroll work made up the new Atlantic Fleet created under President Theodore Roosevelt. Their circumnavigation of the globe was a demonstration of  America's military might and growth as a world power.

After His Presidency Declaring himself “as fit as a Bull Moose” … the popular name given to his insurgent “Bull Moose” political party. Roosevelt returned to the political arena in the presidential election of 1912. He split the Republican vote. Woodrow Wilson won. After that, he was a spent political force. He wrote, travelled, and when the United States entered World War I, volunteered to be a part of the action. The government refused his offer. In 1919, Theodore Roosevelt’s remarkable life ended: he died in his sleep on 6 January. According to The New York Times his last words were to his black servant: “Please put out that light, James.”

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Let the watchwords of all our citizenry be the old familiar watchwords of honesty, decency, fair-dealing, and commonsense... we must treat each American citizen on their worth and their merits as a true citizen. We must see that each citizen is given a square deal, because Americans are entitled to no more and should receive no less... the welfare of each of us is dependent fundamentally upon the welfare of all of us." - New York State Fair, Syracuse, September 7, 1903

Teddy Roosevelt & ‘The Rondon Scientific Expedition’

“The Roosevelt–Rondon Scientific Expedition was jointly led by Theodore Roosevelt and Cândido Rondon in 1913–1914 … part of the goal, to be the first explorers of the 1000-mile long "River of Doubt" (later renamed Rio Roosevelt) located in the remotest area of the Brazilian Amazon forest basin. Sponsored in part by the American Museum of Natural History, they also collected many new animal and insect specimens.”

Roosevelt had originally planned to go on a speaking tour of Argentina and Brazil followed by a cruise of the Amazon River. Instead, the Brazilian Government suggested that Roosevelt accompany famous Brazilian explorer Cândido Rondon on his exploration of the previously unknown River of Doubt, the headwaters of which had only recently been discovered. Roosevelt, seeking adventure and challenge after his recent defeat for a third term in the White House, agreed. Kermit Roosevelt, Theodore's son, had recently become engaged and did not plan on joining the expedition but did on the insistence of his mother, in order to protect his father. The expedition started in Cáceres, a small town on the Paraguay River, with 15 Brazilian porters (camaradas), the two leaders, Roosevelt's son, and American naturalist George Cherrie. They traveled to Tapirapuã, where Rondon had previously discovered the Headwaters of the River of Doubt. From Tapirapuã, the expedition traveled northwest, through dense forests and then later through the plains on top of the Parecis plateau. They reached the River of Doubt on February 27, 1914. At this point, due to a lack of food supplies, the Expedition split up, with part of the Expedition following the Ji-Paraná River to the Madeira River. The remaining party then started down the River of Doubt. From the start, the expedition was fraught with problems. Insects and disease such as malaria weighed heavily on just about every member of the expedition, leaving them in a constant state of sickness, festering wounds and high fevers. The heavy dug-out canoes were unsuitable to the constant rapids and were often lost, requiring days to build new ones. The food provisions were ill-conceived forcing the team on starvation diets. Natives (the Cinta Larga) shadowed the expedition and were a constant source of concern—the Indians could have at any time wiped out the expedition and taken their valuable metal tools but they chose to let them pass (future expeditions in the 1920’s were not so lucky). Of the 19 men who went on the expedition, only 16 returned. One died by accidental drowning in rapids with his body never being recovered, one died by murder and was buried at the scene, and the murderer was left behind in the jungle, presumably swiftly perishing there. By the time the expedition had made it only about one-quarter of the way down the river, they were physically exhausted and sick from starvation, disease and the constant labour of hauling canoes around rapids. Roosevelt himself was near death as a wounded leg had become infected and the party feared for his life each day. Luckily they came upon "rubber men" or “seringueiros" … impoverished rubber-tappers who earned a marginal living from the forest trees driven by the new demand for rubber tires in the United States. The seringueiros helped the team down the rest of the river (less rapid-prone than the upper reaches). The expedition was reunited on April 26, 1914, with a Brazilian and American relief party that had been pre-arranged by Rondon to meet them at the confluence with the Aripuana River, where they had hoped to emerge from the tributary. Medical attention was given to Roosevelt as the group returned to Manaus. Three weeks later, a greatly weakened Roosevelt made it home to a hero's welcome in New York harbor. His health never fully recovered after the trip. He would live less than five more years.

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The initial party. From left to right (seated): Father Zahm, Rondon, Kermit, Cherrie, Miller, four Brazilians, Roosevelt, Fiala. Only Roosevelt, Kermit, Cherrie, Rondon and the Brazilians would descend the River of Doubt.

Oklahoma “Labor Conquers all Things”

Write the Questions…Space Your Answers

1. Capital city of Oklahoma?2. States bordering on North?3. States bordering on East?4. State bordering on South?5. State bordering on Panhandle?6. River forming Southern border?7. River flowing through Tulsa?8. Large Lake on Southern Border?9. River flowing through Oklahoma?10. Tallest point in Oklahoma?

The official flag of Oklahoma was adopted on April 2, 1925. The flag was chosen from entries in a Daughters of The American Revolution flag contest. The winner was designed by Mrs. Louis Fluke from Oklahoma City. The flag features a sky blue field (this is the color of the flag that Choctaw soldiers carried during the Civil War). The flag pictures an Osage Indian battle shield on a buffalo skin… adorned with eagle feathers/white crosses (the crosses represent the stars in the sky… symbolizing higher purposes in the Native American Culture). A gray Piece Pipe (also called a Calumet) and an olive branch (symbols of peace in European and Native American cultures) are on the shield “OKLAHOMA” is written in white under the shield (this was added to the flag in 1941)

11. Highest point in NW, NE, or SE?12. Flag design was chosen in? 13. Blue flag color was based on?14. The Crosses represent?15. The Olive Branch represents?

Entered the Union: 1907

Order: 46th StatePre-State History: Indian Territory (1856) ceded land to U.S. after Civil War; opened for settlement by land rush (1889)

Total Population in 1910: 1,657,155

Electoral College Votes in 1908: 7

STATE ENTERING THE UNION DURING ROOSEVELT’S PRESIDENCY: OKLAHOMA

Handmade Oil Painting Reproduction of President Theodore Roosevelt - by John Singer Sargent.

“In history of humankind many republics have risen, have flourished for a lesser or greater time, and then have fallen because their citizens lost the power of governing themselves.”