19 c Conservatism 4 Conservatism arose in reaction to liberalism 4 for those who were frightened by the violence unleashed by the French Revolution. 4.
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19c Conservatism19c Conservatism4 Conservatism arose in reaction to
liberalism
4 for those who were frightened by the violence unleashed by the French Revolution.
4 Early conservatism was allied to the restored monarchical governments of Austria, Prussia, France, and England.
4 Support for conservatism: Came from the traditional ruling class.
Also supported by the peasants.
Characteristics of ConservatismCharacteristics of Conservatism4 Stability & longevity, not progress and
change, mark a good society.
4 The only legitimate sources of political authority were God and history.
They rejected the “social contract” theory.
Metternich
.
John LockeJohn Locke Contract theory of
government.• Regarded the state as a
human construction, established by an originalcontract.
Limited, constitutional government.
• Civil society of free men, equal under the rule of law, bound together by no common purpose but sharing respect for each other’s rights.
• natural rights.• Links private property with individual
liberty.
CharacteristicsCharacteristics Demanded rep gov’t Equality before the law Freedom of the press Speech Assembly Arbitrary assembly rights guaranteed by written constitution favored republican form of gov’t property requirements identified with Middle class Liberals hoped to achieve a free society
governed by a constitution that valued individual rights.
Radical Radical
Drastic change to extend democracy to all people
Ideals of the French revolution
NationalismNationalism
Nationalism- loyalty to people with common culture and history
Nation-State- ind. Gov’t and defended territory
Revolutionary Movements in the Early 19c p11Revolutionary Movements in the Early 19c p11
Independence Movements
in the Balkans
Independence Movements
in the Balkans
Wallachia & Moldavia
Wallachia & Moldavia
Greek Revolution - 1821
From the Ottoman Empire
Greek Revolution - 1821
From the Ottoman Empire
Greek IndependenceGreek Independence4 Popular w/ Europeans
Why?
4 Supported by FR, Eng Rus
4 1830 Greece declared an independent nation [Treaty of London].
4 Sig 3/5 of concert of Europe supported a nationalistic movement
Greece on the Ruins of Missilonghi by Delacroix,
1827
Lord Byron – Martyr in GreeceLord Byron – Martyr in Greece
The 1830 RevolutionsThe 1830 Revolutions
Belgian Independence, 1830Belgian Independence, 18304 The first to follow the lead of France.
4 There had been very little popular agitation for Belgian nationalism before 1830 seldom had nationalism arisen so suddenly.
4 Wide cultural differences:
North Dutch Protestant seafarers and traders.
South French Catholic farmers and individual workers.
France: The “Restoration” Era (1815-1830)
France: The “Restoration” Era (1815-1830)
4 France emerged from the chaos of its revolutionary period as the most liberal large state in Europe.
4 Louis XVIII governed France as a Constitutional monarch.
He agreed to observe the 1814 “Charter” or Constitution of the Restoration period.
• Limited royal power.
• Granted legislative power.
• Protected civil rights.
• Upheld the Napoleon Code.
Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)
The “Ultras”The “Ultras”4 France was divided by those
who had accepted the ideals of the Fr. Revolution and those who didn’t.
4 The Count of Artois was the leader of the “Ultra-Royalists”
4 Want a return to Absolute monarchy
The Count of Artois,the future King Charles X
(r. 1824-1830)
France: Conservative BacklashFrance: Conservative Backlash
1824 L 18 Kicks the bucket
Charles X New King
King Charles X of France (r. 1824-1830)
King Charles X of France (r. 1824-1830)
1824 L 18 Kicks the bucket
Charles X New King
4 1830 Election brought in another liberal majority.
4 July Ordinances He dissolved the entire parliament.
Strict censorship imposed.
Changed the voting laws so that the government in the future could be assured of a conservative victory.
King Charles X of France (r. 1824-1830)
King Charles X of France (r. 1824-1830)
To the Barracades Revolution, Again!!
To the Barracades Revolution, Again!!
Workers, students and some of the middle class call for a Republic!
Louis Philippe The “Citizen King”
Louis Philippe The “Citizen King”
4 The Duke of Orleans.
4 Relative of the Bourbons, but had stayed clear of the Ultras.
4 Lead a thoroughly bourgeois life.
4 His Program:
Property qualifications reduced enough to double eligible voters.
Press censorship abolished.
The Fr Revolution’s tricolor replaced the Bourbon flag.
4 The government was now under the control of the wealthy middle class.
(r. 1830-1848)
Louis Philippe The “Citizen King”Louis Philippe The “Citizen King”4 His government ignored the
needs and demands of the workers in the cities.
They were seen as another nuisance -disorder.
4 July, 1832 an uprising in Paris was put down by force and 800 were killed or wounded.
A caricature ofLouis Philippe
Europe in 1830Europe in 1830
The Results of the 1820s-1830 Revolutions?The Results of the 1820s-1830 Revolutions?
1. The Concert of Europe provided for a recovery of Europe after the long years of Revolution and Napoleonic Wars.
2. The conservatives did NOT reverse ALL of the reforms put in place by the French Revolution.
3. Liberalism would challenge the conservative plan for European peace and law and order.
4. The successful revolutions had benefited the middle class the workers, who had done so much of the rioting and fighting, were left with empty hands!
5. Therefore, these revolutions left much unfinished & a seething, unsatisfied working class.
Louis PhilippeLouis Philippe,, “The Pear,” “The Pear,” 18481848
Prince LouisPrince Louis:: Not Too Not Too Steady!Steady!
Victor Hugo & Miguel de Girardin try to raise Prince Louis upon a shield. [Honoré Damier’s lithograph
published in Charavari, December 11, 1848].
TheRevolutions
Of 1848
TheRevolutions
Of 1848“The Springtime of Peoples”“The Springtime of Peoples”
Pre-1848 Tensions: Long-Pre-1848 Tensions: Long-TermTerm Industrialization
• Economic challenges to rulers.
• Rapid urbanization.
• Challenges to the artisan class.- mass production
Ideological Challenges
• Liberalism, nationalism, democracy, socialism.
Romanticism
Pre-1848 Tensions: Short-Pre-1848 Tensions: Short-TermTermAgricultural Crises
•Poor cereal harvests prices rose 60% in one year.
•Potato blight Ireland Prices rose 135% for food in one year!
Financial Crises• Investment bubbles burst
railways, iron, coal.
•Unemployment increased rapidly [esp. among the artisan class].
Working & middle classes are now joined in Working & middle classes are now joined in misery as are the urban and agricultural misery as are the urban and agricultural
peasantry!peasantry!
Prince MetternichPrince Metternich
1815:1815: We have redrawn Europe’s map for eternity.We have redrawn Europe’s map for eternity.
FRANCEFRANCE
The February RevolutionThe February Revolution Reform Banquets used to
protest against the King.• Paris Banquet banned.
• Troops open fire on peaceful protestors.
• Barricades erected; looting.
• National Guard [politically disenfranchised] defects to the radicals.
• King Louis Philippe loses control of Paris and abdicates on February 24.
The “June Days”The “June Days”Worker groups in Paris rose up in
insurrection.•They said that the government had
betrayed the revolution. Workers wanted a
redistribution of wealth.
•Barricades in the streets. Victor Hugo’s Les
Miserables was based on this event.
Paris: To the Barricades Paris: To the Barricades Again!Again!
The 2The 2ndnd French Republic French Republic ((1848-18521848-1852)) .
Nov., 1848 a new constitution provided for:•An elected President.
•A one-house legislature.
The RepublicThe Republicbyby
Jean-Leon GeromeJean-Leon Gerome
President Louis Napoleon President Louis Napoleon The December election:
• The “law and order” candidate,Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
• This was a big shift in middleclass opinion to the right!
The New President:• Purged the govt. of all radical officials.
Replaced them with ultra-conservative and monarchists.
• Disbanded the National Assembly and held new elections. Represented himself as a “Man of the People.”
• His government regularly used forced against dissenters.
1851 Coup d’Etat1851 Coup d’Etat
President Louis Napoleon declared a hereditary 2nd French Empire.
A national plebiscite confirmed this.
TheHAPSBURG
EMPIRE
TheHAPSBURG
EMPIRE
The Austrian Empire: 1830The Austrian Empire: 1830
The nature of the AustrianEmpire:
• Very conservative monarchy[liberal institutions didn’texist].
Corrupt and inefficient. Competition with an increasingly
powerful Prussia.
Ferdinand I (1793-1875)Ferdinand I (1793-1875)
Therefore, the Empire was vulnerable to revolutionary challenges.
Austrian Students Form a Austrian Students Form a MilitiaMilitia
The “February Revolution” in France triggered a rebellion for liberal reforms.
March 13 rioting broke out in Vienna.
• The Austrian Empire collapsed. Metternich fled. Constituent Assembly
met.
• The revolution began to wane. The revolutionary government failed to
govern effectively.
Vienna, 1848: The Liberal Vienna, 1848: The Liberal RevolutionRevolution
The New AustrianThe New Austrian Emperor Franz JosephEmperor Franz Joseph I I [r. [r.
1848-1916]1848-1916]
The Hungarian RevolutionThe Hungarian Revolution
Lajos Kossuth Lajos Kossuth (1802-1894)(1802-1894) Hungarian revolutionary
leader. Austrians invade.
• Hungarian armies drove within sight of Vienna!
Slavic minorities resisted Magyar invasion & the Hungarian army withdrew.
Austrian & Russian armies defeated the Hungarian army.
Hungary would have to wait until 1866 for autonomy.
Bohemia, 1848Bohemia, 1848 Bohemia was split
between Pan-Slavs & Pan-Germans.
The Austrian military ultimately attacked Prague, occupied Bohemia & crushed the rebellion.
The Prague The Prague BarricadesBarricades
The Decline of the The Decline of the Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire
Evident after the Greek Revolution in 1821
The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c
“The Sicker Man of Europe”
The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c
“The Sicker Man of Europe”
The Crimean WarThe Crimean War
Causes•Russia vs. Ottoman Empire
•The Dardanelles
Crimean WarCrimean War
Crimean WarCrimean WarBritish and French ill-founded
fear of Russian strength:“Russia is the strongest state in Europe!”
Illusion of Russian expansionism“Russia plans to carve up Turkey”
Ill-founded belief the Turkey was collapsing
Florence NightingaleFlorence Nightingale
Russian Imperial FlagRussian Imperial Flag
Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855]Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855]
Autocracy!
Orthodoxy!
Nationalism!
Modernization of Modernization of RussiaRussia
1850s Russia was poor agricultural society
90% of the people lived off the land
Serfdom was still the basic institution
Alexander II [r. 1855-1881]Alexander II [r. 1855-1881]
Defeat in the Crimean War.
Reform from above
Emancipation of the Russian serfs [1861-1863].1/2 land to nobles/ peasantsCommunally held49 years to pay
IndustrializationIndustrialization Until the 20th century Russia made great
progress in industry not politics After 1860 the govt. encouraged and
subsidized railway companies By 1880 Russia had a well developed rail-
equipment industry Industries grew in the suburbs of Moscow
and St. Petersburg Industrial success strengthened the military
as the country expanded south and east
Alexander III [r. 1881-1894]Alexander III [r. 1881-1894]
Reactionary.
“Russification” program.
Jews forced migration to the Pale-pograms
Austrian Empire
•Many ethnic groups•Hungarian-magyar
•Demand rights •And Emperor gives in
•Result Austria-Hungary
Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews
Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews
Italian UnificationItalian Unification
Unite Italy and throw out the Austrians
Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi
Was there another way?
Italian UnificationItalian Unification
Count Camillo Cavour (1810-1861)•Prime Minister of Sardinia (Northern
Italy)
•Believed in Italian unification, but not by forming a republic
Count Camillo CavourCount Camillo Cavour1810-18611810-1861
Italian UnificationItalian Unification
Cavour allies Sardinia with France
Cavour works with Garibaldi to take over southern Italy
Garibaldi and Red ShirtsGaribaldi and Red Shirts
Italian UnificationItalian Unification
Cavour dies in 1861
Italy united under Sardinian monarchy by 1870
Garibaldi and Victor Garibaldi and Victor EmmanuelEmmanuel
Italian UnificationItalian Unification
German UnificationGerman Unification
Frankfurt Assembly fails to unite German states into a democratic state in 1849
German states already linked economically
German UnificationGerman Unification
Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)• Junker (Prussian nobleman)
•Chancellor of Prussia
•Realpolitik
German UnificationGerman Unification
Bismarck uses unification issue to strengthen Prussia•Step One: take out Austria
•Danish War
German UnificationGerman Unification
Bismarck picks a fight with Austria
•Seven Weeks’ War ends with Austrian defeat
•Prussia wins rivalry with Austria
German UnificationGerman Unification
Step Two: Unite Southern German States and take out France•Vacancy on Spanish throne
•Provoke France into a war
•Franco-Prussian War, 1870
German UnificationGerman Unification
German Empire declared
Balance of power in Europe altered
Wilhelm I Wilhelm I Declared EmperorDeclared Emperor
German UnificationGerman Unification1866-711866-71
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