1861-1865 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

1861-1865

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Why It MattersThe Civil War was a milestone in American history. The four-year-long struggle determined the nation’s future. With the North’s victory, slavery was abolished. During the war, the Northern economy grew stronger, while the Southern economy stagnated. Military innovations, including the expanded use of railroads and the telegraph, coupled with a general conscription, made the Civil War the first “modern” war.

The Impact TodayThe outcome of this bloody war permanently changed the nation.

• The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery.

• The power of the federal government was strengthened.

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continued on next slide

Section 1-The Opposing Sides

I can assess the strengths and weaknesses of each region’s economy

I can contrast the political situations of the Union and Confederacy.

Choosing Sides

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• General Winfield Scott asked Robert E. Lee to command the Union’s troops.

• Lee was one of the best senior officers in the United States Army.

• Lee, however, was from Virginia, so when his state voted to secede, Lee chose to support the Confederacy.

• One-third of the Union’s military officers chose to support the Confederacy.

• The South had a strong military tradition.

(pages 350–351)(pages 350–351)

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• Seven of the eight military colleges were in the South, so the South had a large number of trained army officers.

• The North had a strong naval tradition. Three-fourths of the U.S. Navy’s officers were from the North.

• The North had a large pool of trained sailors from merchant ships.

• Most of the navy’s warships and all but one shipyard were under Union control.

Choosing Sides (cont.)

(pages 350–351)(pages 350–351)

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Advantages and Disadvantages• The North’s population was more than twice as

large as the South’s population.

• This gave the North an advantage in raising an army and in supporting the war.

• One-third of the South’s population was enslaved.

• Therefore, the South had fewer people to join the army and to support the war.

(pages 351–352)(pages 351–352)

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• The North’s industries gave it an economic advantage over the South.

• The North had 80 percent of the country’s factories.

• It produced 90 percent of the nation’s pig iron, which is used to make weapons and equipment.

• Almost all of the country’s firearms and gunpowder were produced in the North.

• After the war began, the South quickly set up armories and foundries to produce weapons, gunpowder, and ammunition.

(pages 351–352)(pages 351–352)

Advantages and Disadvantages (cont’d)

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• The South was able to produce large amounts of food.

• The South had only one railroad line for moving food and troops, however.

• Northern troops easily disrupted the South’s rail system.

• The North had several financial advantages over the South.

• The North controlled the national treasury and was able to continue collecting money from tariffs.

(pages 351–352)(pages 351–352)

Advantages and Disadvantages (cont’d)

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• Northern banks loaned the federal government money by buying government bonds.

• Congress passed the Legal Tender Act in February 1862.

• This created a national currency and allowed the government to issue green-colored paper money known as greenbacks.

• The Confederacy’s financial situation was not good to start, and it continued to worsen.

(pages 351–352)(pages 351–352)

Advantages and Disadvantages (cont’d)

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• Southern planters and banks could not buy bonds.

• The Union Navy blockaded Southern ports, so money raised by taxing trade was greatly reduced.

• To raise money, the South taxed its own people. • Many Southerners refused to pay the taxes. • The South was forced to print its own paper

money, which caused rapid inflation in the South.

(pages 351–352)(pages 351–352)

Advantages and Disadvantages (cont’d)

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Party Politics in the North• As the Civil War began, there were many

Republicans and Northern Democrats who challenged Lincoln’s policies.

• Lincoln’s goal was to preserve the Union, even if that meant allowing slavery to continue.

• The War Democrats supported the Civil War and restoring the Union. They opposed ending slavery.

• The Peace Democrats, referred to by Republicans as Copperheads, opposed the war. They wanted to reunite the states by using negotiation.

(pages 352–353)(pages 352–353)

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• In 1862 Congress introduced a militia law that required states to use conscription–the drafting of people for military service–to fill their regiments.

• Many Democrats opposed the law, and riots erupted in many cities.

• To enforce the militia law, Lincoln suspended writs of habeas corpus–a person’s right not to be imprisoned unless charged with a crime and given a trial.

Party Politics in the North (cont.)

(pages 352–353)(pages 352–353)

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Weak Southern Government• The Confederate constitution’s commitment to

states’ rights limited President Jefferson Davis’s ability to conduct the war.

• Many Southern leaders opposed President Jefferson Davis’s policies.

• They objected to the Confederacy forcing people to join the army.

• They opposed suspending writs of habeas corpus and disliked the new taxes.

(page 353 )(page 353 )

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The Diplomatic Challenge• The United States did not want Europeans to

recognize the Confederate States of America as an independent country.

• The United States wanted Europeans to respect the Union navy’s blockade of Southern ports.

• The South wanted Europeans to recognize the Confederacy and declare the Union navy’s blockade illegal.

• The South wanted the British navy to help the South in the war.

(pages 353–354)(pages 353–354)

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• To pressure France and Britain, Southern planters stopped selling cotton to these countries.

• In 1861 the Confederacy sent James Mason of Virginia and John Slidell of Louisiana to Europe to be permanent ministers to Britain and France.

• In the Trent Affair, a Union warship intercepted the Trent, the British ship that the two men were on, and arrested them.

The Diplomatic Challenge (cont.)

(pages 353–354)(pages 353–354)

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• Britain demanded the release of the two men and threatened war against the United States.

• President Lincoln freed Mason and Slidell, but the Confederacy failed to gain the support of Europeans.

The Diplomatic Challenge (cont.)

(pages 353–354)(pages 353–354)

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The First “Modern” War• The Civil War was the first “modern” war, with

new military technology and tactics.

• The war involved huge armies made up of mostly civilian volunteers who required vast amounts of supplies and equipment.

• New cone-shaped bullets used in the Civil War were more accurate and could be loaded and fired faster than previous bullets.

• Instead of standing in a line, troops defending positions in the Civil War began to use trenches and barricades to protect themselves.

• Attacking forces suffered high casualties. • Attrition–the wearing down of one side by the

other through exhaustion of soldiers and resources–meant that the armies had to keep replacing their soldiers.

The First “Modern” War (cont.)

(pages 354–356)(pages 354–356)

• Jefferson Davis wanted to wage a defensive war of attrition against the Union.

• This defensive warfare outraged many Southerners.

• Southern troops instead often went on the offensive, charging enemy lines and suffering large numbers of casualties.

The First “Modern” War (cont.)

(pages 354–356)(pages 354–356)

• The Union implemented the Anaconda Plan.

The First “Modern” War (cont.)

(pages 354–356)(pages 354–356)

• This strategy, proposed by Winfield Scott, included a blockade of Confederate ports and sending gunboats down the Mississippi to divide the Confederacy.