AIM: Where did life originate from?
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AIM: Where did life originate from?
AIM: Where did life originate from?
“…sparked by just the right combination of physical events & chemical processes…”
Bacteria Archae-bacteria
AnimaliaFungiProtista Plantae
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
500
1500
0
1000
Formation of earth
Molten-hot surface ofearth becomes cooler
Oldest definite fossilsof prokaryotes
Appearance of oxygenin atmosphere
Oldest definite fossilsof eukaryotes
First multicellularorganisms
Appearance of animalsand land plants
Colonization of landby animalsPaleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
Mill
ion
s o
f ye
ars
ago
AR
CH
EA
N PR
EC
AM
BR
IAN
PR
OT
ER
OZ
OIC
Bacteria Archae-bacteria
AnimaliaFungiProtista Plantae
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
500
1500
0
1000
Formation of earth
Molten-hot surface ofearth becomes cooler
Oldest definite fossilsof prokaryotes
Appearance of oxygenin atmosphere
Oldest definite fossilsof eukaryotes
First multicellularorganisms
Appearance of animalsand land plants
Colonization of landby animalsPaleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
Mill
ion
s o
f ye
ars
ago
AR
CH
EA
N PR
EC
AM
BR
IAN
PR
OT
ER
OZ
OIC
The evolutionary tree of life can be documented with evidence.The Origin of Life on Earth is another story…
What is Life?
What is Life?§ First we have to define LIFE…
What is Life?§ First we have to define LIFE…
u organized as cells
What is Life?§ First we have to define LIFE…
u organized as cellsu respond to stimuli
What is Life?§ First we have to define LIFE…
u organized as cellsu respond to stimuliu regulate internal processes
What is Life?§ First we have to define LIFE…
u organized as cellsu respond to stimuliu regulate internal processes
§ homeostasis
What is Life?§ First we have to define LIFE…
u organized as cellsu respond to stimuliu regulate internal processes
§ homeostasis
u use energy to grow
What is Life?§ First we have to define LIFE…
u organized as cellsu respond to stimuliu regulate internal processes
§ homeostasis
u use energy to grow§ metabolism
What is Life?§ First we have to define LIFE…
u organized as cellsu respond to stimuliu regulate internal processes
§ homeostasis
u use energy to grow§ metabolism
u develop
What is Life?§ First we have to define LIFE…
u organized as cellsu respond to stimuliu regulate internal processes
§ homeostasis
u use energy to grow§ metabolism
u develop § change & mature
within lifetime
What is Life?§ First we have to define LIFE…
u organized as cellsu respond to stimuliu regulate internal processes
§ homeostasis
u use energy to grow§ metabolism
u develop § change & mature
within lifetime
u reproduce
What is Life?§ First we have to define LIFE…
u organized as cellsu respond to stimuliu regulate internal processes
§ homeostasis
u use energy to grow§ metabolism
u develop § change & mature
within lifetime
u reproduce§ heredity
What is Life?§ First we have to define LIFE…
u organized as cellsu respond to stimuliu regulate internal processes
§ homeostasis
u use energy to grow§ metabolism
u develop § change & mature
within lifetime
u reproduce§ heredity
wDNA / RNA
What is Life?§ First we have to define LIFE…
u organized as cellsu respond to stimuliu regulate internal processes
§ homeostasis
u use energy to grow§ metabolism
u develop § change & mature
within lifetime
u reproduce§ heredity
wDNA / RNA
§ adaptation & evolution
The Origin of Life is Hypothesis
The Origin of Life is Hypothesis
The Origin of Life is Hypothesis§ Special Creation
The Origin of Life is Hypothesis§ Special Creation
u Was life created by a supernatural or divine force?
The Origin of Life is Hypothesis§ Special Creation
u Was life created by a supernatural or divine force?
u not testable
The Origin of Life is Hypothesis§ Special Creation
u Was life created by a supernatural or divine force?
u not testable§ Extraterrestrial Origin
The Origin of Life is Hypothesis§ Special Creation
u Was life created by a supernatural or divine force?
u not testable§ Extraterrestrial Origin
u Was the original source of organic (carbon) materials comets & meteorites striking early Earth?
The Origin of Life is Hypothesis§ Special Creation
u Was life created by a supernatural or divine force?
u not testable§ Extraterrestrial Origin
u Was the original source of organic (carbon) materials comets & meteorites striking early Earth?
u Heavy bombardment 4bya may have delivered organic compound and water to Earth
The Origin of Life is Hypothesis§ Special Creation
u Was life created by a supernatural or divine force?
u not testable§ Extraterrestrial Origin
u Was the original source of organic (carbon) materials comets & meteorites striking early Earth?
u Heavy bombardment 4bya may have delivered organic compound and water to Earth
u testable
The Origin of Life is Hypothesis§ Special Creation
u Was life created by a supernatural or divine force?
u not testable§ Extraterrestrial Origin
u Was the original source of organic (carbon) materials comets & meteorites striking early Earth?
u Heavy bombardment 4bya may have delivered organic compound and water to Earth
u testable§ Spontaneous Abiotic Origin
The Origin of Life is Hypothesis§ Special Creation
u Was life created by a supernatural or divine force?
u not testable§ Extraterrestrial Origin
u Was the original source of organic (carbon) materials comets & meteorites striking early Earth?
u Heavy bombardment 4bya may have delivered organic compound and water to Earth
u testable§ Spontaneous Abiotic Origin
u Did life evolve spontaneously from inorganic molecules?
The Origin of Life is Hypothesis§ Special Creation
u Was life created by a supernatural or divine force?
u not testable§ Extraterrestrial Origin
u Was the original source of organic (carbon) materials comets & meteorites striking early Earth?
u Heavy bombardment 4bya may have delivered organic compound and water to Earth
u testable§ Spontaneous Abiotic Origin
u Did life evolve spontaneously from inorganic molecules?
u testable
Origin of Organic Compounds
Origin of Organic Compounds
Possible locations that would have allowed the synthesis of organic compounds:
Origin of Organic Compounds
Possible locations that would have allowed the synthesis of organic compounds:
§ Hydrothermal vents deep in the ocean release chemicals, creating unusual chemical conditions
Origin of Organic Compounds
Possible locations that would have allowed the synthesis of organic compounds:
§ Hydrothermal vents deep in the ocean release chemicals, creating unusual chemical conditions
§ Extraterrestrial origin: Scientists have shown that organic compounds could have formed in cold interstellar space and then delivered to Earth by meteors or comets
Origin of Organic Compounds
Possible locations that would have allowed the synthesis of organic compounds:
§ Hydrothermal vents deep in the ocean release chemicals, creating unusual chemical conditions
§ Extraterrestrial origin: Scientists have shown that organic compounds could have formed in cold interstellar space and then delivered to Earth by meteors or comets
§ Chemical reactions in the atmosphere and in water, on the surface of the Earth
Spontaneous Origin of Life
Spontaneous Origin of LifePasteur disproved “spontaneous generation”
Spontaneous Origin of LifePasteur disproved “spontaneous generation”
Spontaneous Origin of LifePasteur disproved “spontaneous generation”
Oldest bacterial fossil date back to 1.9 bya
Spontaneous Origin of LifePasteur disproved “spontaneous generation”
Oldest bacterial fossil date back to 1.9 bya
Spontaneous Origin of LifePasteur disproved “spontaneous generation”
Oldest bacterial fossil date back to 1.9 bya
Processes that would have been needed for
Spontaneous Origin of LifePasteur disproved “spontaneous generation”
Oldest bacterial fossil date back to 1.9 bya
Processes that would have been needed forthe first cells to form include:
Spontaneous Origin of LifePasteur disproved “spontaneous generation”
Oldest bacterial fossil date back to 1.9 bya
Processes that would have been needed forthe first cells to form include:
1. Chemical reactions to produce simple organic molecules (ex. amino acids) from inorganic
molecules (ex. water, carbon dioxide)
Spontaneous Origin of LifePasteur disproved “spontaneous generation”
Oldest bacterial fossil date back to 1.9 bya
Processes that would have been needed forthe first cells to form include:
1. Chemical reactions to produce simple organic molecules (ex. amino acids) from inorganic
molecules (ex. water, carbon dioxide)
Spontaneous Origin of LifePasteur disproved “spontaneous generation”
Oldest bacterial fossil date back to 1.9 bya
Processes that would have been needed forthe first cells to form include:
1. Chemical reactions to produce simple organic molecules (ex. amino acids) from inorganic
molecules (ex. water, carbon dioxide)
2. Assembly of these organic molecules into polymers (ex. polypeptides)
Spontaneous Origin of LifePasteur disproved “spontaneous generation”
Oldest bacterial fossil date back to 1.9 bya
Processes that would have been needed forthe first cells to form include:
1. Chemical reactions to produce simple organic molecules (ex. amino acids) from inorganic
molecules (ex. water, carbon dioxide)
2. Assembly of these organic molecules into polymers (ex. polypeptides)
Spontaneous Origin of LifePasteur disproved “spontaneous generation”
Oldest bacterial fossil date back to 1.9 bya
Processes that would have been needed forthe first cells to form include:
1. Chemical reactions to produce simple organic molecules (ex. amino acids) from inorganic
molecules (ex. water, carbon dioxide)
2. Assembly of these organic molecules into polymers (ex. polypeptides)
3. Formation of polymers that can self replicate to allow for the inheritance of characteristics
Spontaneous Origin of LifePasteur disproved “spontaneous generation”
Oldest bacterial fossil date back to 1.9 bya
Processes that would have been needed forthe first cells to form include:
1. Chemical reactions to produce simple organic molecules (ex. amino acids) from inorganic
molecules (ex. water, carbon dioxide)
2. Assembly of these organic molecules into polymers (ex. polypeptides)
3. Formation of polymers that can self replicate to allow for the inheritance of characteristics
Spontaneous Origin of LifePasteur disproved “spontaneous generation”
Oldest bacterial fossil date back to 1.9 bya
Processes that would have been needed forthe first cells to form include:
1. Chemical reactions to produce simple organic molecules (ex. amino acids) from inorganic
molecules (ex. water, carbon dioxide)
2. Assembly of these organic molecules into polymers (ex. polypeptides)
3. Formation of polymers that can self replicate to allow for the inheritance of characteristics
4. Packaging of these molecules into membranes with an internal chemistry different from the
Conditions on early Earth
Conditions on early Earth
§ Reducing atmosphere
Conditions on early Earth
§ Reducing atmosphereu water vapor (H2O), CO2, N2, NOx, H2, NH3,
CH4, H2S
Conditions on early Earth
§ Reducing atmosphereu water vapor (H2O), CO2, N2, NOx, H2, NH3,
CH4, H2S
What’s missingfrom that
atmosphere?
Conditions on early Earth
§ Reducing atmosphereu water vapor (H2O), CO2, N2, NOx, H2, NH3,
CH4, H2S
u lots of available H & its electron
What’s missingfrom that
atmosphere?
Conditions on early Earth
§ Reducing atmosphereu water vapor (H2O), CO2, N2, NOx, H2, NH3,
CH4, H2S
u lots of available H & its electronlow O2 =
organic molecules do not breakdown as quickly
What’s missingfrom that
atmosphere?
Conditions on early Earth
§ Reducing atmosphereu water vapor (H2O), CO2, N2, NOx, H2, NH3,
CH4, H2S
u lots of available H & its electronu no free oxygen low O2 =
organic molecules do not breakdown as quickly
What’s missingfrom that
atmosphere?
Conditions on early Earth
§ Reducing atmosphereu water vapor (H2O), CO2, N2, NOx, H2, NH3,
CH4, H2S
u lots of available H & its electronu no free oxygen
§ Energy source
low O2 =
organic molecules do not breakdown as quickly
What’s missingfrom that
atmosphere?
Conditions on early Earth
§ Reducing atmosphereu water vapor (H2O), CO2, N2, NOx, H2, NH3,
CH4, H2S
u lots of available H & its electronu no free oxygen
§ Energy sourceu lightning, UV radiation,
volcanic
low O2 =
organic molecules do not breakdown as quickly
What’s missingfrom that
atmosphere?
Water vapor
Condensed liquid with complex, organicmolecules
CondenserMixture of gases("primitiveatmosphere")
Heated water("ocean")
Electrodes discharge sparks
(lightning simulation)
Water
Origin of Organic Molecules
CH4
NH3
H2
Water vapor
Condensed liquid with complex, organicmolecules
CondenserMixture of gases("primitiveatmosphere")
Heated water("ocean")
Electrodes discharge sparks
(lightning simulation)
Water
Origin of Organic Molecules
§ Abiotic synthesisCH4
NH3
H2
Water vapor
Condensed liquid with complex, organicmolecules
CondenserMixture of gases("primitiveatmosphere")
Heated water("ocean")
Electrodes discharge sparks
(lightning simulation)
Water
Origin of Organic Molecules
§ Abiotic synthesisu 1920
Oparin & Haldane propose reducing atmosphere hypothesis
CH4
NH3
H2
Water vapor
Condensed liquid with complex, organicmolecules
CondenserMixture of gases("primitiveatmosphere")
Heated water("ocean")
Electrodes discharge sparks
(lightning simulation)
Water
Origin of Organic Molecules
§ Abiotic synthesisu 1920
Oparin & Haldane propose reducing atmosphere hypothesis
u 1953Miller & Urey test hypothesis
CH4
NH3
H2
Water vapor
Condensed liquid with complex, organicmolecules
CondenserMixture of gases("primitiveatmosphere")
Heated water("ocean")
Electrodes discharge sparks
(lightning simulation)
Water
Origin of Organic Molecules
§ Abiotic synthesisu 1920
Oparin & Haldane propose reducing atmosphere hypothesis
u 1953Miller & Urey test hypothesis§ formed organic
compounds
CH4
NH3
H2
Water vapor
Condensed liquid with complex, organicmolecules
CondenserMixture of gases("primitiveatmosphere")
Heated water("ocean")
Electrodes discharge sparks
(lightning simulation)
Water
Origin of Organic Molecules
§ Abiotic synthesisu 1920
Oparin & Haldane propose reducing atmosphere hypothesis
u 1953Miller & Urey test hypothesis§ formed organic
compoundswamino acids
CH4
NH3
H2
Water vapor
Condensed liquid with complex, organicmolecules
CondenserMixture of gases("primitiveatmosphere")
Heated water("ocean")
Electrodes discharge sparks
(lightning simulation)
Water
Origin of Organic Molecules
§ Abiotic synthesisu 1920
Oparin & Haldane propose reducing atmosphere hypothesis
u 1953Miller & Urey test hypothesis§ formed organic
compoundswamino acidswadenine
CH4
NH3
H2
Stanley Miller
University of Chicago
produced-amino acids
-hydrocarbons-nitrogen bases-other organics
It’s ALIVE!
Phospholipids
Phospholipids
§ Hydrophobic or hydrophilic?u fatty acid tails = hydrophobicu PO4 = hydrophilic head
u dual “personality”
Phospholipids
§ Hydrophobic or hydrophilic?u fatty acid tails = hydrophobicu PO4 = hydrophilic head
u dual “personality”
interaction with H2O is complex & very important!
Phospholipids
§ Hydrophobic or hydrophilic?u fatty acid tails = hydrophobicu PO4 = hydrophilic head
u dual “personality”
interaction with H2O is complex & very important!
It likes water & also pushes
it away!
Phospholipids in water
Phospholipids in water
§ Hydrophilic heads attracted to H2O
Phospholipids in water
§ Hydrophilic heads attracted to H2O
§ Hydrophobic tails “hide” from H2O
Phospholipids in water
§ Hydrophilic heads attracted to H2O
§ Hydrophobic tails “hide” from H2Ou can self-assemble into “bubbles”
Phospholipids in water
§ Hydrophilic heads attracted to H2O
§ Hydrophobic tails “hide” from H2Ou can self-assemble into “bubbles”
§ can also form bilayer
Phospholipids in water
§ Hydrophilic heads attracted to H2O
§ Hydrophobic tails “hide” from H2Ou can self-assemble into “bubbles”
§ can also form bilayer
bilayer
Phospholipids in water
§ Hydrophilic heads attracted to H2O
§ Hydrophobic tails “hide” from H2Ou can self-assemble into “bubbles”
§ can also form bilayer
§ early evolutionary stage of cell?
bilayer
Origin of Cells (Protobionts)§ Bubbles → separate inside from outside → metabolism & reproduction
Bubbles…Tiny bubbles…
Origin of Cells (Protobionts)§ Bubbles → separate inside from outside → metabolism & reproduction
Origin of GeneticsDawn of natural selection
Origin of Genetics
§ RNA is likely first genetic material
Dawn of natural selection
Origin of Genetics
§ RNA is likely first genetic materialu multi-functional
Dawn of natural selection
Origin of Genetics
§ RNA is likely first genetic materialu multi-functionalu codes information
Dawn of natural selection
Origin of Genetics
§ RNA is likely first genetic materialu multi-functionalu codes information
§ self-replicating molecule
Dawn of natural selection
Origin of Genetics
§ RNA is likely first genetic materialu multi-functionalu codes information
§ self-replicating molecule
§makes inheritance possible
Dawn of natural selection
Origin of Genetics
§ RNA is likely first genetic materialu multi-functionalu codes information
§ self-replicating molecule
§makes inheritance possible
§ natural selection & evolution
Dawn of natural selection
Origin of Genetics
§ RNA is likely first genetic materialu multi-functionalu codes information
§ self-replicating molecule
§makes inheritance possible
§ natural selection & evolutionu enzyme functions
Dawn of natural selection
Origin of Genetics
§ RNA is likely first genetic materialu multi-functionalu codes information
§ self-replicating molecule
§makes inheritance possible
§ natural selection & evolutionu enzyme functionsu transport molecule
Dawn of natural selection
Origin of Genetics
§ RNA is likely first genetic materialu multi-functionalu codes information
§ self-replicating molecule
§makes inheritance possible
§ natural selection & evolutionu enzyme functionsu transport molecule
§ tRNA & mRNA
Dawn of natural selection
Key Events in Origin of Life
Key Events in Origin of Life
§ Key events in evolutionary history of life on Earth
Key Events in Origin of Life
§ Key events in evolutionary history of life on Earthu life originated
3.5–4.0 bya
Prokaryotes
§ Prokaryotes dominated life on Earth from 3.5–2.0 bya
Prokaryotes
§ Prokaryotes dominated life on Earth from 3.5–2.0 bya
Prokaryotes
§ Prokaryotes dominated life on Earth from 3.5–2.0 bya
3.5 billion year old fossil of bacteria
Prokaryotes
§ Prokaryotes dominated life on Earth from 3.5–2.0 bya
3.5 billion year old fossil of bacteria modern bacteria
chains of one-celledcyanobacteria
StromatolitesFossilized mats of prokaryotes resemble modern microbial colonies
StromatolitesFossilized mats of prokaryotes resemble modern microbial colonies
StromatolitesFossilized mats of prokaryotes resemble modern microbial colonies
StromatolitesFossilized mats of prokaryotes resemble modern microbial colonies
Oxygen atmosphere
Oxygen atmosphere
Oxygen atmosphere
§Oxygen begins to accumulate 2.7 bya
Oxygen atmosphere
§Oxygen begins to accumulate 2.7 byau reducing → oxidizing atmosphere
Oxygen atmosphere
§Oxygen begins to accumulate 2.7 byau reducing → oxidizing atmosphere
§ evidence in banded iron in rocks = rusting
Oxygen atmosphere
§Oxygen begins to accumulate 2.7 byau reducing → oxidizing atmosphere
§ evidence in banded iron in rocks = rusting§makes aerobic respiration possible
Oxygen atmosphere
§Oxygen begins to accumulate 2.7 byau reducing → oxidizing atmosphere
§ evidence in banded iron in rocks = rusting§makes aerobic respiration possible
u photosynthetic
Oxygen atmosphere
§Oxygen begins to accumulate 2.7 byau reducing → oxidizing atmosphere
§ evidence in banded iron in rocks = rusting§makes aerobic respiration possible
u photosynthetic u algae)
First Eukaryotes
DNA
cell wall
plasmamembrane
nuclear envelope
plasma membrane
~2 bya
First Eukaryotes
DNA
cell wall
plasmamembrane
Prokaryoticcell
nuclear envelope
plasma membrane
~2 bya
First Eukaryotes
infolding of theplasma membrane
DNA
cell wall
plasmamembrane
Prokaryoticcell
nuclear envelope
plasma membrane
~2 bya
First Eukaryotes
infolding of theplasma membrane
DNA
cell wall
plasmamembrane
Prokaryoticcell
Prokaryotic ancestor of eukaryotic
cells
nuclear envelope
plasma membrane
~2 bya
First Eukaryotes
infolding of theplasma membrane
DNA
cell wall
plasmamembrane
Prokaryoticcell
Prokaryotic ancestor of eukaryotic
cells
endoplasmicreticulum (ER)
nuclear envelope
plasma membrane
~2 bya
First Eukaryotes
infolding of theplasma membrane
DNA
cell wall
plasmamembrane
Prokaryoticcell
Prokaryotic ancestor of eukaryotic
cells
endoplasmicreticulum (ER)
nuclear envelope
nucleus
plasma membrane
~2 bya
First Eukaryotes
infolding of theplasma membrane
DNA
cell wall
plasmamembrane
Prokaryoticcell
Prokaryotic ancestor of eukaryotic
cells
Eukaryoticcell
endoplasmicreticulum (ER)
nuclear envelope
nucleus
plasma membrane
~2 bya
First Eukaryotes
§ Development of internal membranes
infolding of theplasma membrane
DNA
cell wall
plasmamembrane
Prokaryoticcell
Prokaryotic ancestor of eukaryotic
cells
Eukaryoticcell
endoplasmicreticulum (ER)
nuclear envelope
nucleus
plasma membrane
~2 bya
First Eukaryotes
§ Development of internal membranesu create internal micro-environments
infolding of theplasma membrane
DNA
cell wall
plasmamembrane
Prokaryoticcell
Prokaryotic ancestor of eukaryotic
cells
Eukaryoticcell
endoplasmicreticulum (ER)
nuclear envelope
nucleus
plasma membrane
~2 bya
First Eukaryotes
§ Development of internal membranesu create internal micro-environmentsu advantage: specialization = increase efficiency
infolding of theplasma membrane
DNA
cell wall
plasmamembrane
Prokaryoticcell
Prokaryotic ancestor of eukaryotic
cells
Eukaryoticcell
endoplasmicreticulum (ER)
nuclear envelope
nucleus
plasma membrane
~2 bya
Endosymbiosis
internal membrane system
Endosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis
internal membrane system
Endosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis
§ Evolution of eukaryotes
internal membrane system
Endosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis
§ Evolution of eukaryotes
Ancestral eukaryotic cell
internal membrane system
Endosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis
§ Evolution of eukaryotesu origin of mitochondria
Ancestral eukaryotic cell
internal membrane system
Endosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis
§ Evolution of eukaryotesu origin of mitochondria
Ancestral eukaryotic cell
internal membrane system
aerobic bacterium
Endosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis
§ Evolution of eukaryotesu origin of mitochondriau engulfed aerobic bacteria,
but did not digest them
Ancestral eukaryotic cell
internal membrane system
aerobic bacterium
Endosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis
§ Evolution of eukaryotesu origin of mitochondriau engulfed aerobic bacteria,
but did not digest themu mutually beneficial relationship
Ancestral eukaryotic cell
internal membrane system
aerobic bacterium
Endosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis
§ Evolution of eukaryotesu origin of mitochondriau engulfed aerobic bacteria,
but did not digest themu mutually beneficial relationship
Ancestral eukaryotic cell
internal membrane system
aerobic bacterium mitochondrion
Endosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis
§ Evolution of eukaryotesu origin of mitochondriau engulfed aerobic bacteria,
but did not digest themu mutually beneficial relationship
Ancestral eukaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cellwith mitochondrion
internal membrane system
aerobic bacterium mitochondrion
Endosymbiosis
mitochondrionEndosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis
mitochondrionEndosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis
§ Evolution of eukaryotes
mitochondrionEndosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis
§ Evolution of eukaryotes
Eukaryoticcell with
mitochondrion
mitochondrionEndosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis
§ Evolution of eukaryotesu origin of chloroplasts
Eukaryoticcell with
mitochondrion
mitochondrionEndosymbiosis
photosyntheticbacterium
Endosymbiosis
§ Evolution of eukaryotesu origin of chloroplasts
Eukaryoticcell with
mitochondrion
mitochondrionEndosymbiosis
photosyntheticbacterium
Endosymbiosis
§ Evolution of eukaryotesu origin of chloroplasts u engulfed photosynthetic bacteria,
but did not digest them
Eukaryoticcell with
mitochondrion
mitochondrionEndosymbiosis
photosyntheticbacterium
Endosymbiosis
§ Evolution of eukaryotesu origin of chloroplasts u engulfed photosynthetic bacteria,
but did not digest themu mutually beneficial relationship
Eukaryoticcell with
mitochondrion
mitochondrion
chloroplast
Endosymbiosis
photosyntheticbacterium
Endosymbiosis
§ Evolution of eukaryotesu origin of chloroplasts u engulfed photosynthetic bacteria,
but did not digest themu mutually beneficial relationship
Eukaryoticcell with
mitochondrion
mitochondrion
chloroplast
Eukaryotic cell withchloroplast & mitochondrion
Endosymbiosis
photosyntheticbacterium
Endosymbiosis
§ Evolution of eukaryotesu origin of chloroplasts u engulfed photosynthetic bacteria,
but did not digest themu mutually beneficial relationship
Eukaryoticcell with
mitochondrion
Theory of Endosymbiosis
Theory of Endosymbiosis
Lynn Margulis
§ Evidence
Theory of Endosymbiosis
Lynn Margulis
§ Evidenceu structural
Theory of Endosymbiosis
Lynn Margulis
§ Evidenceu structural
§mitochondria & chloroplasts resemble bacterial structure
Theory of Endosymbiosis
Lynn Margulis
§ Evidenceu structural
§mitochondria & chloroplasts resemble bacterial structure
u genetic
Theory of Endosymbiosis
Lynn Margulis
§ Evidenceu structural
§mitochondria & chloroplasts resemble bacterial structure
u genetic§mitochondria & chloroplasts
have their own circular DNA, like bacteria
Theory of Endosymbiosis
Lynn Margulis
§ Evidenceu structural
§mitochondria & chloroplasts resemble bacterial structure
u genetic§mitochondria & chloroplasts
have their own circular DNA, like bacteriau functional
Theory of Endosymbiosis
Lynn Margulis
§ Evidenceu structural
§mitochondria & chloroplasts resemble bacterial structure
u genetic§mitochondria & chloroplasts
have their own circular DNA, like bacteriau functional
§mitochondria & chloroplasts move freely within the cell
Theory of Endosymbiosis
Lynn Margulis
§ Evidenceu structural
§mitochondria & chloroplasts resemble bacterial structure
u genetic§mitochondria & chloroplasts
have their own circular DNA, like bacteriau functional
§mitochondria & chloroplasts move freely within the cell
§mitochondria & chloroplasts reproduce independently from the cell
Theory of Endosymbiosis
Lynn Margulis
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