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(Noun)

1. : , , , , : , many, few . , . : , . much, little . , , .

2. : . A(an) + .() A horse is a useful animal. The + . () The horse is a useful animal. . () Horse are useful animal.3. The + = * The pen is mightier than the sword.4. * The audience was a large one. * The audience were deeply impressed : were, . : :

5. consist of * My class consist of sixty students. is composed of is made up of comprises of . = .

6. Police * The police () a policeman ( ) The clergy () a clergyman () The nobility () a nobleman () The peasantry () a peasant ( ) the . Cattle : Cattle, People, Poultry, vermin , . * Cattle are grazing in the pasture part, portion, half, the rest, the majority, most, the bulk . * The rest of the boys are playing baseball. Family Nation, Army, People, Party , , . many people ( ), some people ( ) people . people , . * many people = . many peoples = . people = () a peoples = () two people = ()

7. * furniture(), clothing(), merchandise(), produce(), game(), baggage(). . a, an . () much, little , a piece of , an article of

8. * Glass is apt to break. * He has a glass in his hand. paper() copper() the paper(, ) a copper()

* The bridge is built of stone. * The boy picked up a stone.

* Wine is made from grapes. * This is a good wine for health. * They sell various wines at that store. ( ) * Fire burns wood. * They was a fire last night. the . * Water is turned into steam by heat. * The water in this glass is not good to drink. ( )

9. , , * He is a swiss. . * His father is a Lincoln. . * The Bakers loved to entertain others. . The + : Baker Baker . (a certain) . * A Mr. Lee called you up in your absence. , * He bought a Ford. . * There are two Rembrandts in the gallery. . , ( ) * A Newton cannot become a Shakespeare. * He is the Newton of the age. . () a, an the .

10. : , , . * He was wild in his youth. () * He is an ambitious youth. - . * Youth should respect age. - . . * She has beauty and intelligence. . * She was once a beauty. - . * The beauty of the scenery is beyond description. of the scenery The beauty. * Happiness consists in contentment. . * I now have the happiness of being with you. the happiness. the happiness.

11. * a piece of bread : . * a glass of milk : . slice toast : . water : . * a lump of sugar : . * a shoal of fish : . pound : . school spoonful : . * two cups of coffee : . * a shower of rain : . * three cakes of soap : . * a bolt of thunder : . * a sheet of paper : . * a flash of lightning: . * a roar of laughter : . * a piece of chalk : . shower [au]: . . [ou]: . .12. * a piece of information. (good luck, advice) . ( , ) * a piece of news : . * a piece of fully : . * several cases of theft : . * a bit of nonsense : . * a stroke of luck : . 13. Of + = * a man of ability = an able man. * a man of use = a useful man. * a man of wisdom = a wise man. * a man of sense = a sensible man. * a man of learning = a learned man. * of use = useful, of valuable = valuable, * a man of experience = an experienced man. * of experience = experienced, of import!ance = import!ant.

14. + = * with ease = easily : . * in succession = successively : . * with kindness = kindly : . * in reality = really : . * with fluency = fluently : . * in haste = hastily : . * with safety = safely. * in earnest = earnestly : . * with care = carefully. * by accident = accidentally : . * with patience = patiently. * to perfection = perfectly : . * with rapidity = rapidly : . * on purpose = purposely : . * without doubt : . * on occasion = occasionally : . * without hesitation : .

15. * He is kindness itself. + itself all kindness = all + very kind = very, extremely + . extremely kind ( ) .

16. An angel of a wife * She is an angel of a wife.(of-, , an angelic wife. of a) that fool of a = that foolish a saint of a = a saintly a devil of a = a devilish

17. Have + the + + to do * He had the kindness to help me. (have + the + + to do) = He was so kind that he helped me. (so + + that + S + V) = He was so kind as to help me. (so + + as to do) = He was kind enough to help me. ( + enough + to do) = He kindly helped me. ( + )

18. CH. GH -CH [t], [k], [] . * [t] . church [t:t] : . choice [tois] : . chin [tin] : . cheer [ti] : . chew [tu:] : . charity [trti] : . cheek [ti:k] : . mischief [mistif] : . cheat [ti:t] : . approach [prout] : . choke [touk] : . * [k] . mechanic [miknik] : . christ [kraist] : . chaos [keias] : . chronicle [kranik] : . character [kriktr] : . stomach [stmk] : . ache [eik] : . monarch [mank] : chasm [kzm] : . christmas [krisms] chemistry [kmistri] : . psychology [saikald] : . choir [kwai] : . chorus [k:rs] : . * [] . chagrin [grin] : . machine [mi:n] : champagne [mpein] moustache [mst:] : chauffeur [ouf] : . chandelier [ndli] : . chivalry [ivli] : . parachute [pru:t] : .

-GH [f], [g] . * . bough [bau] : . weigh [wei] : . though [ou] : . thought [:t] : . dough [dou] : . through [ru:] : . plough [plau] : . bought [b:t] : * [f] . rough [rf] : . laugh [la:f] : . enough [inf] : . draught [draft] : . tough [tf] : . drought [draut] : . cough [k:f] : . * [g] . ghost [goust] : . aghast [aga:st]: .

19. Accent 2 accent . -tion : invention, function, -sion : occasion, confusion, decision, : television. -ian : musician, comedian. -cial : official, especial. -tial : presidential. -ious : licentious. -cience, -ciency, -cient : deficiency, sufficient. -ity, -ety, : ability, activity, anxiety. -sive : exclusive. -ical : botonical, mechanical. -ic : energetic. : catholic[klik], lunatic[lu:ntik] , politic[paltik] , politics[paltiks]. arithmetic[rismtil] : . arithmetical[rismetikal]: . -logy : geology. -pathy : apathy. -graphy: geography, photography. : photograph [foutgra:f] telegraph [teligra:f] -meter, -metry : barometer, geometry. -nomy : astronomy. accent. -ee : employee. -eer : engineer. -ese : chinese. -oon : balloon. -oo : bamboo, taboo. : cuckoo[kuku:] -esque : picturesque. -ette : cigarette. accent. -ate : accurate. -tude : solitude.

(Noun)

1. [p,t,k,f,] + s [s] [b,d,g,v,, ] + s [z] * desks [desks], beds [bedz]. [s],[z],[],[t],[d] -es [iz] . * ass[s] asses [siz] dish dishes[diiz] breeze [bri:z] breezes [bri:ziz] : monarch[mank] monarchs [manks] patriarch[peitria:k] patriarchs [peitria:ks]:, stomach[stmk] stomachs[stmks] : . -ch . [t] -es [iz] [k ] -s [s] . -th + ths [s] . myth[mi] myths[mis] : . 2 + ths [z] path[p:] paths[pz] : . bath[ba:] baths[ba:z] : . mouth[mau] mouths[mauz] mouth [mau] : , . bath bathe[bei] : , . bathing suit [beii][su:t] : . + r + ths ths [s] . earth[:] earths[:s]2. ( + y) + y y i -es lady lades[- z] : 1) -s . Henry Henrys. 2) + y -s . day days. 3) -quy + y -s . -quy (u) + y qu[kw] + y y i -es .

soliloquy[slilkwi] : . soliloquies[slilkwiz]3. ( + o) + o -es [z] . potato potatoes, hero heroes, echo echoes. : + o (automobile auto) -es -s . piano(pianoforte) pianos. curio(curiosity) curious : .4. (f, fe ) -f, -fe f -v -es . half[ha:f] halves[ha:vz] calf[ka:f] calves[ka:vz] : . -f, -fe -s . chief chiefs, roof roofs:. cliff cliffs:, dwarf dwarfs:. safe safes:, grief greifs:,. proof proofs:, strife strifes: ,. gulf gulfs:( ) , , 's . R R's, 8 8's, M.P M.P's5. man - men, woman - women[wimin], foot - feet, goose[gu:s] - geese[gi:s]:. ox - oxen, tooth - teeth, louse[laus] - lice[lais]:. , deer, sheep, swine[swain]:, trout[traut]:, salmon[smn]:, corps[k:] corps[k:z]:() foot feet. foot. horse horses. horse. fish fishes. fish.6. -um, -on -a... datum - data, memorandum - memoranda, medium - media:,. phenomenon - phenomena:,.

-us -i... stimulus - stimuli:, focus - foci:. fungus - fungi:, -sis[sis] -ses[siz]... oasis[oueisis] oases[oueisi:z], thesis[i:sis] theses[i:siz] analysis analyses synthesissyntheses : crisis crises : basis bases parenthesis[prenisis] parentheses[prenisi:z]: 7. * brother [br] brothers [brrz] : brethren[brerin] : , * genius [di:nis] geniuses[di:nisiz]: genii [di:niai] : , * penny [peni] pennies[peniz] : pence [pens] : , * cloth [kl:] cloths[kl:s] : , clothes[klou()z] : , * staff [stf] staffs[stfs] : , staves[steivz] : , 8. -s * looker-on lookers-on : (spectator) by-stander by-standers passer-by passers-by commander-in-chief commanders-in-chief : dropper-in droppers-in : father-in-law fathers-in-law : , mother-in-law mothers-in-law : , brother-in-law brothers-in-law : son-in-law sons-in-law : , tooth-brush tooth-brushes : tooth-- . --s --es * forget-me-not forget-me-nots, have-not have-nots go-between() go-betweens() merry-go-round merry-go-rounds : . good-for-nothing good-for-nothings : .9. . ( ) trousers, gloves, scissors, glasses, spectacles, tongs[taz]:, pants.

() economics, politics, physics, mathematics, phonetics, ethics, statistics[sttistiks]: , (). goods, riches:, valuables:, belongings, savings:(saving , ) news, means , .10. * air : - airs : . advice : - advices : . arm : - arms : , . manner : - manners : , . ash[] : - ashes : . custom : - customs : , , . provision : - provisions : . pain : - pains : , . color : - colors : , .11. : . * shake hands with : . change cars : . exchange seats with : . be friends with : . take turns : . make friends with : . exchange letters with : . be on good terms with : .12. . * He is two years old. He has a three-year-old daughter. + . * a ten-mile race : 10 . a six-line gun : 6 . the three-power conference : 3 . two-horse carriage : .

13. dozen, score, hundred, thousand, percent . * one dozen - three dozen. one hundred - five hundred. score : 20 . two score 40. three score and ten 70. dozen, score, hundred, thousand, million . * dozens of eggs : . Hundred of people : . scores of books : . pair, couple ,. (head ) two pair(s) of shoes : . four couple(s) of hounds : 4 . five head of oxen : 5. head .14. . . * The Netherlands, The Philippines, The United States (of America) The . , . , , , . * Thirty miles is a good distance. : . .

half() the rest() of + . a lot() most() the majority() of + . lost()15. * husband : - wife : . * nephew : - niece[ni:s]: . * wizard : - witch : . * monk : - nun : . * bull : - cow : . * bachelor[btl]: - spinster : . -ess * lion : - lioness : . * heir[]: () - heiress : (). * prince : - princess : . * host : - hostess : . * emperor : - empress : . * tiger - tigress, God - Goddess, actor - actress, * negro - negroes, waiter - waitress, author - authoress * master - mistress. * he-goat : she-goat. man-servant maid-servant. bridegroom[braidgru:m]: bride[braid]: . widower[widou]: widow[widou]: . hero[hirou]: heroine[herouin]: , .16. : parent, monarch, spouse() it , he , , she child, baby it . () * , , . : (sun, war...) * . : (moon, peace...) she, it . * England is justly proud her poets. (, ) * America is rich in its natural resources. (, )17. 's . * A man's stick. The cat's ear. of + . * The legs of the table. -s '(apostrophe) . * girls'. rings. -s 's . * Charles's hat. Jones's Dictionary. : , Jesus, Moses, Socrates, Columbus -s 's .

's . * father-in-law : (). fathers-in-law : . father-in-law's hat : fathers-in-law's hat : . : 's . * my friend John's wife. * Tom's and Frank's books : . * Tom and Frank's books : Tom Frank .18. : Tom's book. , : Shakespeare's Macbeth. : a girl's high school. ( ) . * My daughter's death: ( My daughter died. ) * Mother's love of children. * John's success. ( ) . * My daughter's education: . ( ) (Someone educates my daughter) * Caesar's murderers = those who murdered Caesar. * Shakespeare's admirers = those who admire Shakespeare.19. 's . . * Fortune's smile: . * Nature's works : . , , , . * today's paper: . tomorrow's lesson: . * a day's journey : . * five minutes's walk: 5. * ten miles' distance: 10 . * a pound's weight: 1 . ten pound's weight. * a dollar's worth of sugar. ('s) house, shop, office, store, place , , . * My uncle's (house) . * This book is my brother's (book) : a, an, this, these, that, these, some, any, no, which, what, such, each, every , a, an, this + + of + . * this my father's camera. ( X ) * this camera of my father's. ( O ) . * for mercy's sake: . for conscience' sake: . * at once wits'(wit's) end: .22. Cannot without * I cannot see this picture but I am reminded of him. never I cannot see this picture without being reminded of him. Wherever I see this picture, I am reminded of him. Everytime This picture always puts me in mind of him. This picture always reminds me of him.23. in-, im-, -inter, intro- () . ex-, e-, out- .

(Article)

1. : a, an.2. a, an one() . * We shall stay here a day or two. ( ) * They resigned their posts in a body. () . * A dog is a faithful animal. A certain() . * A Mr. John came to see you . In a sense, It is true: The same() . * Birds of a feather flock together. * We are of an age. () of a mind. ( ) of a humor.( ) per() . * I write to her once a day. ( ) some(, ) . * He was speechless for a time. (, ). * He is industrious to a degree. ()3. The . * I met a boy, and the boy showed me the way. (, ) . , the . * Water is changed into steam by heat. * The water of this well is not good to drink. ( ) . * The post office is near the station. , . * Sugar is sold by the pound. by the + the . * She rented the apartment by the month. * They hired a man by the day. (, ).

. * The dog is a faithful animal. . * He caught me by the hand. . * The sun is much larger than the moon. * I wish to make a journey round the world. * We are living in a busy world. * English is a world language now. World busy , world the a . , (first, second ), any, last, same . * Seoul is the largest city in korea. * Egypt was the first country to become civilized. * February is the second month of the year. * You will need a second pair of shoes. second a second . , , . * The steam-engine was invented by J.watt. * Does the lady play the piano well? * in the morning. in the evening. in the sun(). * in the dark( ).4. catch . S + V + + by the . catch, seize, take, hold, grasp by . * He caught me by the neck. strike() S + V + + on the + . , strike, hit, pat, tap, touch, kiss . on the + . * He struck me on the ear. hit on the head. look() . S + V + + in the + . * I looked him in the eye. gazed in the face. stared

. * He was short through the head. * He embraced his mother round the neck. * He chucked me under the chin. by, on, in .5. . , , , . * The Thames. The Han River. , , . * The Korean peninsula[pninsjul]: . , of the . * The United States of America. The Netherlands. English, Korea language the . , . * The State Department: . : , , , , , the . * Seoul Station. Pagoda Park. Pusan Harbor. Kimpo airport. , , , , , , . * The Pullman(:). * the Queen Mary. the Royal Academy.() . * The ambitious Caesar: . : honest, old, young, poor, little the . . ( ) * London is the capital of English. * The London of the 19th.: 19 . * What is the German for the English "flower"?6. * so, as, too, how, however + + + . * Such a work cannot be done in so short a time. * He is as kind a boy as you are.

* such, half, rather, many, quite, what, whatever + + + . * She is quite a good painter. * He is rather an old man. * all, double, both + + . * All the boys were present. * I paid double the price for it.7. , . * Water, two cups of coffee. * Father, may I go out? * Father is looking for you, John. , , , , . * They were having breakfast when I arrived. Because I have a heavy breakfast. I have no appetite. The breakfast I had this morning was too light. . * He is suffering from fever. cancer. consumption.() * I have a headache. () a toothache. () a stomachache. () ache a . * They are playing tennis. the . * He majors in English literature. * I major in the English literature of the 20th. (of-) the . , , + . * Professor Lee: . , , , Emperor, Empress, Zar the . * The widow Smith: . * The Emperor Napoleon: . , , , . Mr. Lee was appointed principal of our school.() a kind of , a sort of . * He is a kind of gentleman.

. * We are man and wife before heaven. * Rich and poor celebrate New year's day. the rich and the poor the + and the . * father and son. body and soul. arm in arm( ). side by side() . * I am going to the school to see him. * School begins at 9 O'clock school , . * in school: * go to church: . * go to hospital: . * go to prison: . * at church: . * go to sea: . * go to bed: . * at table: . * at sea: . , . * I came here by steamer. by train. (in a train) by car. (in a car) * I informed him by telephone. by + () , by . man , woman . * Man is stronger than woman. . + . * in the morning.* at noon : . * in the afternoon. * at night : . * in the evening. * at midnight : . * in the daytime. * at hand : , . * at dawn[d:n] : . * in town : . * at daybreak : . * in the country: .

+ . * take place : , . * lose sight of : . * take the place of : . * keep house : . * take part in : . * take hold of : , . * take cold : . 8. * A poet and statesman is dead. (; 1) * A poet and a statesman are dead. (; 2) : and . * The king and Queen. a doctor and nurse. a cup and saucer. a watch and chain. a knife and fork. a needle and thread.9. father * fatherly: , . * paternal[pt:nl]: , . * paternal care : . * fatherly love : . mother * motherly: . * maternal[md:nl]: . * maternal instincts: . sun * solar: . * sunny: , . moon * lunar[lu:n]: . sea * marine[mri:n]: , , . see * visible: , . invisible: . hear * audible: , . inaudible: . eat * eatable[i:tbl]: . * edible[edibl]: , . carry * portable: , . town * urban[:bn]: . . country rural[rurl]: . read * readable: . . * legible : .10. rob + + of + . deprive A of B: A B . : He stole my watch from me. I had my watch stolen. (have + + pp) My watch was stolen. ( be stolen) be stolen , be robbed of . * strip A of B: A B , . * clear A of B: A B , . * cure A of B: A B , . * relieve A of B: A B , .11. Not till (until) * I did not know the fact, till(until) the next morning. = It was not till the next morning that I knew the fact. = Not till the next morning did I know the fact. = Only after the next morning did I know the fact. * not A till B: B A. nott till the next morning + + .12. cannot but + * I cannot but laugh. = I cannot choose but laugh. (cannot choose but + ) = I cannot help laughing. (cannot help + ing) avoid avoid = I cannot keep from laughing.(cannot keep from + ing) = I have no choice but to laugh. = I have no alternative but laugh. = Nothing remains but to laugh. = There is nothing for it but to laugh. = How can I help laughing?

(Adjective)

1. : . * I found an empty box. * He was awake all the night. (2) * I found the cage empty.(; 5) * I found the empty cage. () . * an inner pocket : .* a woolen goods : . * the outer world : . * a woolen box : . * the former case : . * a golden saying : . * the upper lip : . * a lone traveller : . * drunken, elder, former, latter, only, inner, outer, lone, mere, sheer, upper, utmost, utter, very, wooden, sole, this, that, etc. He is a drunken man. He is drunk. drunken , drunk .2. . a- : afraid, awake, alone, asleep, ashamed, aware fond, content, unable, worth . * I am afraid of death. be fond of : . * be ashamed of : . * be aware of : . * be afraid of : . * The bird is still alive. live [liv] [laiv] , , . living . * The baby is sound asleep. (, )3. * a certain lady.(), It is quite certain. () * Brown is late.() , the late Brown.( Brown) * He is the present king. (; ) * The king was present. (; ) , , . * her late husband : . * the late king : . * right : 4. . * She is a lady beautiful kind and rich. . * This is a useful dictionary. * I have a dictionary useful for children. () -thing, -body . * Please give me something hot. -able, -ible all, every . * I have tired every means possible. * This is the best method conceivable. . * He is the greatest poet alive. who is, which . a boy (who is) ten years old. the latter (which is) written in English. . * from time immemorial: . * the sum total : , . * Asia Minor : . * the authorities concerned: . * God almighty : . * a poet laureate : . 5. . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ,, a, an first one heavy large white new American the second two valuable small yellow old Swiss these last several black wooden * My first new salary is spent.6. the + ( p.p.) * The rich have troubles as well as the poor. * The deceased was a very up right statesman. the deceased: . the accused : . the dead : . . * The good and the beautiful do not always go together. ( .)7. * This book is worth reading. * It is worth while to read this book. * My house is near the lake. * They are opposite each other. * They are very like each other. .8. Many, Much * Many a student has repeated the same mistake. = Many students have repeated the same mistake. many a + . much + . * Much a time did I warn him, but to no purpose. many a time many a times , many a time + + . * a good many a great many a great number of + a large number of , , . a multitude of I have a good many things to do today. A large number of people visit the historic site. * a good deal of + a great deal of : , . He has had to spend a good deal of money on medicines. * a lot of lots of + (a) plenty of : , . . She spend a lot of money on clothes. * as many: . . as much: , . * like so many: . like so much: . He made ten mistakes in as many lines. (as many = ten) ( .) There were five accidents in as many days. (as many = five) (5 5 .) She was respected, and her husband as much despised. ( , .) He drank two bottles of beer and as much wine. ( .) They worked like so many ants. ( .) The wooden houses flamed up like so many match-boxes. ( .) * not so much A as B = not A so much as B = less A than B = B rather than A = A B. He is not so much a scholar as a statesman. = He is not a scholar so much as a statesman. = He is a statesman rather than a scholar. * not so much as = not even = . She can not so much as write her own name. = She can not even write her own name. * not much = . He is not much of a scholar.( .) I do not see much of him. ( .) * without so much as = without even = . He left without so much as saying goodbye to me.9. Few, Little * few, a few: . few : , ; . a few: ; . He has few fiends. ( .) He has a few fiends. (.) * little, a little: . little : ; . a little: ; . I have a little money with me. (.) I have little money with me. ( .) * not a few = quite a few = no few = a good many = many = . . There are not a few such men. * only a few = but few = . He has only a few friends. * the little I did the little (what little) I could.( .) the little the . * not a little = quite a little = no little = much = . . It has caused me not a little anxiety. (not a little = considerable) * I little dreamed that I should never see him again. = Little did I dream that I should never see him again. ( .) little little + + + . * He little knows that the police are about to arrest him. = Little does he know that the police are about to arrest him. ( .) little know, think, imagine, guess suspect, realize (not at all) . * little better than = as good as = . He is little better than beggar. * little short of = almost It is little short of a miracle. ( .)10. five hundred / five thousand / five millions. hundreds of people / five million inhabitants. hundred, thousand million .() hundred (thousand) of = , million . $ 2,358 = two thousand three hundred and fifty-eight dollars. hundred and . * (the year) 1981 = nineteen eighty-one. 3021 100 three thousand and twenty-one . . 1990: nineteen hundred. 1801: eighteen hundred and one. (or eighteen one) * (at) 7: 55 = seven fifty-five [/ei/em] * a girl in her teens He was the first president of the university. Do it a second time. (a second time = again) Two-thirds of the apples were bad. Two-thirds of the land was uncultivated. : the . first, second, third -th . : fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, twentieth, fourteenth, fortieth. Napoleon = Napoleon the Third. World War = World War Two the Second World War. a third world war. . ( , ) = a half (or one half), = two thirds, = one third. 4 2/7 = four and two sevenths. . one and a half . 2.34 = two point three four. I had to pay double the usual price. * He has twice as much money as I have. * This is three times as large as that. = This is three times the size of that.

11. England English Englishman Englishmen English France French Frenchman Frenchmen French China Chinese Chinese Chinese Chinese Korea Korean Korean Koreans Koreans America American American Americans Americans Germany German German Germans Germans Italy Italian Italian Italians Italians Spain Spanish Spaniard Spaniards Spanish : a, an. : the.12. * comparative : , . comparable : , . * continual : , . continuous : . * considerable: , . considerate : , . considering : , . * credible [kredbl] : , . credulous[kredjuls] : , . * desirable[dizairbl]: , . desirous [dizairs] : . * economic : , , . economical : , . * healthy : , . healthful : . * historic : , . historical : . * industrious : . industrial : , . * imaginative : . imaginary : , . imaginable : . * momentous : . momentary : . * literal : , , . literary : , . literate : . ( illiterate; ) * luxurious[lguris] : , . luxuriant[lgurint]: , , . * memorable : . memorial : , . * practical : , , . practicable : , . * sensible : , , . sensitive : , , . * respectable : , . respectful : , . + ly . * likely : , , . * timely : . * orderly : , , . * lovely : , . * cowardly : , . * bodily : , . * friendly : , , . * daily : , , () , . * monthly : , 1 () , . * motherly : , . * fatherly : . as as * as white as snow : . * as blind as bat : . * as poor as a church mouse: .

(Adjective)

1. . * tall - taller - tallest. * long - longer - longest. + -er, -est . * big - bigger - biggest. -le, -ly, -some, -ow, -er 2. * able - abler - ablest. * early - earlier - eariest. More, Most. : 3 beautiful, diligent, interesting 2 -ful, -able, -less, -ous, -ive, -ing more, most . well-know, fine-looking 3 more, most , afraid, fond, alive, alone, aware more, most . well-know - better-known - best-known. fine-looking - finer-looking - finest-looking: .2. * good (well) - better - best. * bad (ill) - worse - worst. * many (much) - more - most. * little - less - least. * old - older - oldest : , . elder - eldest : .( ) He is three years older than I. He is my elder brother. * late - later - latest : , . ( ) - latter - last : . ( ) the latest news.( ), the last news.( ) * far - farther - farthest: . ( ) - further - furthest: . ( ) As I was very tired, I could not walk any farther. ( , .) We must get further information. ( .)

3. : -or than to , to to + , superior, inferior, senior, junior, exterior, interior, anterior, posterior, major, minor . He is three years senior to me. He is my senior by three years.4. * as as : . * not so as: . She is as tall as Tom. She is not so tall as Tom. * She is as kind as Tom. She is as like as beautiful. as A as B B A . * He is as poor as (poor) can be. = He is as poor as anything. as A as (A) can be, as A as anything: , A . * He walked as fast as possible. = He walked as fast as he could. as A as possible, as A as one can : A * He was as brave as any man in the world. He is as great a statesman as ever lived. as as any + : as as ever + : ,( ) 5. * He is five inches taller than Mary. * This is much bigger than that. ( .) much, still, even, (by) far , . : . * the younger generation. ( ) * the higher classes. () * higher education. () * The greater part of the students are teen-agers. ( 10.) * Her upper teen have to be pulled. ( .)

. * Mary is less tall than Tom. = Mary is not so tall as Tom.6. , () more + + than . * He is cleverer than his brother. * He is more clever than honest. (= rather)7. the + : the the . of A and B of the two . * Tom is the taller of the two. . * He worked the harder, because his master praised him. the + ..... the + ...... * The more one has, the more wants.8. A is no more B than C is D = A is not B any more than C is D = A is not B just as C is not D = A B C D . () A whale is no more a fish than a horse is. = A whale is not a fish any more than a horse is (a fish). A is no less B than C is D = C D A B. () * He is no less guilty as you are. = He is as much guilty as you are. ( , .) * He was no less a person than the president. ( .) no less a person than : . not more than : . not less than : , . * He is not more diligent than you are. * Light is not less necessary than fresh air to health. ( .) no more than = only : , . no less than = as many as = as much as : . not more than = at most : . not less than = at least : . * He has no more than 10,000 won.( .) He has no less than 10,000 won.( .) * I have not more than three hundred books. ( 300 .) * I have not less than three hundred books. ( 300 .)9. * She is the most diligent (girl) of our classmates. (= in our class) * He is the tallest of all his classmates. the . of , in . * The boy studies hardest of them all. * He runs fastest of all. the , the . * She is by far the tallest player in the team. by far . * This is a most interesting book to me. a most = a very. most people: . the most: . at best: . at most: . * He is the last man to tell a lie. ( .)

10. . * It is his greatest pleasure to read novels. , . * This river is deepest at this point. . * He always works hardest in the office.11. * Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world. . No (other) mountain in the world is so high as Mt. Everest. ( + so + + as ) No (other) mountain in the world is higher than Mt. Everest. ( + + than ) Mt. Everest is higher than any other mountain in the world. ( + + than any other + ) Mt. Everest is the highest of all the mountain in the world. ( + + of all (the) + )

(Adverb)

1. : + ly. * + ly: slow slowly. careful carefully. * -y + ly = ily - happy happily. * le + ly = ly - possible possibly. : sole solely. whole wholly. * -ue + ly = uly , true truly, due duly. * -ll + ly = -lly, full fully. * -ic + ly = ically , dramatic dramatically. : public publicly. . early, long, hard, enough, hear, well, ill, far ... * I get up early in the morning. () * The early bird catches the worm. ()2. * Mr. Everest is very high. (; ) * He held his hand high. (; ) * It is a highly a musing film. ( ; , ) dear, cheap, hard, hear, late .3. : , , (, ) , , , . * He speaks English well. * Evidently he has made a mistake. = It is evident that he has made a mistake.4. : () (how) ; gladly, well, heartily, carefully + + + ( ) + + * He came immediately ( + ) * They speak well of him () = He is well spoken of. () * I well remember those happy days. () = Well do I remember those happy days. () : () how often always, generally, regularly, often, never, sometimes, seldom. nearly, almost, still, barely . : , be , . put on your coat (O) : + + put your coat on (O) : + + put on it (X) put it on (O) : + + + . Look at the boy. Look at him. () Look him at. ()5. : + : + * I'll call on you at seven o'clock next Sunday. * We spent the holidays in a cottage is the morning. + + + + + * He came to Korea by ship last year. * She played beautiful at the concert last night. * We arrived safely at the station.6. still + + enough (O) be + still enough + (O) + still + . + enough (O) still + enough + . (X) * He is still standing. : . He is standing still. : . () * She still dislikes him. He still doesn't like her. * I need enough eggs. = I need eggs enough. * Only I can see him in the room. I can only see him in the room. I can see only him in the room. I can see him only in the room. ago . before . . before ago . * He passed away three ago. * He said that she had died three years before. * I have seen this picture before. * I have seen her a few days ago. (X)7. very, much very . much . * He breaks his words very often. * I don't like beef much. tired, pleased, delighted, surprised, satisfied much very . * A very celebrated scholar presided at the meeting. * She had a very annoyed look on her face. * He was very tired with a long walk. afraid, alike, fond much . the + very + much + the + * He is much ashamed of his behaviour!. * He is the very best runner in our class. * He is much the best runner in our class.8. * : + + ? * : + + ? () * Where does he live? * I don't know + When should I do it? I don't know when I should do it. (; know ) I don't know when to do it. (; ) think, believe, imagine, suppose . * Do you think + Where does he lives? Do you think where he lives? () Where do you think he lives? ()9. * where, when, how, why + + which . * This is the place + He was born in it. This is the place which he was born in. () This is the place in which he was born. This is the place where he was born. This is the place that he was born. (where ) This is where he was born.(; where , the place ) * . , where , and there .. ( ...) , when , and then ... ( ...) We went to Rome, where we stayed for a week. Wait till seven, when he will be back. You may go wherever you like. (wherever = to any place that) Wherever you may go, I will follow you. (wherever = no matter where)

(Pronoun)

1. 2. It . * He took a stone and threw it. (= a stone) . * The prisoner attempted to escape, but found it impossible. * He is innocent, I know it quite well. . * It is very pretty that doll. . * I make it a rule to get up early. to have breakfast at eight. It . , , , , . * It is fine today. () * It is spring now. () * What time is it, now? () * How far is it from here to the station? () * It is dark in the room. () * How goes it with you? ( ?) * How is it in the market?3. It that . . * I bought the book yesterday. It was I that(who) bought the book yesterday. It was the book that I bought yesterday. It was yesterday that(when) I bought the book. , . * that it . * It is that . . * that it . * It is that .

. * Did you send me the flower? You sent me the flower. It was you that sent me the flower. Was it you that sent me the flower? .4. , , . I, he, him, you , , , . .5. = + * This dictionary is mine. (= my dictionary) + mine, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs . of a, an, this, that, any, no, which, some, these, another a, an + + of + . * Show me another book of hers. own . * a, any, some, this + + of one's own . * I have no house of my own.6. : self , . ( stress). * She killed herself. committed suicide. took her own life. . * History repeats itself.

. * I myself wrote this book. = I wrote this book myself. , stress .

7. + for oneself: (for one's sake), (without another's help) by oneself: , (all alone) * He lives in that house by himself. . * The candle went out of itself. () * to oneself: . * beside oneself = insane = mad = at the end of self-control : , . * come to oneself = become conscious: , . * pride oneself on = be proud of = take (a) pride in. * absent oneself from = be absent from. * present oneself at = be present at. * avail oneself of: . * accustom oneself to: . * overdrink oneself: . * overwork oneself : . * oversleep oneself: . * in itself: 8. That of, Those of * The population of Japan is much larger than korea. () The population of Japan is much larger that of korea. () that of korea . that, those .9. This, That the one the other the former the latter that this the one the other . * We keep a dog and a cat; I like the one better than the other. This, That . * He did not answer the letter, and this made me all the more angry. * Those who like borrowing dislike paying. (those who: , He who: )10. Such Such was my reward. ( .) * Such . , .

as such . * He is a child and must be treated as such.(= a child) () . such as : such as: . * Such men as Washington and Lincoln are rare. ( .) * Autumn gives us fruits, such as pears, persimmons, and apples. ( , , .) . * Such + + that . So + / + that * She is such a lovely child that every body loves her. * He had such a fever that he nearly died. = He was so feverish that nearly died.11. The same We must do the same. ( .) same the . do . This is the same watch as I gave her. () This is the same watch that I gave her. () same . the same as the same that . Are these the same people who came here yesterday? ( ?) the same that . the same where (when, who, as)... They do not think the same as we do. ( .) the same. the same = in like manner.12. So . So do, say, tell, speak, think, suppose, imagine, hope, believe . * Is he coming? * I think so. . * He had been weak, but he wouldn't be so no longer.13. So am I, So I am. A: I am pretty. B: I am pretty, too. ( = So am I. )

A: You are pretty. B: Yes, I am pretty, indeed. ( = So I am. )15. one * One should keep one's word. one , , . he, him, himself, she, her, herself . * One took his book and the other took his pen. one , him, his, himself . . A + one. ( ) the, this, that + it ( ) * If you need a book, I will lend you one. * I bought a book, but I lost it. + one(s). * Your plan is a good one on paper. one: (the, this, that ) one, ones . a certain . * I received a letter from one Mr. Jones.16. one () one . * I like a red rose better than a white one. * I like red wine better than white. (one , wine ) , + own one . * Your father's house is larger than my father's. * This bed is my own. one . * He has three cars and I have two. , the + one . * He has two sisters; the elder is more beautiful than the younger.17. One, Other, Another one, the other: , . () the one, the other: , . () * I have two brothers; One is in England, and the other in America. * Mary has a white and a red rose; the one is lovelier than the other.

one, another( a second), the other: . one, another, a third, the other: . the first, the second, the third: . * There are three men. One is a doctor, another(is) a teacher, and the other(is) a lawyer. * There are four flowers in the vase; one is 'rose', another, 'tulip', a third, 'carnation' and the other ( the fourth) is 'lily'. some - , others: , . ( ) some - , the others: .( ) * Some went on foot; and others (went) by bus. * There are ten students; some study German, and the others (study) French.18. Another (the more) . * Will you have another cup of coffee? * I am going to stay another week. ( ) (different) . * I don't like this; show me another. (also one, a similar one) . * If I am a fool, You are another. A is one thing and B is another: A B . * To know is one thing and to teach is another. . * They were helping one another in their work. * They looked at each other. one another each other .19. Some, Any some, , , any. * I have a lot of pencils; if you want any, I will give you some. , some. * Will you have some beer? * Any one can do it. any: . * Any child knows it. some = about, a certain. * We waited some twenty minutes. (= about) * He went to some place in Africa. (= a certain)20. None, No * none: . no : . * none no one , . * no I have, There is not any . * None have succeeded in solving the problem. ( .) He sought rest and found none. ( .) * I have no children. ( .) There is no hope. ( .) He is no genius. ( .) He is no genius. He is not a genius. .21. each, every, all . not + both: . * I know both of them. () * I do not know both of them. () * I do not know either of them. = I know neither of them. () not + all: ( ) . * I invited all of them. () * I did not invite all of them. () * I did not invite any of them. () = I invited none of them. not + any = none. * All is not gold that glitters. () not + every: () . * Everybody likes her. () * Everybody does not like her. () * Nobody likes her. () Every + not nobody( ), nothing( ). . * not + always: . The rich are not always happy. The rich are never happy. * not + completely : . Not all of the crew completely happy. * not + entirely = not + altogether: . You are not entirely free from blame. I do not altogether agree with him. * not + necessarily: . The greatest minds do not necessarily ripen the quickest.

* not + absolutely : . not in the least = not at all = never: . ()22. At all, -thing, -body at all. * They are not interested at all. ( ) * If you do it at all do it well. (; , ) * Do you believe it at all? (; ) * I am surprised that he passed the exam at all. (; ) * There are very little if at all. (; ) -thing, -body. : any some . * Is there anything interesting in today's paper? * Is anybody in the room? * I saw something white in the dark. -thing . * everything: , something: , nothing: . Money is everything to her. He thinks something of himself. If want to be anybody, you must make efforts. She was a humble nobody a few years ago.23. Either, Neither, both. * Do you know either of the two sisters? ( ) Do you know any of the sisters? ( ) either side = both side. * If you do not go, I will not, either. If you will not do so, neither will I. not too too either . not either = neither, neither will I = nor will I. * I do not know both of the sisters. ( .) not + both = .

(Pronoun)

1. : who, whom, what, which, when . * : who, whom, whose....... : why, where, when, how..... . * Who is that man? * I don't know who that man is. + + . (, , , ) . ( + + ) . : think, suppose, believe, imagine, guess... . * What does he want? * Do you know what he wants? yes, no . * Do you think what he wants? () What do you think he wants? () yes, no . * , , . Who did it is a question to me. ( . .) The question is who did it. ( . .) Tell me who did it. ( . ) There is no doubt as to who did it. ( . .) * , . They are ignorant what they are after. ( . be ignorant of of .) I have no idea who did it. ( . as to .) = I have no idea as to who did it.2. : . * Who knows? (; ?) = Nobody knows (; .) * Who does not know the fact? = Everybody knows the fact. , . * Who is there but commits errors? = There is nobody but commits errors.( that not). = Everybody commits errors. Who is there that does not commit errors? () There is nobody that does not commit errors. () * Who would do such a thing but a fool? = Who but a fool would do such a thing. = None(Only) but a fool would do such a thing. but . (save, except) What is the use of ?: ?3. () , . * They are listening to the radio, aren't they? * She can't speak French, can she? be be, . * Tom has a book, doesn't he? () hasn't he? () have do . * You've been to Pusan, haven't you? have have . * You have to study English, don't you? have to have do . * You bought a new car, didn't you? do . * You should study harder, shouldn't you? * I ought to go by plane, shouldn't I? should ought to shouldn't I . * She's doing her best, isn't she? (= She is doing her best.) She's done her best, hasn't she? (= She has done her best.) 's is has She is doing her best She has done her best isn't she hasn't she . * You'd better go at once, hadn't you? You'd You had had better hadn't. * Do it at once, will you? Have a cup of coffee, won't you? will you? , won't you? .

* We have no time, do we? He seldom came here, did he? no, nothing, seldom, hardly, scarcely .4. Who Who * This is the girl. She is a good typist. This is the girl who is a good typist. () She who . Whom * This is the boy. I wanted to see him. This is the boy whom I wanted to see. Whose * A child is called an orphan. His parents are dead. A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan. A child His , His whose .5. Which: which, of which whose, which . which , , . , . * I have a book. It is very interesting. I have a book which is very interesting. * This is the dictionary. I bought it yesterday. This is the dictionary which I bought () yesterday. , . . * This is the word. I don't know the meaning of it. This is the word which I don't know the meaning of. which of . This is the word of which I don't know the meaning. This is the word the meaning of which I don't know. This is the word whose meaning I don't know. which of of which which . which , , . * He wanted to come, which was impossible. (= but it) comma (and, but, for, though) + . , , . * He is a gentleman, which his brother is not. , , who, whom which that . * She is no longer the shy girl which( that) she was ten years ago. that .6. * This is the house. I spoke of it. This is the house which I spoke of. This is the house (which) I spoke of. This is the house of which I spoke of. ( + . ) This is the house that I spoke of. (that .)7. that that , . that , , . that . . * A man and his dog that were passing by were injured. , , the very, the only, the last, the same, every, all, any, no that . * He is the greatest poet that korea has ever produced. who, what, which that . * Who that has common sense can believe such a thing? () * Which is the book that you want to read. ()8. That . * Can you see that? * The climate of korea is milder than that of china. . * Give me that chair. * from that hour: 2. * at that time : 2. that that + that , . . * Don't eat that much. ( ) that , .

. * That he is innocent is certain. () = It is certain that he is innocent. () that that . It that . * I bought the book on Monday. = It was on Monday that I bought the book. . * He is the greatest actor that has ever lived. that that that , , . . * This is the last time that(when) I teach you. * This is the village that(where) the poet was born. that when, where, why, how . That : , , [dt]. , , [dt].9. What * What(that which) is beautiful is not always good. () * I will do what(all that) I can. () what : what = + . what that which, all that, anything that, the thing which . what . * What one has: , What one is : . You should judge a man not by what he has but by what he is. * A is to B what C is to D = Just as C is to D, so is A to B = What C is to D, A is to B = A B C D . Reading is to the mind what(as) exercise is to the body. = Just as exercise is to the body, so is reading to the mind. = What exercise is to the body, reading is to the mind. ( .) * What is + : . She is beautiful, and what is better still, tender-hearted. * What with A and (what with) B = A , B . (, ) What with fatigue and (what with) hunger, he fell down as if he were dead. ( .)

* What by A and (what by) B. (, ) = A , B ... What by threats and (what by) entreaties, he achieved his aim. ( , .) * He is, what we call, a self-made man. ( .)10. * He had three sons, who became statesmen. (, who = and they) * He had three sons who became statesmen. (, ) : , , ,(comma) . : ,(comma) , , (and, but, for, though) + . that . * He had four sons who became doctors. - . He had four sons, who became doctors. - , . * Everybody likes Tom, who is kind. ( , who = for he) ( Tom . .) I met a boy, who told me the news. ( , who = and he) ( , .) The farmer, who is poor, is honest. ( , who = though he) ( .)11. . * This is the boy (whom) we saw yesterday. ( ) * He has no friend (whom) he can depend upon. ( ) * This is the house (which) he lives in. , . , * He is not the man (which or that) he was two years ago. there is, there are . * He taught me the difference (that) there is between right and wrong. There is, Here is, It is, What is, Who is . * There is a boy (who) wants to see you. * It was he (that) met her yesterday.

. . I bowed to the gentleman, whom I knew well. + , , . I remember the day on which he went to the front. (= when, ) of which, of whom . I bought ten pencils, the half of which I gave my brother.12. : , + , .13. , , : , , , . . * Tom is a student. * To solve this problem is difficult. : equal , . equal . * Tom is an impostor. (Tom = impostor) . (4 DO ) * I know Tom. * I know that he is honest. . * We cannot rely on what he says. . * He has one aim to make money. (one aim = to make money) : , , . . () * The house on that hill is my uncle's. () * The girl playing the piano is my sister. () cf) I am fond of playing the piano. () . ( ) * The book is of great value. * We are to climb Mt. Hanra this summer. * My plan is to climb Mt. Hanra this summer. : , , . . . * He got up early that he might catch the bus. * Though he was brave, he turned pale.14. : + -ever.(whoever, whomever...) What . . * Give it to whoever wants it. (= anyone who; wants ) * Give it to whomever you like. (= anyone whom; like ) * Choose whichever you like. (= anything that) * I will give you whatever you need. (= anything that) . * You may read whatever book you like.(= any book that) * Take whichever book you like. (= any of the books that) * Whosever horse comes in first wins the prize. (= anyone whose) whosever anyone whose . . ( ) * Whoever may come, he will be welcome. (= No matter who) * Whatever you may do, do it well. (= No matter what) * Whichever you choose, you will be pleased. (= No matter which) may . Whatever , . * There can be no doubt whatever about it. * Is there any chance whatever? ( ?)15. * He spoke to me in french, which language I could not understand. which language . * I gave them what money I had. what money I had money . = I gave them all the money that I had. (what = all the....that) * I will approve whichever(or whatever) course you decide on.()16. As such, the same, as , as . * Choose such friends as will benefit you. (will ; ) * I have the same trouble as you have. (have ; ) * As many men as came were caught. ( ; ) * He is absent, as is often the case. (as He is absent()) * He is American, as I knew from his accent. ( .) * As was the custom with him, he went out for a walk after supper. ( .)

17. But . * Summer is hot, but winter is cold. * He is a hard-working but not very intelligent boy. . * He is but a child. ( .) * It is but a question of money. ( .) , , (only) , But . . * All but him were drowned. ( .) * Nobody but me attended the meeting. ( .) but except, save , but . (but + .) . * No one is so old but he may learn. = No one is so old that he may not learn. that not , but . . not, no , but not * There is no rule but has some exceptions. = There is no rule that has not some exceptions. but 18. than more * There are more books than are needed. * Her service has been more valuable than was supposed.19. . * There is no one that we know who can do such a thing. * Is there anything that you want which you do not have?

1. 1 : S + V ( ) * I go to church on sundays. * Nowadays farming doesn't pay. pay , . , . be , . do , , .2. 2 : S + V + C ( ) . * He is a soldier. (He = soldier) ( S = V; ) * He is gloomy. (He gloomy) ( S C; ) become * become, grow, get, go, come, run, fall, turn 2 . * He become a composer. (He = a composer) * He went mad. * become . Her new dress become her well. remain . * remain, keep, lie, hold, continue , 2 . * He remained silent. poor all his life. faithful to the last. () + . feel, smell, sound, taste 2 . * feel : . * taste : . * smell : . * sound : . . . * Helen looks happy. * She appears sensible. * The wound prove (to be) fatal.

3. * S + live, die. marry. + ; equal. go. ; . be born. ; . stand. ; . sit, return. 2 .() * He died a beggar. (He died + He was a beggar) * The old man sat surrounded by the children.4. 3 : S + V + O () * S + + , , , , + , (S O) * God made man. (God man) ; 3. * He will make a scholar. (He = a scholar); 2.5. : , . * He lived a happy life (3) He lived happily. (1) . * She smiled her brightest (smile). * He shouted his loudest (shout).6. 4 : S + V + I.O + D.O () * I gave her the book. (4) = I gave the book to her. (3) to + I.O pay, bring, hand, deny, sell, send, lend, give... for + I.O buy, build, make, get, order... of + I.O ask... on + I.O play, impose, bestow, confer... * I paid him the money. I paid the money to him. * I will buy you a watch. I will buy a watch for you. * I asked him a question. I asked a question of him. * He played me a trick He played a trick on me.7. : envy, save, forgive, pardon ...... * I envy him his patience. () I envy his patience to him. ()8. : explain, introduce, announce, confess, describe, prove, suggest, propose ...

explain... 4 to + I.O . * I will explain to you what this means.9. 5 : S + V + O + OC ( ) S + V + O + , : equal : , : :

OC * He is a great scholar : 2 = I believe him (to be) a great scholar. : 5 * I believe the author to be her : 5 = The author is believed to be she by me : 2 * I believe him diligent. * I ordered him to go. to stay in bed. to take a rest. ( ) S + see let + + be hold make observe have hear bid notice help look at listen to * I saw the suspected man (to) enter the building. * I had him (to) build my house. = I had my house built by him. + to do 10. * . : graduate from + (O) graduate + (X) * . : complain of + * . : wait for + * . : experiment with + * . : sympathize with + * . : interfere with + * . : consent to + 11. * : attend to + () attend + () * : become + * : discuss + * : resemble + * : greet + * : marry + * : approach + * : mention + 12. * endow A with B : A B . . * entrust A with B = entrust B to A : A B . . * supply A with B = supply B for A : A B . * provide A with B = provide B for A : A B . * furnish A with B = furnish B to A : A B . . * present A with B = present B to A : A B . . * fill A with B : A B . * equip A with B : A B , .13. as soon as ; as soon as = the moment = the instant = immediately = instantly As soon as The moment The instant he saw me, he ran away. Immediately Instantly = He had no sooner seen me than he ran away. hardly before(when) scarcely when (before) = No sooner had he seen me than he ran away Hardly before Scarcely when = On (Upon) seeing me, he ran away.14. , , , , . * She is a schoolgirl. ( ) I thought it to be her. ( ) She is beautiful. ( ) * School is over. ( ; ) He is away. ( ; ) * He ran himself out of breath.( ; ) * He seems to know me. ( ; ) * The fact is that I know nothing about it. (The fact = that-clause) ( ; ) * His own efforts have made him what he is.(him = what he is) ( ; )

(Tense)

1. ; be, have 3 -s, -es . [s,z,,,t,d] -es . kisses, buzzes, washes 'o' '-es' , 'y' y 'i' '-es' . goes, echoes, does[dz], hurry hurries, buy buys. . * He lives in England. * I see he swimming in the pool. , , , ... * I get up at six every morning. * He teaches English. * He never takes sugar in his coffee. , , . * The earth moves round the sun. * Honesty is the best policy. . * Caesar crosses the Rubicon and enters Italy. , . * Dryden says that none but the brave deserve(s) the fair. ( .) . : () go, come, start, leave, arrive depart, meet, return, sail, ride begin , . * He starts (= will start) for seoul tomorrow morning. , ( ) * I will not start if it rains tomorrow. * I don't know if it will rain tomorrow.2. : -ed . stop stoped.( + ), try tried. ( + y)

2 + -ed . om/it omitted, pref/er preferred, occ/ur occurred. v/isited, /offered, l/imited. picnic picnicked, mimic mimicked. : -ed . , , . * The hosts met their guests. . * When I finished (= had finished) the work, I went out. when, after, till, before, as soon as .3. 1 2 3 I shall You will He will Shall I? Shall you? Will he?Speaker You shall He shall I will You will He willHearer Shall I? Will you? Shall he? . , , , . ( Will) * I shall be sixteen years old next year. . * All right, I will do so. (, )4. (be + ing) * It is raining now. ( ) * He is always grumbling. ( ) always, constantly, continually . . * We are leaving for Seoul tonight. be going to The ice is going to crack.( ) The party is going to be a great success. ( ) My father is going to buy a new car. ( ) (was, were + ing) * He was reading a novel when I entered the room. * I was studying English when you called on me yesterday. . (will, shall + be + ing) * He will be reading a novel when we go to bed. * We'll be thinking of you when we get to paris. when .5. (be, exist) (seem, look, appear, resemble) . * You look much worried. He resembles his father. () He is resembling his father. () He resembles with his father. () He is resembled by his father. () resemble with . (feel, see, smell, hear, taste) . * I see her swimming in the pool. see , , hear . * They are hearing lectures. * I am seeing the sights of Seoul. look at , listen to . (have, belong, possess, own) . * I have some money with me. () I am having some money with me. () * He is having breakfast. () have . belong to , . * This house is belong to me.6.

had+p.p (have + p.p) (will(shall) + have + p.p)

(just, already, by this time, yet ) : . ago, yesterday, then, last, when . just, now just now . * He has just come back home. () He came home just now. () He has come home just now. () . * She has bought a new car. ( ) = She bought a new car and has it now. have gone 1, 2 . * I have gone to the station. () * You have gone to London. () ( ) * Have you ever seen a tiger? have + p.p ever, never, once, before, seldom . ; - have + p.p. - have been + ing. * I have known her since she was a child. () - . I have been knowing her since she was a child. () * He has been studying English for ten years. () - .7. (Had + p.p) : , . * They had arrived at the house before night fell. * Spring had come by the time she was well again. () * I recognized Mrs. Brown at once, for I had seen her several times before. : - had + p.p. - had been + ing. * He had lived there for ten years when his mother died. * I had been waiting for an hour when he returned.8. (will shall + have + p.p.) * I shall have finished the work by the time you come. by the time will come come .

* When you wake these fancies will have gone. * I shall have read the poem three times if I read it again. : - will(shall) have + p.p. - will(shall) have + p.p. + ing. * He will have been in hospital for two weeks by next sundays. * I shall have been reading this novel by noon.

(Auxiliary Verb)

1. May, Might . * May I smoke here? - Yes, you may. - No, you may (must) not. . * He may be rich. = It is possible that he is rich. ( , may + ) * He may have been rich. = It is possible that he was rich. ( , may have + p.p) * = might have + p.p. * He may meet her. (= It is possible that he meets her.) ( ; ) He may have meet her. (= It is possible that he met her.) ( ; ) He might have met her. = He might have met her, if he had not been busy. ( ) = He did not meet her, as he was busy. ( ) . * Gather roses while you may. ( ) * A man may be known by his friends. . * Whatever he may do he will not succeed. No matter what he may do Do what he will * He may be called a poet, but he cannot be called a scholar. * May be rest in peace ! (!, ) * Might I ask your mane? () * He may well say so. ( ) = He says so, and well he may. = He has good reason to say so. = It is natural that he should say so. no wonder a matter of course not surprising = I take it for granted that he says so. may + well + : . : may well have + p.p. * You may as well begin at once. might as well had better . may (might) as well A as B: B A . : may : might You may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly. ( , .) You might as well reason with the wolf as try to persuade him. ( .)2. Can . * I can speak English. ( = be able to) : I was able to speak English. : I will be able to speak English. : I have been able to speak English. : I had been able to speak English. : I will have been able to speak English. can : was able to. be able to : be unable to , . * Who can he be? ( ?) ( ) * Can it be true? ( ?) ( ) can, cannot , , . * He cannot be honest. ( , ) = It is impossible that he is honest. * He cannot have been honest. ( ) = It is impossible that he was honest. cannot could not , cannot + have + p.p. . . * You can go home now. () * Could you show me the way to the station? () * We cannot be too careful of our health. * We cannot praise him too much. ( )

3. Must , (must + ) * You must go there. = It is necessary that you should go there. = It is necessary for you to go there. must need not, do not need to, do not have to, have not to . * You must go there. : Do you have to go there? : You had to go there. : You will have to go there. * You have only to do your duty. ( ) (must + ) * He must be honest. ( ) = I am sure that he is honest. It is certain = It is impossible that he is honest. He cannot be honest. * He must have been honest. ( ) = I am sure that he was honest. = It is impossible that he was honest. He cannot have been honest. . * He must needs come. ( ) * Sooner or later, death must come to us all! (; . ) * You must not tell a lie. (; ) You may tell a lie. (; ) * I think that I must go. : I thought that I must go.4. Will, Would Will : . () Would: . () * He will often sit up reading all night. * He would often come home drunk, and beat his wife. (wish to, want to) * He who would search for pearls, must dive deep. * Would that I were young again! Would to God I wish

, . * The door will not open. ( ) * He would not help me. ( ) , (He'll ) * Accident will happen. * Dogs will bark when they see a stranger. . * This vessel will hold 2 gallons of water. () * Would you pass me the salt? () * He would be about twenty, when he met her. () * He was a strong will. ( ) * He made his will before his death. will , , , . * I would rather die (than) live in dishonor. would sooner had rather = I would choose death before life in dishonor. = I prefer dying to living in dishonor. ( + ,) = I prefer to die rather than (to) live in dishonor. = .5. Should (should + : ) * The young should respect the old. should + ought to + . , , (should + have + p.p.; ) * You should have worked harder. ought to = I am sorry (that) you didn't work harder. = I wish you had worked harder. Would that Would to God If only = You had to work harder, but you didn't. , , ( + should) * Why should you stay in Seoul in this hot weather? should why, how, who , , ? . * How should I know it? () = I don't know it at all. Who should A but b? : A B. should. * It is natural that he should get angry. = It is natural for him to get angry. = He may well get angry. It is + + that necessary, import!ant, natural, good, well, right, wrong, rational that should . ( ) should. * It is strange that she should cry all day long. It is a pity, surprising, odd, strange, curious that should , . should + . should + have + p.p. . . * He should arrive by the 6:15 train. () * I should like to go to America once more. ( ) * Write it down in your notebook lest you should forget it. * He lowered his voice for fear that he should be heard. , . should not .6. Should : advice, advisable. : insist, demand. + that + + should + : desire, expect. : require, request. : propose, move, suggest. : order. * He insisted that he (should) go to the party. = He insisted on ( upon) going to the party. * I ordered that he (should) do it himself.7. Ought to , . * You ought to start at once. (, should ) * You ought not to say such things. (; ought not to) , , . * You ought to have told me that matter yesterday. = You should have told me that matter yesterday. = I am sorry (that) you did not tell me that matter yesterday. = I wish you had told me that matter yesterday. ( ...)

ought to + have + p.p , , . * He ought to have arrived at Seoul Station by now. ( ; ) . * It ought to be rainy tomorrow. ( )8. Dare * I dare not to go there. * How are you say such a thing to my face? ( ?) , * He does not dare to tell us. dare to do : * I dare say = probably = perhaps = maybe = .9. Need * daily needs: . * immediate needs: . * The house is in need of repair. ( , , ) in need of: . in need: . * He needs your help. (, ) * He need not go there. () = He does not need to go there. () * He need not have written to her again. ( ...( )) He did not need to write to her again. ( .( )) need not have + p.p.: . did not need to : , .10. Used to use , . * You use your legs when you walk. (, [ju:z]) * The telephone is of no use in this town. (, [ju:s]) * use up = exhaust: . of no use = useless: . used to + . * I used to get up early. ([ju:st], ) = I was in the habit of getting up early. = I made it a rule to get up early. = I made a point of getting up early. = I made it a point to get up early. * There used to be a big tree here. ( ) be used to + , . * He is used to driving a car. = He is accustomed to drive a car. driving a car. be used to . be accustomed to .

(Voice)

1. : . : . : . . be + . by by . * He wrote this letter. () This letter was written by him. () * All the people in the world admire Kennedy. () ( .) = Kennedy is admired by all the people in the world. () ( .) : . have(), resemble, lack, become . She resembles her mother. Her mother is resembled by her.() let, have let - be allowed to, have - be asked to. * He had me sing. I was asked to sing by him. He let me go. I was allowed to go by him.2. By + . * English is spoken in Hongkong (by them) , . * The house was built in 1470 (by somebody). . * Mary and I were invited to Jane's house.3. * Jack builds the house. The house is built by Jack. () * Jack built the house. The house was built by Jack. () * Jack will build the house. The house will be built by Jack. () will, shall . He will catch me. () I shall be caught by him. I will do it. () It shall be done (by me) * Jack has built the house. () The house has been built by Jack. * Jack had built the house. The house had been built by Jack. () * Jack will have built the house. The house will have been built by Jack. () * Jack is building the house. The house is being built by Jack. () * Jack can build the house. The house can be built by Jack. ()4. 4 4 , . 4 3 . * Tom gave me the book. (4) I was given the book by Tom. (. , 3) The book was given me by Tom. (. , 3) The book was given to me by Tom. (1) I.O : I.O to, for, of .(S + V + I.O + D.O S + V + D.O + pre +I.O) to : send, tell, lend, give, offer, bring, owe, teach, show, write, read, ... for : buy, make, find, choose, get, cook, build ... of : ask, inquire, require ... A letter was sent (to) me by him. A watch was bought for me by him. Some questions were asked of me by him. D.O : write, make, get, bring, carry, send, throw, pass, hand, read, sell, sing, do D.O . She made me a doll. A doll was made for me by her. I wrote him a letter. A letter was written him by me. I.O : envy, call, kiss, answer, save, spare I.O . They envied him his luck. He was envied his luck by them.5. 5 * They elected him chairman. (5) He was elected chairman (by them). (2) 5 2 , . I saw him enter the room. He was seen to enter the room by me. * we, you, one, they, people, someone, somebody , .6. 5 (Active Passive) Active Voice Passive Voice () () [+1] Spring has come. [+2] It is warm in spring. [+3] He wrote this book. [-1] This book was written by him. [+4] He told me the story. [-1] The story was told me by him. ( ) [-3] I was told the story by him. ( ) [+5] People elected him president. [-2] He was elected president by people.7. 5 1 [+1] = (S + V) [-1] = (S - V) [+3] . [+4] . 2 [+2] = (S + V + C) [-2] = (S - V + C) [+5] . 3 [+3] = (S + V + O) [-3] = (S - V + O) [+4] . 4 [+4] = (S + V + O + O) 5 [+5] = (S + V + O + C) cf) + : , - : , : .8. , to . * We saw him enter the room. He was seen to enter the room. * We heard him sing. He was heard to sing.9. . + = . * He laughed at me. (3) I was laughed at by him. (1) + + = . * They took good care of the child. (3) The child was taken good care of (by them). (1) Good care was taken of the child (by him). + + = . * The villagers looked up to the doctor. (3) The doctor was looked up to by the villagers. (1) speak well of, be well spoken of . * They speak well of Mary. Mary is spoken well of (by them). () Mary is well spoken of (by them). ()10. It , that . ( = that . that .) * They say that he is honest. That he is honest is said (by them). It is said (by them) that he is honest. He is said to be honest (by them). * They say that he was honest. It is said (by them) that he was honest. He is said to have been honest (by them).11. . * Did you plant this tree? You planted this tree. () This tree was planted by you. () Was this tree planted by you? (; ) * Who saw the accident? Who saw the accident. (; ) The accident was seen by whom. (; ) By whom was the accident seen? (; ) * What did he write on the blackboard? What was written on the blackboard by him?12. Let + + be + . * Do it at once. Let it be done at once. * Don't touch the stone. Don't let the stone be touched. Let the stone not be touched. . Don't let + + be + Let + + not + be + 13. * no not + any. * nobody not + anybody. * never not + ever. * nothing not + anything. * neither not + either. * no one no + anyone. not . * Anyone can not solve the problem. () No one can solve the problem. ()14. by, . * Snow covers the mountain. The mountain is covered with snow. * Everybody knows the poet. The poet is known to everybody. A man is known by the company he keeps. * His sudden death surprised me. I was surprised at his sudden death. , , , at, with . I am pleased with my students. I am satisfied with the result. I was astonished at his conduct. * This book interests me. I am interested in this book. I was tired from the work. I was tired of my quiet life. The street is crowded with a lot of people.15. . * He was killed during the war. . * Spanish is spoken in Mexico, too. . * Mr. Truman was elected president again.

. , , , . * I am now engaged in writing a book. be absorbed in: . be situated = be located: . , , , . * The river drowned him. () He was drowned in the river. () . * He made a speech and was asked many questions at the end. ( . .) . * Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken. ( .)16. * Our house is painted every year. () = We paint our house every year. * Our house is painted green. () = We have painted our house green. * The door is shut at seven every evening. () * The door is shut now. ()17. * This novel sells well. ( ; .) This orange peels well. His novels read well. * I was greatly astonished at the sight. ( ; . .) * I had my purse stolen. have (get) + + . . I had my watch st/olen. () I h/ad my watch mended. () * This house is building. = This house is being built. ( .) The meal is now cooking. * He is to blame. = He is to be blamed. a book to read = a book to be read. a house to let: . water to drink: . * He sold the watch a at a good price. (3) * His new novel sells well. (1) sell, lock, read, translate, peel .18. * I am acquainted with him. () * I became acquainted with him at the party. ( ) be acquainted with : be become, grow, get + .

(Mood)

1. , , , . * I am thirsty. () * Give me something to drink. () * I wish I had something to drink. ()2. . You , . * You read the first paragraph, John. * And mind you don't forget to post the letter. and, or . + and Hurry up, and you will be in time. = If you hurry up, you will be in time. + or Hurry up, or you will be late. = If you do not hurry up, you will be late. = Unless you hurry up, you will be late. Let him go there. Let each man do his best. let . 1, 3 . Let us . . Let us go. () [lets] Let us go. ( ) [l/et s] Let 3 . Let each man do his best. = Each man should do his best. ( .)2. * If + + , + will. can + () shall. may () * If it rain (rains) tomorrow, I will not go. * If he is honest, I will employ him. () * If he is honest, I will not employ him. (, )

3. * If + + should ( ) + , () would ( ) + + will(would), can(could) + . () shall(should), may(might) * If it should rain tomorrow, I shall not come. , . should + . . would + . * If you should meet him, tell him to write to me. = Should you meet him, tell him to write to me. + should : If . * If + + were to, + would, should + . could, might * If the sun were to collide with the moon, what would become of the earth? were to would, should . will, shall .4. * If + S + Root, were, S + would, should + Root had, did, could, * As I am ill, I cannot go there. ( ) = If I were not ill, I could go there. ( ) = Were I not ill, I could go there. (if ) = But for my illness, I could go there. Without = If it were not for my illness, I could go there. But for, Without . . If it were not for ( ) . It is (high) time (that) + S + , , , . * It is time (that) you went to bed. = It is time (that) you should go to bed. = It is time for you to go go bed. * If I were a bird, I would fly to you. ( ) = As I am not a bird, I do not fly to you. ( )5. * If + S + had + p.p., S + would, should + have + p.p. could, might

* As you helped me, I did not fail. ( ) = If you had not helped me, I would have fail. ( ) = Had you not helped me, I would have failed. (If ) = But for (Without) your help, I would have failed. = If it had not been for your help, I would have failed. = Had it not been for your help, I would have failed. If + + had + p.p, + would(should...) + have + p.p but for, without if it were not for( ) if it had not been for( ) . if be did .6. But for, Without if it were not for were it not for if it had not been for had it not been for * But for the heat of the sun, nothing could live. ( .) * Without your timely advice, he would have been ruined. ( , .) * But for, Without . But for his help, I couldn't succeed. ( ) But for his help, I couldn't have succeeded. ( ) * but for but that , , . but that = unless But that he had a family, he would have left England long ago.7. I wish + I wish + + : ( ) * I wish I were a bird. ( ) would that would to God : If only = I am sorry I am not a bird. ( ) It is a pity I regret

I wish + + had + p.p : ( ) * I wish I had learned English. ( ) Would that If only O that = I am sorry I didn't learn English. ( ) It is a pity I regret = I should have learned English. : ought to8. as if + as if + + as though = : * He talks as if he knew everything. = In fact he doesn't know everything. * He talked as if he knew everything. = In fact he did not know everything. as if + + had + p.p as though = : * He looks as if he had been ill. = In fact he has not been ill. * He looked as if he had been ill. = In fact he had not been ill. as if , .9. * As I did not take your advice then, I am not happier now. = If I had taken your advice then, I would be happier now. : as , : as (had + p.p), (would + )10. . unless = if not : in case (that) + + in case of + in the event of + in case should : , * A tiger cannot be tamed, unless it is caught young. = A tiger cannot be tamed, if it is not caught young. * In case of trouble, call for any help. * Take your umbrella in case it should rain.

provided (that) providing (that) on condition that so long as if only suppose (that) = supposing (that) : (if) granted (that) granting (that) (even if : )11. () * With guns, we could defeat the enemy. = If we had guns, we could defeat the enemy.12. () * I would not do such a thing in your place. = I would not do such a thing if I were in your place.

13. () * A Korean would not do such a thing. = If he were a Korean, he would not do such a thing.14. () I am engaged now, or if I were not engaged now, or else : . otherwise . . I would accept your invitation. but that + : expect that + : but what * As I am poor, I can not go abroad. = If I were not poor, I could go abroad. = Were I not poor, I could go abroad. = But that I am poor, I could go abroad. but that not . but that + * but that + , (could + ) but that + , (would + have p.p : )15. * I should be very glad to speak French : = I should be very glad if I could speak French. * I should be happy to accompany you. = I should be happy if I could accompany you. ( .)

* The same thing, happening in wartime, would amount to disaster. ( .) happening in wartime. () = if it should happen in wartime. * Left to herself, she would have gone astray. = If she had been left to herself, she .16. * I could have come yesterday (if I had wanted to come) * What if they should be thieves? = What would be the result if they should be thieves?17. () . . I should say he was a great scholar. ( ) was should . That would seem strange. ( .) If you did not know the truth, ( ) . I should like to make a tour round the world.( .) If I could . should like to: . Would you mind lending me your car? (, ?) If I could ask you . A pin might have been heard to drop. (if it had dropped .) I could do it now. ( .) if I would .

(Infinitive)

1. : to+R , , , . : To learn English is very easy. = It is very easy to learn English. : I want to read this book + to .- . * I don't know what to do. where to go. when to do it. whom to go with............... : * To see is to believe : * He has one aim, to make money.2. : To + R ( ) ( ,be to ) : . * I have no friend to help me. + + to . * I have no house in which to live. = I have no house to live in. * I have got letters to write.( ) * I want something to write on. ( - -) * I want something to write with. ( - -)

: be + to ( ) , , , , . * : We are to meet at the post office. * : You are to finish it by six. * : No one was to be seen on the street. ( , , ) * : If you are to succeed, you must work hard. (If to be intend to ) * : He was never to see his home again.3. : to + , , , , , . , .

* He works hard that He may pass the examination. so that can in order that will

= he works hard to pass the examination. so as to in order to = He works hard for the purpose of passing the exam. with the view of with a view to with the intention of with the object of ( ) . ( .) : that . . . to . * She kept quiet so that she might not disturb her father. = She kept quiet so as not to disturb her father. ( to ) = She kept quiet lest she should disturb her father. (lest should , lest ) = She kept quiet for fear of disturbing her father. (for fear of ing, of . for fear (that) ) : awake, live, grow up * He awoke to find himself famous. * He tried to rise, but it was useless. = He tried to rise only to fail. = He tried in vain(vainly) to rise. so that , so that. so that: , (therefor, and so), (if only, so long as) * He got up early so that he might be in time for the train. = He got up early so as to be in time for the train. * A great storm arose, so that the ship were wrecked.

* Any book will do, so that it is interesting. so that (so that ) * He got up so early that he was in time for the train. = He got up so early as to be in time for the train. : . : smile, weep, grieve. : glad, happy, sorry, delighted, pleased, surprised. * I was surprised to find her gone. = To my surprised, I found her gone. to one's + ( , ) * I should be glad to go with you. = I should be very glad if I could go with you. * I should be very happy to be of any service to you. = I should be very glad if I could be of any service to you. * To do his best, he could not succeed in it. = Though he did his best, he could not succeed in it. , * must be cannot be + to * He must be honest to say so. * How foolish I was to trust him. . * It is not good to drink this water. = This water is not good to drink (vt. ) * It seems to be comfortable to sleep in this bed. = This bed seems to be comfortable to sleep in (pre. ) : * To tell the truth, I don't like your sister (To do him justice, so to speak, to begin with, strange to say, To make a long story short, To be sure, not to speak of, To make matters worse)4. : to + ( ) : to + have + p.p ( )

* He seems to be ill. = He seems that he is ill. * He seems to have been ill. = He seems that he was(has been) ill.

* It seems that + s + v --> s + seems + to . appears appears * It happens that + s+ v --> s + happens + to . chances chances * It seems that he studied hard. = He seems to study hard. * It appears that he was rich. = He appears to have been rich. * It happened that we were on the same bus. = We happened to be on the same bus.5. ( + to : ) : want, intend, expect, wish, hope, be likely, be sure. * I hope to see him = I hope that I shall see him. * I hoped to see him. = I hoped that I shall see him. * It is likely that he will win. = He is likely to win. ( It is likely that , + be likely to)6. : s + had + p.p + that had + p.p + + . * I hoped to see her yesterday. = I hoped that I should see her yesterday. ( . ) * I had hoped that I would see her yesterday. = I had hoped to see her yesterday. = I hoped to have seen her yesterday. = I had to see her yesterday, but I couldn't. ( )7. for + . * I think it difficult that he should solve the problem. = I think it difficult for him to solve the problem. (good, fine, bad, kind, unkind, wise, clever, stupid, foolish, silly, polite, thoughtful, considerate, cruel, rude, careful, generous.....) of + . * It is very kind of you to say so. = You are very kind to say so. = How kind (it is) of you to say so. of + . for + . (, for + ) . * I expect to succeed. = I expect that I shall succeed. . * I expect (for) him to succeed. = I expect that he will succeed.8. . : convenient, necessary, difficult, import!ant, impossible, possible, pleasant, easy, dangerous a pity . . * It is easy for Tom to master English. = English is easy for Tom to master. () = Tom is easy to master English. () * It is cruel of him to beat the dog like that. = He is cruel to beat the dog like that.(of + ) * It is possible for me to solve the problem. = I am possible to solve the problem. () * It is dangerous for her to bathe in this river. = This river is dangerous for her to bathe in. () = She is dangerous to bathe in this river. () * It is difficult to please him. = He is difficult to please. difficult him unable, incapable, be sorry It . * It is sorry for me to hear of your father's death.() = I am sorry to hear of your father's death. ()9. . : , , .

. * Mary remembers to go. (In:--> ) * Mary remembers going. (G:--> ) . * To swim is better exercise than to row for older people. ( , ...) * Swimming is better than exercise rowing for older people. ( ) . * John likes Mary to stay at home. (Mary ) * John likes Mary staying at home. (Mary ) . : want, wish, hope, expect, choose, decide, determine, refuse, pretend, manage, offer, agree, promise......... : admit, consider, give up, deny, finish, mind, stop, quit, escape, postpone, practice, enjoy, avoid, put off......... * He decided to leave school. He decided leaving school. () He decided on leaving school. () * He gave up drinking and smoking. . like, hate, love, dread, intend, + : .(I like her to sing) : . ( I like her singing ) forget, remember, regret, report, recall, anticipate, acknowledge, emphasize, announce, suspect, admit.... + : (I remember to post the letter), . + : (I remember posting the letter), . stop + : .(I stoped to smoke) + : stop . (I stoped smoking) try + : . (Mary tries to write a book) : (Mary tries writing a book) go on + : . : --. * He went on to talk about his accident. * He went on talking about his accident.10. : to . + + . * : see, behold, hear, feel, watch, observe, notice, look at, listen to.......... * : make, let, have, bid, help(to ) * I saw him enter the room. * I made him write a letter of apology. = He was made to write a letter of apology by him. ( to ) * He let Betty use his dictionary. = Betty was allowed to use his dictionary by him. get, allow, order, cause, compel, force, oblige + + to ) * The rain made the river rise. = The rain caused the river to rise. . * had better(best) + (: had better not) * cannot but + (cannot help ing) * do nothing but + . * would rather would sooner A than B (A,B ) had rather * You had better stay in bed. = It would be better for you to stay in bed.11. : to . * He did not try to smile. (try ) * He tried not to smile. (to smile )12. : to . * You may go if you want to. (go; )13. : to + . * He entirely failed to understand it. (entirely failed , ) He failed to entirely understand it. (entirely understand , )14. . * To think that such a little boy should have done it.15. : . * You are to blame = You are to be blamed. * To teach is to be taught.16. so that , such that . so + a/ad + that + s + v such + n + that + s + v * As the book is very small, I can put it in my pocket. = The book is so small that I put it in my pocket. = The book is small enough for me to put in my pocket. * It was such a lovely day that he went out. = It was so lovely a day that he went out. a/ad + enough that . that , for + , . so that not so + a/ad + that not too + a/ad + for + + to * This stone is too heavy for me to lift. = This stone is so heavy that I can not lift it. Too not too to = not so that not * He is not too old to do the task. = He is not so old that he can not do the task. = However old he may be, he can do the task. = He is not so old but he can do the task. too not to so that cannot but * The statesman is too great not to be respected.(by us) = The statesman is so great that he cannot but be respected.(by us) = The statesman is so great that we cannot but respect him. (cannot but = can ) * ,too (I have much money. I have much money, too.= So do I ) too = very, only too = very, too liable to , too ready to ( , ) * I am only too good to help you. * He is too liable (ready, apt) to despise the poor.

too to, enough to. * This stone is too heavy for me t