Jan 17, 2016
1750•Agricultural Society–Simple life and homes–Food grown for consumption–Clothes made by hand–Simple tools
Why Were the British 1st?Started about 1750……
•Natural Resources!– Coal for power– Iron for building
•Human ResourcesAgricultural Boom – Use of different soils– Crop rotation– Use of horses– Invention of seed drill– Physical size of animals increased– Enclosure farming – fencing land
Population Explosion– Decline in death rates– Reduced risk of famine– Stronger/healthier babies
from better eating– Deadly diseases in decline
•New Technology–Scientific Revolution•Attention on physical world & managing it
–Social Revolution•Enlightenment thinking
–Political Revolution
• Economic
– Capital ($$)•Accumulated by business class•Invest in mines, railroads, and factories
• Economic
– Demand•Population explosion increased demand•General economic prosperity to allow purchases
• Political & Social Conditions
–Stable government–Strong navy for protection–Upper middle class allowed wealth to spread
–Religious groups that encouraged thrift & hard work–Worldly problems more of a
concern than life after death–Energies devoted to material
achievements
• Political & Social Conditions – cont…
Textile
1. A cloth, especially one manufactured by weaving or knitting; a fabric.
2. Fiber or yarn forweaving or knittinginto cloth.
Changes in Textile IndustryInnovations:• John Kay: Flying Shuttle – cloth weaving• James Hargreaves: Spinning Jenny –
spun thread• Richard Awkwright: water power to speed up spinning
Start of Factories• New machines too large &
expensive for homes.• First, built next to streams to run
on water power. Later, steam engines powered by coal.• Many workers with machines
produced increased quantities of lower priced goods.
Transportation•Railroads• Turnpikes• Steamboats and Ships
Urbanization•Movement of people to city• Looking for jobs• Coal and iron mines grew
cities• Factories made cities grow
The Factory System
•Rigid discipline:–Set schedule–Long hours (12 to 16 per
day)–Dangerous conditions
The Factory System•Women workers– Easier to manage– Paid less than men for same
job– Still had to care for family and
home
The Factory System
•Child labor– Small and quick– Family needed money– No education
The New Middle Class• Merchants, inventors, or skilled
artisans• “Rags to Riches”• Nice home, dressed and ate well• Political involvement• Servants• “Get ahead” attitude that was not
sympathetic to the poor
Thomas Malthus• “Essay on the Principle of
Population”• Population increasing faster than
food supply• Only checks on population growth are war, disease, and famine.
Laissez-Faire Economics• Government should not
interfere with the free operation of the economy• “Hands off approach”
Utilitarians• “The greatest happiness for the
greatest number” of citizens• Laws or actions judged by their
“utility”• Individual freedoms• Government intervention in
some instances
Socialism• The people as a whole would
own and run the “means of production,” not private individuals• Condemned the evils of
industrial capitalism
Utopia
•No difference between rich and poor• Self-sufficient
communities• Fighting would end
Karl Marx• Scientific Socialism• Condemned the idea of Utopia• “The Communist Manifesto” –
economics the driving force in history• “the history of class struggles”
between “haves” and “have-nots”
Spread of the Industrial Revolution
Britain…..Belgium…..Germany…..France…..United States….Japan…..Canada…..Australia…..New Zealand…..
Results• Not all countries had
necessary resources• Social changes• Fierce competition• “Shrinking of the World”• Pollution
New Methods of Production
• Interchangeable parts•Assembly line
Technology• Steel:–Henry Bessemer – purified iron
ore–Lighter, harder, more durable
than iron–Produced cheaply
•Chemicals–Medicine–First artificial food
(margarine)–Perfume–Soap!!–Dynamite
•Electricity–Electric light bulb–Batteries–Cables to carry electicity–Power transformers–AC Current
More…..• Transportation:–Internal combustion engine–Cars & gasoline–Airplanes
• Communication:–Telegraph–Telephone–Radio
BIG Business• Lots of money needed!!• Corporations – business owned by
many investors• Monopolies – Companies that
controlled all aspects of industry or areas of the economy• Cartel – An association to fix prices, set
production quotas, or divide a market
Need for Regulation?
Captains of Industry Or
Robber Barons?
Life during the Industrial Revolution
• Medicine:–Germ discovery–Vaccines–Pasteurization–Insects can
cause illness
–Anesthesia–Sterilization–Sanitation–Antiseptics
Cities• Increasing
population• Slums• Tenements• More wealth• Shopping areas• Trolley lines• Suburbia
• Sidewalks• Paved streets• Electric street
lights• Sewers• Clean water• Skyscrapers
Working-ClassProblems:• Low wages• Long hours• Unsafe
conditions• Threat of
unemployment• Child labor
Solutions:• Right to vote• Organized Unions• Bargaining• Laws regulating
conditions, hours, child labor
Changing Attitudes & Values
• Social Order• Middle Class• Rights for Women–Suffrage: The right to vote
• Public Education – late 1800’s• Higher Education