1750-1914: The Modern Era Changes in Patterns of World Trade Changes in Patterns of World Trade Changes in Global Commerce, Communications, and Technology.

1750-1914: The Modern Era1750-1914: The Modern Era

Changes in Patterns of World TradeChanges in Patterns of World Trade Changes in Global Commerce, Changes in Global Commerce,

Communications, and TechnologyCommunications, and Technology• Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Impact on different societiesImpact on different societies Commonalities, Causes, EffectsCommonalities, Causes, Effects Relationship of Industrial and Scientific Relationship of Industrial and Scientific

DevelopmentDevelopment

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Began mid-18Began mid-18thth century in Britain century in Britain Spread through other parts of Spread through other parts of

Europe, Asia, and the United States Europe, Asia, and the United States later.later.

Enclosure movement Enclosure movement farm farm productivity increases productivity increases less people less people needed to farm needed to farm movement to movement to citiescities

New TechnologyNew Technology

Shift from domestic system to industrial Shift from domestic system to industrial system.system.

1733 – Flying Shuttle - Weaving1733 – Flying Shuttle - Weaving 1764 – Spinning Jenny – Spin Thread1764 – Spinning Jenny – Spin Thread 1793 – Cotton Gin1793 – Cotton Gin 1769 – Steam Engine 1769 – Steam Engine 1807 – Steamship1807 – Steamship 1820’s – Steam-powered locomotive 1820’s – Steam-powered locomotive

steam powered by coal steam powered by coal Britain has a Britain has a huge coal supply huge coal supply industrialize quickly industrialize quickly

New TechnologyNew Technology

Telegraph – 1837Telegraph – 1837 Telephone – 1876Telephone – 1876 Lightbulb - 1879Lightbulb - 1879 Radio – 1890’sRadio – 1890’s Airplane - 1903Airplane - 1903

Factory SystemFactory System

Interchangeable PartsInterchangeable Parts Assembly LineAssembly Line Thousands of workersThousands of workers

• UnderpaidUnderpaid• Poor conditionsPoor conditions• Long hours – 16 hour work daysLong hours – 16 hour work days• Child laborChild labor

Capitalism vs. CommunismCapitalism vs. Communism

Free Market (Capitalism)Free Market (Capitalism)• Adam Smith – The Wealth of NationsAdam Smith – The Wealth of Nations• Laissez – Faire Laissez – Faire • Private ownership of the Factors of Private ownership of the Factors of

ProductionProduction

Capitalism vs. CommunismCapitalism vs. Communism

CommunismCommunism• Karl Marx – 1848 – Communist ManifestoKarl Marx – 1848 – Communist Manifesto• History is a class struggleHistory is a class struggle• Exploitation of the working class for the Exploitation of the working class for the

benefit of the wealthybenefit of the wealthy• Advocates creating a classless societyAdvocates creating a classless society• No private ownershipNo private ownership

New ImperialismNew Imperialism

Industrial Revolution led to a search Industrial Revolution led to a search for natural resources and raw for natural resources and raw materialsmaterials

1800 and 1900’s1800 and 1900’s Focus on colonization of Africa and Focus on colonization of Africa and

AsiaAsia Use of new technology (military) to Use of new technology (military) to

take over territorytake over territory

New ImperialismNew Imperialism

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism• ““Survival of the Fittest”Survival of the Fittest”• Britain most powerful nation at this time Britain most powerful nation at this time

natural for them to be taking over natural for them to be taking over territoryterritory

• White Man’s Burden – moral obligation White Man’s Burden – moral obligation to “civilize” non-Europeansto “civilize” non-Europeans

Spread Chrisianity, style of dress, law codes, Spread Chrisianity, style of dress, law codes, etc.etc.

New Imperialism - IndiaNew Imperialism - India Search for tea, silk, salt, cottonSearch for tea, silk, salt, cotton British vs. French for control of IndiaBritish vs. French for control of India British begin to take over territory from British begin to take over territory from

the French in 1750’sthe French in 1750’s British East India CompanyBritish East India Company 1857 – Sepoy Mutiny1857 – Sepoy Mutiny Spread of Christianity among upper Spread of Christianity among upper

classesclasses Railroads, canals, urbanization, Western Railroads, canals, urbanization, Western

educationeducation 1885 – Indian National Congress1885 – Indian National Congress

New Imperialism - ChinaNew Imperialism - China Opium War 1839 -1842 – British bring Opium from India to Opium War 1839 -1842 – British bring Opium from India to

ChinaChina Treaty of Nanjing – Britain granted trade rights with the Treaty of Nanjing – Britain granted trade rights with the

ChineseChinese Internal rebellions – White Lotus – Buddhists upset with Internal rebellions – White Lotus – Buddhists upset with

taxes, corruptiontaxes, corruption Taiping Rebellion – 1850’sTaiping Rebellion – 1850’s 1860’s – Self-strengthening movement1860’s – Self-strengthening movement Sino-Japanese War – 1894-1895Sino-Japanese War – 1894-1895 Spheres of InfluenceSpheres of Influence Boxer Rebellion - 1898 – 1901 – Attempt to remove foreign Boxer Rebellion - 1898 – 1901 – Attempt to remove foreign

influenceinfluence Decline of the Manchu Dynasty – 1911 official end, Sun Yat-Decline of the Manchu Dynasty – 1911 official end, Sun Yat-

SenSen Established Chinese RepublicEstablished Chinese Republic

New Imperialism - JapanNew Imperialism - Japan

Tokugawa Shogunate – IsolationTokugawa Shogunate – Isolation 1853 – Matthew Perry – United States 1853 – Matthew Perry – United States

– arrived on steamboat – arrived on steamboat 1854 – Treaty of Kanagawa – West 1854 – Treaty of Kanagawa – West

wins trading rightswins trading rights• Revolts led by samurai against emperor Revolts led by samurai against emperor

who allowed the treatywho allowed the treaty• Emperor Meiji 1868Emperor Meiji 1868

New Imperialism – Meiji New Imperialism – Meiji RestorationRestoration

1868-19121868-1912 Japanese WesternizationJapanese Westernization 1870’s – railroads, steamships1870’s – railroads, steamships Universal military service – abolished Universal military service – abolished

samurai classsamurai class Western style governmentWestern style government 1890’s – increased military power1890’s – increased military power 1894-1895 – Sino-Japanese War1894-1895 – Sino-Japanese War 1904-1905 – Russo-Japanese War1904-1905 – Russo-Japanese War

New Imperialism - AfricaNew Imperialism - Africa

1807-1820 – most European nations end 1807-1820 – most European nations end the slave tradethe slave trade

South AfricaSouth Africa• Gold and Diamonds – mid 1800’sGold and Diamonds – mid 1800’s• 1795 – British take over South Africa 1795 – British take over South Africa Boer Boer

Great TrekGreat Trek• Boer War 1899-1902 – British complete control Boer War 1899-1902 – British complete control

of South Africaof South Africa• 1910 – constitution – some self-rule1910 – constitution – some self-rule• 1912 – African National Congress1912 – African National Congress

New Imperialism - EgyptNew Imperialism - Egypt

Weak Ottoman control by 1800’sWeak Ottoman control by 1800’s Muhammad AliMuhammad Ali

• Defeated French (Napoleon) Defeated French (Napoleon) • Gained control of Egypt 1805Gained control of Egypt 1805• Industrialization Industrialization • Suez Canal – 1869 – controlled by British Suez Canal – 1869 – controlled by British

in 1882in 1882

New Imperialism – Berlin New Imperialism – Berlin ConferenceConference

1884-18851884-1885 Set up rules for colonization rights and Set up rules for colonization rights and

boundariesboundaries Within 30 years, almost the entire African Within 30 years, almost the entire African

continent was colonizedcontinent was colonized• Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Spain,

Portugal, BelgiumPortugal, Belgium• Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent

until 1914until 1914• Add infrastructure but remove natural Add infrastructure but remove natural

resourcesresources• Christianity, Western educationChristianity, Western education

Age of RevolutionsAge of Revolutions

American Revolution – 1775-1783American Revolution – 1775-1783 British taxation on American colonies British taxation on American colonies

increased as a result of wars with the increased as a result of wars with the FrenchFrench• Stamp ActStamp Act• Tea Act Tea Act Boston Tea Party Boston Tea Party • ““No Taxation without Representation”No Taxation without Representation”

Age of RevolutionsAge of Revolutions Thomas PaineThomas Paine

• Common SenseCommon Sense• Urged separation from BritainUrged separation from Britain• Advocated natural rights Advocated natural rights Locke Locke• Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence• U.S. ConstitutionU.S. Constitution


French Revolution – 1789-1799French Revolution – 1789-1799 Louis XVI (16Louis XVI (16thth) ruled as absolute ) ruled as absolute

monarch monarch Storm the Bastille July 1789 – start of Storm the Bastille July 1789 – start of

revolutionrevolution Declaration of Rights of Man and Declaration of Rights of Man and

Citizen – August 1789Citizen – August 1789 Reign of Terror – RobespierreReign of Terror – Robespierre Napoleon – 1799Napoleon – 1799


NapoleonNapoleon• Reforms in agriculture, infrastructure, Reforms in agriculture, infrastructure,

educationeducation• Napoleonic Code - 1804 – equality of Napoleonic Code - 1804 – equality of

French citizens (men)French citizens (men)• Expansion of French empire to include – Expansion of French empire to include –

Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, part of Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, part of ItalyItaly

• 1812 – invasion of Russia – failed1812 – invasion of Russia – failed• Napoleon forced into exileNapoleon forced into exile

Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna

18151815• Led by Prince von Metternich of AustriaLed by Prince von Metternich of Austria• French borders cut back to pre-French borders cut back to pre-

NapoleonNapoleon• Restoration of old monarchsRestoration of old monarchs• Borders restoredBorders restored


HaitiHaiti• First successful Latin American revoltFirst successful Latin American revolt• French island colony – exported coffee, French island colony – exported coffee,

sugar, cocoa to Europesugar, cocoa to Europe• Plantation society – slave basedPlantation society – slave based• 1800, 90% of population were slaves1800, 90% of population were slaves• 1801 – Toussaint L’Ouverture – led slave 1801 – Toussaint L’Ouverture – led slave

revoltrevolt• 1804 – Haiti free republic1804 – Haiti free republic


Latin AmericaLatin America• Venezuela – Simon Bolivar – declared Venezuela – Simon Bolivar – declared

independence from Spain in 1811independence from Spain in 1811• Gran Colombia – Columbia, Ecuador, VenezuelaGran Colombia – Columbia, Ecuador, Venezuela• Argentina – Jose de San Martin – independence Argentina – Jose de San Martin – independence

from Spain 1814from Spain 1814• Brazil – independence from Portugal – 1820’sBrazil – independence from Portugal – 1820’s• Mexico – 1810 – Miguel Hidalgo – revolt against Mexico – 1810 – Miguel Hidalgo – revolt against

Spanish rule – 1821 indepencenceSpanish rule – 1821 indepencence


Impact of revolutionsImpact of revolutions• Slavery still existed in most areas of Latin Slavery still existed in most areas of Latin

America (and the U.S.)America (and the U.S.)• Plantation system dominatedPlantation system dominated• Catholic Church remained powerful – large Catholic Church remained powerful – large

landownerlandowner• Latin American countries still dependent on Latin American countries still dependent on

European economyEuropean economy• Latin American revolutions did not result in Latin American revolutions did not result in

many changes for most of the populationmany changes for most of the population

Unification MovementsUnification Movements

ItalyItaly• Broken into various kingdomsBroken into various kingdoms• Count Camillo Cavour – Prime Minister Count Camillo Cavour – Prime Minister

increased nationalismincreased nationalism• Giuseppe Garibaldi – volunteer army Giuseppe Garibaldi – volunteer army

that drove Spain from Italy in 1860that drove Spain from Italy in 1860• 1861 – most of Italy unified1861 – most of Italy unified

Unification MovementsUnification Movements

GermanyGermany• Regional governmentsRegional governments• Sought to combine territory to compete Sought to combine territory to compete

with emerging Western European with emerging Western European powerspowers

• Otto von Bismarck – prime minister – Otto von Bismarck – prime minister – “Blood and Iron”“Blood and Iron”

• 1871 – Germany unified1871 – Germany unified

RussiaRussia

1860’s – Emancipation of the Serfs 1860’s – Emancipation of the Serfs (in name, but not reality)(in name, but not reality)

Russification – citizens expected to Russification – citizens expected to learn Russian language and convert learn Russian language and convert to Russian Orthodoxy – failure to to Russian Orthodoxy – failure to comply led to persecution (Jews)comply led to persecution (Jews)

1905 – Bloody Sunday1905 – Bloody Sunday Stolypin Reforms – legislative issues Stolypin Reforms – legislative issues

– created Duma– created Duma

Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire Decline begins in 16Decline begins in 16thth century (Battle of century (Battle of

Lepanto)Lepanto) 1717thth and 18 and 18thth centuries fight for control of centuries fight for control of

Balkans, Black Sea vs. Russians (seeking Balkans, Black Sea vs. Russians (seeking warm water ports)warm water ports)

Greece, Egypt, Arabia lead successful Greece, Egypt, Arabia lead successful independence movements against independence movements against Ottoman control – concerns Britain and Ottoman control – concerns Britain and France – threat of Russian takeover of France – threat of Russian takeover of Ottoman territoryOttoman territory

Crimean War – Britain, France, Ottoman Crimean War – Britain, France, Ottoman vs. Russia - 1853vs. Russia - 1853

Mass Leisure CultureMass Leisure Culture

LiteratureLiterature NewspapersNewspapers MusicMusic Amusement parksAmusement parks Professional sportsProfessional sports Department storesDepartment stores Arts – romanticism, impressionsismArts – romanticism, impressionsism

Role of WomenRole of Women

Low point for women’s rightsLow point for women’s rights• Education, wages continued to be Education, wages continued to be

inaccessible to most womeninaccessible to most women• Feminist MovementFeminist Movement

Seneca Falls Convention – 1848Seneca Falls Convention – 1848 Suffrage MovementsSuffrage Movements

Demographic and Environmental Demographic and Environmental ChangesChanges

MigrationsMigrations End of the Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeEnd of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade New Birthrate PatternsNew Birthrate Patterns Food SupplyFood Supply Scientific AchievementsScientific Achievements

• New medical proceduresNew medical procedures• Use of medicineUse of medicine

Changes in Social and Gender Changes in Social and Gender StructureStructure

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution Commercial and Demographic Commercial and Demographic

DevelopmentsDevelopments Emancipation of Serfs/SlavesEmancipation of Serfs/Slaves Ideas about GenderIdeas about Gender New forms of labor systemsNew forms of labor systems

Political Revolutions and Political Revolutions and Independence MovementsIndependence Movements

United States and Latin American United States and Latin American Independence MovementsIndependence Movements

French, Mexican, Haitian, Chinese French, Mexican, Haitian, Chinese RevolutionsRevolutions

Rise of nationalism, nation-states, Rise of nationalism, nation-states, and reform movementsand reform movements

Rise of democracy and its limitationsRise of democracy and its limitations• Reform, women, racismReform, women, racism

Rise of Western DominanceRise of Western Dominance

Political, Social, Economic, Military, Political, Social, Economic, Military, Cultural and Artistic influence of Cultural and Artistic influence of WestWest

Imperialism, ColonialismImperialism, Colonialism Cultural and Political Reactions to Cultural and Political Reactions to

dominationdomination Rise of NationalismRise of Nationalism

Patterns of Cultural and Artistic Patterns of Cultural and Artistic Interactions Between SocietiesInteractions Between Societies

African/Asian influences African/Asian influences on European Arton European Art

Cultural policies of Meiji Cultural policies of Meiji JapanJapan

Diverse InterpretationsDiverse Interpretations

What are the causes and effects of the What are the causes and effects of the emancipation of serfs and slaves?emancipation of serfs and slaves?

What are the debates regarding women’s What are the debates regarding women’s roles in this time period? How do they roles in this time period? How do they differ from society to society?differ from society to society?

What are the debates over the causes of What are the debates over the causes of European/British technological innovation European/British technological innovation versus development in Asia/China?versus development in Asia/China?

Compare and ContrastCompare and Contrast Causes and early phases of industrialization in Causes and early phases of industrialization in

Great Britain and JapanGreat Britain and Japan Haitian and French RevolutionsHaitian and French Revolutions Reaction to foreign interference in Ottoman Reaction to foreign interference in Ottoman

Empire, China, India, Southeast Asia, and JapanEmpire, China, India, Southeast Asia, and Japan Chinese and Japanese Nationalism, Egyptian and Chinese and Japanese Nationalism, Egyptian and

Italian Nationalism, Indian Congress MovementItalian Nationalism, Indian Congress Movement Forms of Western Intervention in Latin America, Forms of Western Intervention in Latin America,

Africa, and Southeast AsiaAfrica, and Southeast Asia The roles and conditions of elite women in Latin The roles and conditions of elite women in Latin

America and Western Europe pre-1850America and Western Europe pre-1850

1750-1914: The Modern Era Changes in Patterns of World Trade Changes in Patterns of World Trade Changes in Global Commerce, Communications, and Technology.

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