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42°E 44°E 46°E 48°E 50°E 52°E10°N
12°N
14°N
16°N
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
Red Sea
Hannish sill
Bab−al−Mandeb
Gulf of Aden
(a)
42°E 43°E 44°E 45°E11°N
12°N
13°N
100
100
200
200
300
300
3
400
400
500
500
500
600
600
800
800
1000
1000
100012
00
1200
Perim Narrows
mainchannel
northernchannel
Tadjuraspur
Tadjurarift
(b)
FIGURE 1“Character and Dynamics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf Outflow” JGR 2000 Bower et al.
54°E 56°E 58°E 60°E
24°N
26°N
28°N
1000
10002000
Strait of Hormuz
Gulf ofOman
Persian Gulf
(a)
55°E 56°E 57°E 58°E25°N
26°N
27°N
50
50
100
150
(b)
FIGURE 2 “Character and Dynamics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf Outflow” JGR 2000 Bower et al.
43°E 44°E 12°N
13°N
(a)
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
salin
ity
(b)
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
thet
a (o C
)
(c)
J F M A M J J A S O N D24
25
26
27
28
29
sigm
a−th
eta
month
(d)
36 38 4014
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
salinity
thet
a 25
26
26 27
27
28 29
s
w
(f)
36 38 40
0
100
200
300
400
salinity
dept
h (m
)
(e)
FIGURE 3“Character and Dynamics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf Outflow” JGR 2000 Bower et al.
43°E 45°E 47°E 49°E 10°N
12°N
14°N
16°N
(a) Node locations
0
500
1000
1500
Dep
th (m
)
8
10
12
12
14
14 14
16
16 16
16
18 18 182020
27 27
27.227.2
27.2
27.427.4
27.4
27.6 27.6
(b) Theta
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0
500
1000
1500
Distance (km)
Dep
th (m
)
36
36
36
36
36 36 36
36.5
36.5
36.5
37
37 27 27
27
27.227.2
27.2
27.4
27.4
27.6
(c) Salinity
FIGURE 4 “Character and Dynamics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf Outflow” JGR 2000 Bower et al.
5
10
15
2025
26
26
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
29
29
30
27.2
27.2
27.2
27.2
a) Winter
35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 38 38.55
10
15
20 2526
26
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
29
29
30
27.2
27.2
27.2
27.2
b) Summer
FIGURE 5 “Character and Dynamics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf Outflow” JGR 2000 Bower et al.
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 3
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Fall
a) Oct 92
Dep
th (m
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Winter
b) Feb/Mar 93
Dep
th (m
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Spring
c) Jun 93
Dep
th (m
)
10 15 20 25
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Summer
d) Aug 93
Dep
th (m
)
Temperature ( oC)
0 2 4 6 8 10# observations
FIGURE 6“Character and Dynamics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf Outflow” JGR 2000 Bower et al.