1.6Do all areas suffer from tectonic hazards in the same way?

© Oxford University Press 2009

Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?

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1.61.6 Do all areas sufferDo all areas suffer from tectonicfrom tectonic hazards in thehazards in the same way?same way?

Part BPart B



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How effective are these measures?The five major measures have been

adopted by many hazard-prone countries. Are they effective in all these

countries?

The five major measures have been adopted by many hazard-prone

countries. Are they effective in all these countries?

Monitoring and warning systems

Hazard-resistant structures

Land use planning

Education and drilling

Well-trained and well-equipped rescue teams



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What factors will affect the vulnerability of places to tectonic hazards?

Other factors that affect the level of damage caused can be grouped under two criteria.

Factors concerning the affected area

Factors concerning the tectonic hazards



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What factors will affect the vulnerability of places to tectonic hazards?

Earthquake in Bam, Iran Earthquake in Niigata, Japan

Magnitude Richter scale 6.6 Richter scale 6.6

Time of occurrence

5:26 a.m. 10:13 a.m.

Loss of life and injury

Injuries: 30,000

Deaths: 30,000

Injuries: Over 800

Deaths: 8

Damage of property

Telephone, water, electricity supplies cut, two hospitals collapsed

Nuclear power plant leaked and fire broke out, electricity and water supplies cut, roads and bridges damaged, a train derailed

( Less / More ) developed countries

( Less / More ) developed countries

Country’s level of economic development

Why is the earthquake in Iran more destructive?

Why is the earthquake in Iran more destructive?

Most people were still in bed



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What makes less developed countries suffer more than more developed countries?1 Economic development

Chile India USA Japan

Researchers in R&D (per million people)

833 (2004)

111 (2000)

4,651 (2005)

5,546 (2006)

Expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)

0.7 (2004)

0.7 (2004)

2.6 (2006)

3.4 (2006)

More developed countries (MDC) / Less developed countries (LDC)

LDC LDC MDC MDC

Do they belong to more developed countries or less

developed countries?

Do they belong to more developed countries or less

developed countries?

Which countries are less ready to cope with tectonic hazards?Which countries are less ready to cope with tectonic hazards?

Less developed countries lack ________ and ____________ to cope with tectonic hazards.

capitaltechnology



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Less developed countries (LDCs)

Lack capital (money)

Conduct research

Develop warning systems

Improve rescue

equipment

Difficult toDifficult to

No warning beforehand

Governments cannot afford rescue work

Result Result


Why do LDCs suffer more if

they lack capital?

Why do LDCs suffer more if

they lack capital?



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Less developed country More developed country

Which transport network is unfavourable for carrying out rescue work after hazards?

Which transport network is unfavourable for carrying out rescue work after hazards?

In less developed countries, the transport network is often poorly developed, rescue work is ( hindered / efficient ).



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What makes less developed countries suffer more than more developed countries?2 Strength of buildings

Less developed country More developed countryMany buildings in less developed countries are built by _______, ______ or ______.

bricksstones

Many buildings in more developed countries are built by ________ and steel.

concrete

(Credit: Ng Kim Hung)

wood

Which kind of buildings can

withstand strong earthquakes or fires?

Which kind of buildings can

withstand strong earthquakes or fires?

This explains the heavy casualties in the Iran

earthquake.



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What makes less developed countries suffer more than more developed countries?3 Population density

Cities of less developed countries

The population density is usually ( lower / higher ) in cities in less developed countries.

When hazards strike, the death toll is usually higher.

Source: Demographia



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What makes less developed countries suffer more than more developed countries?4 People’s awareness

Rural people often know little about tectonic hazards(Credit: Ng Kim Hung)

People are less prepared for hazards since

they have strong __________ values and are ignorant;

they receive little education.

traditional



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What makes less developed countries suffer more than more developed countries?5 Government efficiency

Corruption is common in most less developed areas. Many resources for relief may not reach the refugees.



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What makes less developed countries suffer more than more developed countries?

Use these factors to conclude the reasons why less developed

countries suffer more from the tectonic hazards.

Use these factors to conclude the reasons why less developed

countries suffer more from the tectonic hazards.

Economic development

Strength of

buildings

Population

density

People’s

awareness

Government efficiency



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Joining international research bodies which study hazards

Education

Reduce possible hazards through land-use planning

Park Hazard-proof buildings

Cooperate with other countries through:

Business people

Attracting foreign investment to improve the economy

Sending officers overseas to learn about forecasting and warning systems

Inviting specialists from technology-advanced countries to share knowledge and give advice

What can less developed countries do with limited resources?

Increase people’s awareness of hazards through:

Propaganda



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countries?





Land use planning



It depends on the inputs of capital and technology.• Poor countries usually cannot afford these systems• Not everyone has access to a radio in the rural areas of poor countries



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countries?





Land use planning



Their effectiveness depends on the resources of capital and technology.• In countries where corruption is common, the building laws are not effectively enforced• Housing built by inferior materials may have a low resistance



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countries?





Land use planning



The effectiveness of land use planning rests on how accurate we identify the high risk areas.• A wrong decision will leave more lives and property in the path of destruction

Park



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countries?





Land use planning



It is effective to reduce losses when most people are able to get prepared before hazards, and protect themselves during and after hazards.• However, people intend to forget unhappy experiences or hazards that happened long ago



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countries?





Land use planning



In less developed countries, rescues are always delayed by buried roads, collapsed communication systems, corrupt management or even political barriers



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Factors concerning the affected areaPopulation density of the area

The ( lower / higher ) the population density, the more people exposed to the hazard

Level of economic development

More economic infrastructure means a ( smaller / greater ) amount of valuable property and structural networks will be destroyed

The weather after the hazard occurs

Extreme weather such as a bitter cold and burning sun can raise the death toll in areas where shelter and shade are insufficient

Relief of land

Low-lying areas are more vulnerable to tsunamis. Steep slopes create fast lava flows after volcanic eruptions and more landslides after earthquakes

Coastal relief Narrow inlets of ( shallow / deep ) water favour the development of great tsunamis



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Factors concerning the tectonic hazardsDrag the factors concerning the

tectonic hazards on the left to the appropriate boxes below the graphs.

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Factors concerning the tectonic hazards

The path through which the hazard ‘travels’

There will be ( less / more ) destruction if the area is not directly hit by the hazard.

Time of the occurrence

Destruction will be greater when people are not able to run away.

At midnight

At rush hours

1.6Do all areas suffer from tectonic hazards in the same way?

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