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October 12, 2011
Synchrophasors:
Improving Reliability &Situational Awareness
Research & TechnologyManagement
Clifton Black
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Outline
What are PMUs?
PMUs - Concept & Operation
The Need for PMUs
Synchrophasor Applications
Southern Company PMU Activities
PMUs Activities in North America
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What are PMUs?
PMUs provide high resolution synchronized
measurements of phasor voltages and currents
They are placed at key locations like power plants
and major substations
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Concept & Operation
PhasorsPhase Angles have a reference
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Concept & Operation contd.
ATTRIBUTE SCADA PHASOR
Measurement Analog Digital
Resolution 2-4 sam./sec. 60 sam./sec.
Observability Steady State Transient
Phase angle No Yes
Measured |V|, MW, MVAR |V|,, MW,MVAR, |21|
Synchronized No Yes
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Concept & Operation contd.
Time Synchronization
Time-skewed measurements introduce errors
Average Angle Difference ~ 10
Average Angle Difference ~ 5
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The Need for PMUs
Investigation of August 14, 2003 Blackout revealed
Lack of Wide Area Visibility
Lack of Time Synchronized Data Inability to Monitor System Dynamic
Behavior in Real-time
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The Need for PMUs Contd.
Wide-Area and Sub-SCADA
Visibility
Time Synchronization allows
Dynamics not visible in
SCADA
Angular or Dynamic warning
signs are usually present
before major events
Recent Major Blackouts
August 14 Angular Separation
-170
-160
-150
-140
-130
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
15:05:00 15:32:00 15:44:00 15:51:00 16:05:00 16:06:01 16:09:05 16:10:38
Time (EDT)
RelativePhaseAngle
Cleveland West MI
Normal Angle ~ -25
Reference:
Browns Ferry
-170
-160
-150
-140
-130
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
15:05:00 15:32:00 15:44:00 15:51:00 16:05:00 16:06:01 16:09:05 16:10:38
Time (EDT)
RelativePhaseAngle
Cleveland West MI
Normal Angle ~ -25
Reference:
Browns Ferry
August 14thAngular Separation
12 Degrees
25 Degrees
45 Degrees
115 Degrees
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The Need for PMUs Contd.
PMUs allow us toseethe dynamic behavior
of the grid which
models sometimes
incorrectly predict.
Post Disturbance Analysis of August 10, 1996 Blackout
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Synchrophasor Applications
Wide-Area Visualization &Monitoring
Frequency Stability Monitoring
& Trending
Voltage Monitoring & Trending State Estimation
Oscillation Monitoring
Resource Integration
Equipment Failure Detection
Real-time Applications
Power System Model Verification Event Analysis & Reconstruction
Equipment Failure Detection
Fault Location
Baselining Power SystemPerformance
Load Characterization
Off-line Applications
Synchrophasors facilitates improvement in Situational Awareness,
Modeling Accuracy & System Reliability
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Synchrophasor Applications contd.
CAISO, BPA, AEP incorporating phasor data into State
Estimation tools
Entergy used phasor data to manage system separation,islanding and restoration during Gustav (2008)
CAISO & ERCOT will be using phasor data to monitor andintegrate intermittent generation
SCE using phasor data for automated control of SVC forreactive power support
Phasor systems being used for WAMS in North America,
Quebec, Brazil, China and Europe
A Few of the Current Implementations
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Southern Company PMU Locations
Plant Miller
Plant Farley
Plant Daniel
Plant Bowen
Norcross
South Hall
Plant Hatch
West
McIntosh
Thallman
Plant Barry
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Southern Companys PMU Architecture
HATCH
VggVee
Vd
d
Vb
b
ViiDANIEL
SOUTH HALL
BOWEN
MILLER
Phasor Data Concentrator
(PDC) - Local
Regional PDC
Vff
NORCROSS
Vcc
BARRY
Vaa
FARLEY
THALMANN
Vjj
WEST MCINTOSH
Vhh
Local
Historian
Local
Applications
Local PDC and Historian facilitates flexibility, security and data accessibility
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Current Use of PMU data
Wide Area Monitoring and
Situational Awareness
Research
Post Event Analysis &
Model Validation
Transmission Planning
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Example of Wide-area Monitoring Tool
GAUGES: Quantify the worst performing metric
LOCATION INDICATORS: Provide information
about specific locations w.r.t. the metric
TRAFFIC LIGHTS: Provide status of specific metrics
across all locations
Real-time Dynamics Monitoring System (RTDMS)
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Synchrophasor Research
Project with PNNL:Multi-Variable Statistical Analysis
Identifying atypical events and precursors to proactivelymanage the grid
AREVA PMU Project:Impact of PMU data on StateEstimation & State Estimation Metrics
NEETRAC Project:Next Generation PMUs/Evaluation
CEATI:Prediction of Power System Instability based on
PMU data: Utilizing the Region of Stability Existence(ROSE) Approach.
Provide Operators with fast and accurate solutions inorder to predict system instability and prevent wide-
spread blackouts using PMU data.
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Demonstration Project w/ GaTech
Distributed State Estimator, Generator Parameter Estimation
and Stability Monitoring
Distributed State Estimator for two substation subsystem
Develop Generator parameter Estimator for a generating unit
Develop transient stability monitoring system for generating plant
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PMUs in North America
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PMU Activities in North America
North America
North American Synchrophasor Initiative (NASPI) www.naspi.org
SPDC evolving to regional PDCs
PhasorGatewayCommunications & Traffic ManagementInfrastructure
Tremendous boost from ARRA funding
NASPI Structure
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Where Are We Going?
1. Angle/Freq. Monitoring
12. Post-mortem Analysis
2. Voltage Stability Monitoring
5. State Estimation (Improv.)
13. Model Benchmarking;
Parameter Estimation
16. DG/IPP Applications
11. Power system restoration
10. Congestion management
14. Model Benchmarking;
Parameter Estimation
15. Planned Power SystemSeparation
6. State Estimation
(Boundary Conditions)
7. State Measurement (linear)
4. Real-Time Control
9. Adaptive Protection
8. WA Stabilization (WA-PSS)
Necessary
Additional Benefits
More Investigation
Role of PMUs
1-3 Years 3-5 Years > 5 Years
Recommended Industry Deployment Roadmap
3. Thermal Overload Monitoring
CIEE Report
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SGIG PMU ProjectsProject Lead # of PMU
(Stations)
Key Applications
ISO New England 30 Real-time situational awareness, Congestion management
New York ISO 39 Real-time situational awareness, Voltage monitoring and control
Communications system
PJM Interconnection 80+ Real-time situational awareness including trending, Oscillation detection,
Islanding detection
Midwest ISO 150+ Real-time situational awareness, Voltage monitoring
Renewable integration, Congestion management, State estimation, Oscillation
monitoring, EMS alarms
Western ElectricCoordinating Council 250+ Wide-area real-time situational awareness and visualization, Alarming, Oscillationmonitoring, Voltage monitoring, Renewable integration, Congestion
management, Automatic controls, Power system performance analysis, System-
wide model validation, Post-event analysis
Entergy Services 18 Increase grid monitoring, train and educate grid operators and engineers on
phasor technology
Duke Energy 102 Wide-area real-time situational awareness, enhanced state estimator and
Renewables integration
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What Do We Need Now?
Demarcation where currents tools end and PMU tools begin
Development and Deployment of Applications
Practical tools for Operators
Actionable Information
Killer Apps
Knowledge/Experience from SGIG implementations
More Research
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Questions