1607 Methods+for+Test+Seiving

8/9/2019 1607 Methods+for+Test+Seiving

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R3:1607-1977

Indian StandardMETHODS FOR TEST SIEVING

( First Revision )

Gi 4

Fourth Reprint DECEMBER 1996

UDC 621.928.2:620.168.32

@ CoPyright 1977,

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARD SMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI 1100023uly 1977

( Reaffirmed 1997 )


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kS 1607 19%Indian Standard

METHODS FOR TEST SIEVING( f?irst Revision J

Sieves, Sieving and Other Sizing Methods Sectional Committee, BDC ILChairman Representing

DR M. PANCHOLY National Physical Laboratory ( CSIR ), New DelhiMembers

DR P. T. JOHN (Alternate toDr M. Pancholy )SHRI V. K. AGARWAL Ministry of RailwaysSHRI A. K. MUKHER~EE Alternate )All India Wire Netting Manufacturer AssociationShalimar Wires & Industries Ltd, Distt HooghlySHRI P. N. ARORA SHRI S. N. ARORASHRI S. KUMAR ( Alternate )SHRI S. K. BAJORIASHRI S. K. GANDHI ( Alternate )SHRI R. K. CHOURARIADR R. K. DATTA

Krishanlal Thirani & Co Ltd, CalcuttaJeetmul Jaicbandlall, CalcuttaCent;~or3e~lding Research Institute ( CSIR ),

SHRIKISHANLAL ( Alternate )DR R. R. HATTIANIMLIISWRI D. S. JOSHISHRI A. R. A. KRISHNAN

The Associated Cement Companies Ltd, BombayHindustan Boilers, BombayMinistry of DefenceStandardization

( DGI ) Directorate ofHRI B. K. SINCH ( Alternate )hi,.. R. Cl. MAHAJANSHRI G. H. MARWAH The Indian Steel & Wire Products Ltd, JamshedpurHindustan Wire Nettir? Co Ltd, BombaySHRI K. RANGANATHANAlternate )SWRID. K. MEHTA Tata-Robins-Fraser Ltd, JamshedpurLT-COL C. A. RODRIQUES Alteruate )SHRI R. S. MELKOTE Central Water Commission, New DelhiSHRI A. B. Josrii ( Alternate )SHRI J. MENDONCA All India Instrument Mfrs &- Dealers Association( Bombay Region )SHRI C. P. Sood ( Alternoie )

SHRI E. K. RAMACHANDRAN National Test House, CalcuttaSHRI K. K. SENCUPTA Hindustan Steel Ltd, RanchiSHRI A. K. SEN ( Alternate )SHRI HASMUKHCl.SHAH Standard Wire Products, BombaySHRI C. M. P. SINHA Directorate General of Technical Development,SHRI C. P. Soon New DelhiAll India Instrument Mfrs & Dealers Association( Delhi Region ) ( Continued on page 2 )

@ Copvrignt 1977BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

This publication is rotected under the Indian Copyright Act (XIV of 1957 ) andreproduction in who e or in part by any means except with written permission of thepublisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act. -1.


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IS : 1607 I 197)( Continuedfrompage1 )

MembersSHRI K. C. TOSHINWALSHRI H. c. VERMA

&resentingAll India Instrument Manufacturers & DealersAssociation ( Calcutta Region )Associated Instrument Mfrs ( India ) Pvt Ltd, NewDelhi

SHRI A. V. S. R. A. SASTRY ( Alternah )SHRI D. AJITIU SIMHA, Director General, IS1 ( Ex-o&o Member)Director ( Civ Engg )Secretary

SHRI VINOD KUFKARDeputy Director (Civ Engg ), IS1

Sieves Subcommittee, BDC 19 : 1

SHRI P. C. JAINMembers

National Physical Laboratory (CSIR ), New DelhiDR P. T. Joau (Alternate toShri P. C. Jain )SHRI A. K. BHATTACHARYA Geologist Syndicate Pvt Ltd, CalcuttaSHRI H. K. GUHA ( Alternate )DR V. V. SUBBARAO Cement Research Institute of India, New DelhiSHRI M. V. RANGARAO ( Alternat )SHRI M. N. SONEJA Central Building Research Institute ( CSIR ),Roorkee

2


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1 s : 1 6 0 7 - 1 9 7 7

Pndim StandardMETHODS FOR TEST SIEVING

( First Revision )0. FOREWORD

0.1 This Indian Standard ( First Revision ) was adopted by the IndianStandards Institution on 28 February 1977, after the draft finalized by theSieves, Sieving and Other Sizing Methods Sectional Committee had beenapproved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.0.2 Sieve analysis is one of the quality requirements specified for many rawmaterials and finished products and in order to be able to producecomparable and reproducible results, it is important that uniformity shouldbe observed in the procedure adopted for sieving. This standard aims atestablishing uniformity by laying down definite instructions regarding themethod of sieving, etc.

0.2.1 The standard was published in 1960. In this revision the proce-dure with respect to wet sieving has been incorporated. The revision alsolists out the various physical and chemical properties of materials whichshould necessarily be taken into account, while specifying the appropriatesieving method to be selected based on the physical and chemical propertiesof the material to be sieved. Further the procedures for test sieving havebeen suitably modified to make them more precise.0.3 In the formulation of this standard due weightage has been given tointernational co-ordination among the standards and practices prevailingin different countries in addition to relating it to the practices in the fieldin this country and this has been met by basing the standard on IS0 : 2591Test Sieving.

1. SCOPE1.1 This standard discusses the main factors affecting test sieving and theresults obtained, and specifies general principles tobe followed concerningapparatus, procedure and presentation,ofsresults.2. MATERIALS TO BE SIEVED2.0 Materials to be test sieved range from very coarse lumps, such as stoneand coal to very fine materials, such as pigments and clay, and vary in

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IS t 1607 1979their physical and chemical properties. Information about the propertiesof a material is helpful in judging its sieving characteristics, and as far aspossible these properties should be ascertained and noted in the test report.The more important properties affecting sieving have been discussed inthe standard. Because of the considerable variety of the material proper-.ties encountered, it is not possible to specify a single method of test sievingwhich applies to all materials. The sieving method appropriate to amaterial should be specified by the user.2.1 Physical and Chemical Properties

2.1.1 Density -sieving: The following kinds of density are important in testa) Efective particle density - Mass of a particle divided by the volumeof the particle including open and closed pores, andb) Apparent bulk density- The mass of the charge divided by itsvolume at the moment when it is placed on the sieving medium.

NOTE The effective particle density can affect the duration of sieving, whilst theapparent bulk density can influence the quantity of material to be taken for sieving. i2.1.2 Friable Nature - Some materials are liable to size reduction duringsieving due to their friable nature. This property should be taken intoaccount in the handling of the material during sampling and test sieving.2.1.3 Abrasive Properties - Some materials, for example, emery powders,are abrasiva and wear out the sieves and chauge the apertures in the courseof a proloyged sieving operation. It is desirable to ascertain whether or notthe material is abrasive before commencing the test, and to check theconformity of the apertures of the sieving medium against the permittedtolerances.2.1.4 Moisture - The following points are of importance:a>

b)cl

4

Surface moisture - Surface moisture is important because it affectsthe way a material will flow on a sieve;Internal moisture - If there is a change of internal moisture duringsieving, the masses of the fractions will be affected;Hygroscopic properties - Some materials readily absorb moistureand cannot safely be allowed to come into equilibrium with thelaboratory atmosphere. In such cases they should be handledand sieved in such a way as to reduce their contact with theatmosphere to a minimum; andChanges on dying - It is important to know whether the propertiesof a material are changed by any proposed drying process, forexample, whether it is liable to break down or cake.

2.1.5 Particle Shape - The duration and results of sieving can be consi-derably affected by the shape of the particles.4


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IS : 1607 - 19772.1.6 Size Distribution - The range of particle size of the material isimportant in deciding the sieving procedure to be used.2.1.7 Cohesive Proper0 - The spreading of the particles on the sieving

medium depends on the cohesive nature of the material. This in turndepends on the inter-particle friction and increases with the fineness of thepowder.2.1.8 Magnetic Properties - Magnetic properties of materials may affectthe results on account of the attractions of the fisirticles with each other( tending to agglomeration ) and with the sieve ( tending to adhesion ).2.1.9 Electrostatic Properties - Some powders may become charged withstatic electricity during the sieving operation and adhere to the sieve frame,

thereby affecting the results.2.1 .lO Chemical Reactivity - Certain materials may react with theatmosphere or with the material of the sieves. This aspect should beconsidered in choosing the sieve and in conducting the test.2.1.11 Production of Material - The source of the material and method ofpreparation may provide information on the properties discussed above.This information should be included in the test report.

3. SAMPLING3.1 Meth od o f ,Tak iag Sam ples - Precise sampling is a necessarycondition for obtaining accurate results for sieve tests. Therefore, as muchcare should be taken with the sampling as with the actual sieving.

3.1.1 The method of sampling used should be such that the sample (seeIS : 5421-1969* ) taken for sieving is truly representative of the materialfrom which it has been drawn. The most suitable method will dependboth on the material and on the form in which it is presented, for example,-whether it is in bags, in a heap or flowing as a continuous stream. It isnot possible to specify one method that is apphcable to all materials, andprecise sampling methods should be specified for particular materials andcircumqiances. As a guide methods specified in IS: 4879-1968t may beconsidered.3.2 S t o r a g e o f S a m p l e s a n d Te s t S a m p l e s - Samples and test samplesshould be stored in such a way that they are not liable to be contaminatedor affected in any other way.

*Glossary of terms relating to test sieves and test sieving.tMethod of sub-division of gross sample of powder used for ddterpination of particle


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IS : 1607 - 19774. APPARATUS4.1 Test Sieves -Test sieving is carried out with a single test sieve orwith a series of test sieves with different nominal aperture sizes. A lid anda receiver pan shall be included in both cases where appropriate. Thenumber of sieves used in the test should be sufficient to give the requisiteinformation about the material, and to avoid excessive wear or blinding.Test sieves conforming to IS : 460-1962 should be used.4.2 Preparation and Maintenance of Test Sieves

4.2.1 Variations in the sieving analysis are likely to occur;if the sievesarc not properly cleaned and some of the openings are clogged. It isnecessary, therefore, that the sieves be cleaned either by a hard bristlebrush or by a jet of compressed air. The sieves may also be first washedwith a hot soap solution, then rinsed with water and finally dried withalcohol. The cleaning of the sieves with very dilute hydrochloric acid isalso recommended in the case of sieves having aperture widths 200 pm orless. Cleaning of the sieve with hydrochloric acid affects the aperturewidths and should be resorted to only when unavoidable. Anothercffcctive method of cleaning the test sieves is by ultrasonics.

4.2.2 The accuracy of the sieving ;;nediurn in the test sieve shall beverified initially, and subsequently reverified in course of use ( see IS : 460-1962* ). Factors, such as the frequency of use and type of materialsieved will influence the frequency of the verifications. It is desirable,therefore, to have a record card for each test sieve.4.2.2.1 One method ofverification is to compare the performance ofthe sieve with the performance of a reference sieve, using a samplematerial similar to the one for which the test sieve is to be used.4.3 Accessories - Depending on the material characteristics and theparticle size distribution of the sample to bettested, the following auxiliaryapparatus may be necessary:

a) For dry sieving- A soft brush, for .example, a paint brush, to cleanthe underside of the sieving medium from time to time, andb) For wet sieving -An installation with liquid reservoir, regulatingvalve and collecting tank.

4.3.1 For test sieving, sieving aids, such as balls and chains added to thematerial is not permissible.5. PROCEDURE5.1 General Considerations - Test sieving can be carried out by handor with the aid of sieve shaker. If sieve shaker is used, it shall be so

*Specification for test sieves (first rezkion ).


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IS : 1607 - 1977constructed and operated that the sieving results conform within agreedtolerances to those obtained by hand sieving. The reference method shallalways be hand sieving, performed under specified conditions.

5 .l.l The following conditions should be laid down beforehand:a) Method of sieving - dry, wet or a combination.of both; andb) Number of sieves to be used and their aperture sizes.

5.1.2 For special cases when only machine test sieving is carried out, themachine and method of operation shall be stated in the test report.5.2 P r o c e d u r e fo r H a n d S i ev in g

5.2.1 Test sieving by hand should normally be performed on the wholetest sample with slcvcs up to 25 mm aperture siie. Above 25 mm theparticles can be prcsentcd individually by hand to the apertures.5.2.2 The tc$ sample may be divided into fractions by a preliminarysieving into the following particle six ranges:

a) larger than 25 mm,b) 25 to 4 mm,c) smaller then 4 and up to I mm, andd) smaller than 1 mm.

5.2.3 The test sieving procedures for materials within these differentxizeranges are given in 5.7.5.2.4 The charges should be taken by sub-dividing the fractions obtain-ed by the preliminary sieving. If, however, the charges do not ensure arepresentative sample, the whole fraction in the size range under considera-tion shall be tested.5.2.5 If test sieving over more than one of the above size ranges isrequired, the individual fractions shall be recorded in mass percentages ofthese ranges, and in the final evaluation converted to mass percentages of

the sum of all the fractions collected.5.2.6 The procedure consists in gently placing the material to be sievedon the test sieve with a specified nominal aperture size and separating thematerial by shaking, tapping or washing into oversize, aud undersize. Insieving successively with test sieves of different aperture sizes the test sampleis separated into size fractions designated by the aperture sizes of the testsieves used.5.2.7 For hand test sieving the fo!lowing procedures are known:

a) Dry sieving - by shaking and tapping (the procedure suitablefor most materials ), andb) W et sieving - by washing i for materials which tend toagglomerate )..I

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IS : 1607 - 19775.2.8 The hand sieving process may be adapted to the sieving charac-teristics of the sample concerned by choosing from the followingalternatives:

a) The sieving of particles smaller than 1 mm may be facilitated bystarting with the finest test sieve, so that the coarse particles inthe charge may aid the sieving process. As is well. known, thesieving of ine particles on a fine test sieve can be difficult owingto the tendency of the apertures to blind. Care shall be taken,however, to avoid the presence of excessively coarse particles asthese may easily damage the sieve.b) Extremely fine particles ( such as those encountered in the deter-mination of the grit content in soot) or particles which chargethemselves with static electricity (for. example, some plasticspowders ), or damp dust which cannot be dispersed, shall besieved wet.

5.2.9 The effectiveness of dry test sieving depends on:a) the duration of sieving,b) the tapping force,c) the number of taps per minute ( frequency ),d) the tapping direction,e) the amplitude of shaking, andf ) the inclination of the sieve surface.

5.2.10 The effectiveness of wet test sieving depends on:a) the duration of sieving,b) the liquid,c) the wetting agent used ( if any ),d) the intensity of the washing action, ande) the intensity and nature of the movement of the sieve if sieving iscarried out by moving the sieve in the liquid.

5.3 We i gh i n g P r e c i s io n fo r t h e M a t e r i a l t o b e S ie v e d - It isrecommended that the masses of the charge and the fractions should bedetermined to a precision of at least f 0.1 percent of the mass of thecharge.5 .4 In f luen ce o f Hu m id i ty o f th e Ai r -Sam ples to be dry-sieved,other than those mentioned in 2.1.4 (c) shall be in a state of equilibriumwith the laboratory atmosphere. The relative humidity in the test environ-ment shall be between 50 to 70 percent.


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IS I 1607 - 1977Examples:

.Nominal Aperture Size Approximate Size ofLargest Particle25 mm 95 mm1 l-2 mm 54 mm4mm 26 mmImm 10 mm

250 Pm 3.8 mm45 pm 1.2 mm

5.7 M et h o d s a n d S e q u e n c e s of O p e r a t i o n5.7.1 Particles Larger Than 25 mm -For particles larger than 25 mmthe test sieve serves essentially as a gauge, to which the particles areindividually presented to one of the apertures.

5.7.1.1 A charge appropriate to the sieve may first be screened bygentle shaking. The particles remaining on the sieve are then checkedone by one in all positions without applying force. Those that pass areincluded in the passing fraction. Those that do not pass become theresidue.5.7.2 Particles 25 to 1 mm - Particles above 4 mm are preferably testedon each sieve individually and not with a nest. Below 4 mm the sievesmay be nested.

5.7.2.1 Two procedures are permissible:a) A fresh charge is sieved through each sieve in turn (see Table 1for recommended sample quantities ), andb) A fresh charge is used only on the sieve with the largest nominalaperture size. The material which passes through this sieve isused as the charge for the test sl 8ve with the next smallest nominalaperture size, and so on ( this is a similar sieving process to thatwith a test sieve nest ).

5.7i2.2 The test sieve, or the test sieve nest ( sieves 4 to 1 mm) istaken with both hands and moved to and fro horizontally about 120 timesper minute at an amplitude of about 70 mm.5.7.2.3 If the material is difficult to sieve, especially in the particlesize ra,nge of 4 to 1 mm, the to and fro movement should be interruptedthree times per minute by a circular motion.5.7.2.4 Dry sieving, wet sieving or a combination of wet and dry, ,sieving may be employed. I


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IS:1607-1977

TABLE 1 QUANTITY OF MATERIAL FOR TEST SIEVING ON A200 mm ROUND SIEVE*(Cfau.ws5.5.1,5.5.1.1, 5.5.1.2,5.5.2.2and5.7.2.1)

NOMINAL APERTURESIZEW

BULKVOLUMEOF MATERIAL?r----------- h------____TRecommended Volume Maximum Volume of Resi-of Charge due Permitted on the Sieveat the Completion ofSieving

(2)mm cm*

1 6001 00080058-64Ze8l-41w

710500355250180125zs45

500 250400 200350 150240 120200 100160 80140 70

120 60100 5080 40ii 3:50 2540zi

800500400

20:3

*When using test sieves of different shapes and sizes, the values should be modifiedaccordingly.iMasses of materials can be determined by multiplying the values in co1 2 and 3 bythe apparent bulk density (g/cm* ) of the material to be sieved.

57.3 Parlicles Smaller than 1 mm - Two procedures are permissible as indi-cated below:

a) Use a test sieve nest with a receiver pan and lid. Place thecharge on the top sieve having the largest aperture size. Ifpreferred, test sieving can also be performed with individualsieves one after the other in a manner similar to sieving with qnest of test sieves, and

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IS t 1607 - 1977b) Place the charge on the sieve with the smallest aperture size inthe chosen range. After sieving, place the oversize material onthe next coarser sieve and repeat the process until all the sieves inthe chosen range have been used. This sequence has theadvantage that the coarser particles assist the sieving process onthe finer test sieves.

5.7.3.1 The test sieve, or nest of test sieves, is taken in one hand or iftoo heavy, cradled loosely in the crook of the arm and tapped approxi-mately 120 times per minute with the other hand at an inclination of 10 to20, the grasped point having the lower position. After 30 taps, that isfour times per minute, the test sieve is put into the horizontal position,turned through 90 and given a hard tap by hand against the sieve frame.A periodical vertical shake may also be given.5.7.3.2 If particles are difficult to sieve, or when using fine test sieves,the underside part of the sieving medium may be cleaned gently with asoft brush ( see 4.3 ) when necessary. The resulting dust is added to theundersize material.

5.8 Wet S iev ing5.8.1 Materials which become electrostatically charged, or damp-samples, are best sieved wet to facilitate dispersion of the primary particles.5.8.2 The liquid shall not affect the particles in any other way.

agents may be added ( see IS : 528%1969* ).Wetting

5.8.3 Liquid should be added slowly, regularly and at a very lowpressure to avoid loss of material and damage to the sieving medium. Forthis purpose the accessories listed in 4.3 may be used.5i8.4 Before wet sieving, the test sample shall be wetted by mixing witha small quantity of the liquid to avoid loss of dust.

5.8.4.1 The following two procedures are permissible:4

b)

If the test sample is sufficiently large, a number of individualsamples may be produced by sub-division so that a fresh chargecan be used on each test sieve in the chosen range. At thecompletion of the test, the test sieves together with the retainedoversize material are dried at a suitably low temperature.If only a limited quantity of material is available, the test samplemay be washed successively through a nest of sieves with the finestat the bottom of the nest. The suspension which washes throughthe coarser test sieve is placed directly on the next sieve. Theoversize is dried and weighed as described above.

*Liquid sedimentationmethod or determinationof particle size of powders,12


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IS t 1607 - 19775.9 End-Point

5.9.1 Factors Affecting Sieving Duration - Sieving, like any other separa-tion process, does not produce an ideal separation. A few particles whichare smaller than the nominal aperture size always rarnailr in the sieveresidue, for example, by stickin g to, larger particles, because they have notfound a free aperture or have only encountered undersize aperture.Similarly, owing to the presence of oversize apertures, particles which arelarger than the nominal aperture size are to be found in the passingfraction. Because of these imprccisions, no fxcd time can be determined-at which the sieving process would be completed. The end-point has tobe based on experience.5.9.1.1 The sieving time is dependent on:

a) the characteristics of the material, ftir example, fineness, particleshape, size distribution, and densuy;b) the volume of the initial charge;c) the rate of sieving;d) the nominal aperture size of the test sieve;e) the characteristics of the sieving medium; andf) the humidity of the air.

5.9.1.2 Diy Sieving End-Point- For most non-friable materials, theend-point of the sieving process may be taken when the quantity passingthrough the sieve in 1 min is less than U.1 percent of the charge, if no otherinstructions are given. For friable materials and certain special cases,the end-point of the sieving process has to be determined by trial. Theconcerned parties shall agree to use a specific sieving time as only in thisway will their results be comparable.5.9.1.3 Wet Sieviy Etzd- Point -A wet sieving operation is consideredcompleted when the hquid used flows off practically clear.

5.10 Evaluation of the Results5.10.1 Single Charge - The fraction quantities retained on the sieves andthe final undersize shall be weighed with a precision of 0.1 percent of thecharge. The sum of these masses must not differ by more than 2 percentfrom that of the charge mass. The losses are recorded scparatcly. Thefraction masses shall be converted into percentages of the sum total of thefraction masses, not of the original mass of charge.5.10.2 Test Sample 07 ( Fractions According to 5.3 ) Subdivided into Multi/e

Charges - The results of sieving each charge individually are evaluated asin 5.10.1. In the final evaluation these fractions shall be converted topercentages of the sum total of all the fraction masses, not of the originaltest sample mass.13


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IS : 1607 - 19775.10.3 Repeatability- At least two analyses are to be carried out: Thecorresponding fractions( I: ) should not differ by more than X percentwhere:

x = Lr 1/ Pmtnwhere with a maximum value of 2 percent.

X = the maximum permissible difference between correspond-ing fraction masses of two analyses of samples of the samematerial, expressed as a percentage;Y = the factor characterizing the precision attainable fordifferent sieving methods; and

Fmin = is the smaller of the two corresponding fractions, F,expressed as a mass percentage.In practice, the factor Y is found to vary according to the method ofsieving and the physical characteristics of the material being sieved. Thefollowing values arc typical:

Method of Sieving Factor TDry band sieving < 1 mm 0.5Dry hand sievingWet hand sieving

> 1 mm 0.2o-1

5.10.4 Reproducibility - The reproducibility of results, that is permissibledifferences ,betwecn two independent analyses shall be that specified in therelevant Indian Standard or shall be as specified by the interested parties.6: P RESENTATION OF RESULTS6 .1 T a b u la r P r e s e n t a t i on -T h e method of recording results of a testsieving analysis in a tabular form shall be under the following heads:

4b)c>44.f>g>l-43k)

Material to be sieved and its condition;Method of sampling;Method of sieving;Size and shape of sieve frame;Sieving medium ( plate or woven wire ) ;Shape of the apertures;Duration of sieving;Test sieves, designated by their aperture size in millimetres or inmicrometres;Sieve fractions, in grams and as a percentage of the sum of thefractions plus the final undersize; andCumulative oversize, in percent.

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tS : 1607 19976.1.1 Useof Only One or Two Sieves - Analyses requiring the use of onlyone or two sieves may be presented in the following simplified manner:

a) Using one sieve - The oversizd shall be recorded as a maskpercentage of the sum of the two fractions, oversize and undersize.b) Using two sieves-They may be used either to determine theproportions of material coarser and finer than the two sieves, or todetermine the proportion falling between the two limits.

6.1.1.1 The results to be given shall be the oversize on each of thesieves and the undersize passing the finer sieve, as a percentage of the sumof the fractions:6.1.1.2 The proportions shall be recorded as mass percentages:

Example:Particle Sire Mass in Fraction( Percent of the Sum of theMasses of the Fractions )

Larger than 2 mm ( oversize ) 5Between 2 and 1 mm ( oversize ) 75Smaller than 1 mm (final undersize ) 20

6.2 Graphical Presentation - For the graphical presentation of testsieving results, two axes at right angles should be used with:a) on the horizontal axis : the nominal apertures size beginning withthe smallest sizeb) on the vertical axis : the cumulati+e percentage of oversize invalues increasing upwards

6.2.1 The results should preferably be plotted on linear co-ordinates oron linear and logarithmic co-ordinates. Other functional scales may alsobe used in special circumstances.


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1607 Methods+for+Test+Seiving

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