16 January 2015 • Take a few minutes to study your memory notes, we’ll take a short quiz first (it’s in two parts – one scantron, one not) • After that, one last thing on memory before moving on • Then language! Notes are pretty short, then we’ll take a look at Genie the infamous “Wild Child”
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16 January 2015 Take a few minutes to study your memory notes, we’ll take a short quiz first (it’s in two parts – one scantron, one not) After that, one.
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16 January 2015• Take a few minutes to study your memory notes,
we’ll take a short quiz first (it’s in two parts – one scantron, one not)
• After that, one last thing on memory before moving on
• Then language! Notes are pretty short, then we’ll take a look at Genie the infamous “Wild Child”
COGNITION
Language
Language and Thinking• Language
– our spoken, written, or gestured works and the way we combine them to communicate meaning
Believe it or not, this communication is a form of language!!!
Language: Linguistics• Phonemes
– In a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
• Chug has three phonemes, ch, u, g.
• How many phonemes does platypus have?
• Morphemes– In a language, the smallest combination of
sounds that carry meaning.– Can be a word or part of a word (prefix or
suffix).• The word “cats” has two morphemes, “cat” is
the base morpheme and “s” is a suffix
Language: Linguistics• Grammar
– A system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate and understand others.
• Semantics– The set of rules by which we derive
meaning in a language.– Adding -ed at the end of words means past
tense.
The Chinese languages do not have expansive semantic rules. They usually have totally different symbols for different tenses.
Language: Linguistics• Syntax
– The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.
– In English, adjectives come before nouns, but not in Spanish!!
Is this the White House or the House White?
Language Development• Chances are you know around 12-15K
words.– However, linguist David Crystal says it’s
more like 60K, and that is just including the active words in your vocabulary.
• After age 1 you average about 13 new words a day.
Are YOU a word warrior?
Language Development• Language milestones for young children
Stage Months Old Characteristics
Babbling/ Reflexive
3-4 months The infant makes spontaneous sounds; not related to the infant’s household language.
Babbling (cont.)
10 months Babbling reveals household
language (the way parents speak).
One-word 12 months Uses one word to communicate big meanings.
Two-word 24 months Uses content words (usually two) to communicate meanings- called telegraphic speech. Ex: “go car”
Three-word sentence
24+ months Language develops rapidly into complete sentences.
Language Development• New language learning gets harder
with age
100
90
80
70
60
50Native 3-7 8-10 11-15 17-39
Percentage correct ongrammar test
Age at school
Theories of Language Acquisition• How have psychologists explained language
development?– B.F. Skinner
• Skinner thought that we can explain language development through social learning theory (which is?).
– Imitation, Modeling, Reinforcement, etc.
– Ex. The young boy imitates his dad, then gets a reward.
– Chomsky – Language Acquisition Device• Chomsky says we acquire language too quickly for it
to be learned.
• He says we have this “learning box” inside our heads that enables us to learn any human language.
– Nature (Chomsky) vs. Nurture (Skinner)
Culture, Language, & Thought• Our thoughts affect our language every time we speak
(some of us speak before we think ), but can our language affect our thoughts?
• Whorf’s Linguistic Relativity– The idea that language determines the way we think (not vive
versa).– Ex. The Hopi tribe has no past tense in their language,