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1.序
古英語(Old English : OE)の等位接続構文の統語形式を扱った主要な記述的研究として
Reszkiewicz(1966),Traugott(1972)およびMitchell(1985)がある。そこでは,OEの語
順の顕著な特徴の一つとして次のことが記述されている。つまり,句等位接続構文(=各等位
項が句(phrase)である等位接続構文)として,統語形式上,等位項と等位項が接している
次の(1)に示したようなものだけでなく,等位項が分離している(2)に例示したようなも
のが用いられた。
(1)X1&X2型 (X1,X2=等位項;&=等位接続詞)
Her Kynegils 7 Cwichelm gefuhton on Beandune, ... (ChronE
614.1―2) (=Inthis year Cynegils and Cwichelm fought at Beandon
(Bampton?), ...)
(2)X1 ... & X2型
a.Chron. 12.2. (455) æfter am Hengest feng to rice 7 Æsc his
sunu ‘after
that Hengest succeeded to kingdom and Æsc his son=and after
that
Hengest and his son Æsc succeeded to the kingdom’. (Traugott
(1972 : 97))
b.Chron. 265.10 (1137) Xpist slept 7 his halechen ‘Christ slept
and his
apostles=Christ and his apostles slept’. (ibid.)
岩田(2007;2008)は,Reszkiewicz(1966)等によるこの記述の妥当性を古英語の散文
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Thorpe (1964 : vol.1))
(Chron)(149,311語)を用いて検討した。
その結果,この記述が妥当なものであることを示し,さらに Reszkiewicz(1966)等の先行研
古英語の句等位接続構文の統語形式再考
〔ABSTRACT〕 This paper deals with the syntactic forms of
coordinate
constructions in Old English (OE). In OE the coordinate
constructions of the form
(ii) in which a conjunct is split were used, as well as those of
the form (i) :
(i) X1& X2 (&=a coordinate conjunction)
(ii) X1 ... & X2
The purpose of this paper is two fold ; to offer detailed data
on the frequency of
the use of these forms, and to examine the adequacy of the
description about the
frequency of the use of these forms which is given by Iwata
(2007 ; 2008) on the
basis of The York-Tronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English
Prose. As a result
of the investigation, Iwata’s (2007 ; 2008) description is
proved to be sound.
〔キーワード〕 古英語,句等位接続構文,非分離形式,分離形式,記述的妥当性
岩 田 良 治
1
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究ではなされていなかった相当量の実例を示しながらどのような文法的環境においてどの程度
の割合で分離形式の構文(e. g. (2))が用いられるのかという統計上の数値に基づいた記述を
提示した。
本稿の目的は,岩田(2007:194の註2;2008:203の註2)で指摘されている英語の句等位
接続構文の統語形式に関する課題の一つに対する解答を試みることである。つまり,
Reszkiewicz(1966)などによる上記の記述の妥当性を検討し OEの句等位接続構文の統語形
式を記述するにあたって,岩田(2007;2008)は上述のように OEの言語事実を収集するテキ
ストとして Chronという単一のテキストのみを使用した。そのため,その検討結果が果たし
て古英語一般についてどの程度妥当なものであるのかという課題が残っている。そこで本稿で
は英語の100の散文テキスト(総語数150万語)を収めているコーパスである The York-
Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose (YCOE)
を用いて,古英語の句等位
接続構文の統語形式を再度調べることにする。そして,その調査結果に基づいて,OEの句等
位接続構文の非分離形式(e. g. (1))と分離形式の使用率に関する岩田(2007;2008)の記述
の妥当性を検討してみたい。
2.先行研究
まず,Reszkiewicz(1966)によれば,OEでは,句等位接続構文として(1)の形式の構
文と並んで,(2)のような不連続構文が用いられ,後者が OEの典型的な特徴である(1)。次
に,Traugott(1972:97)によると,(2)のタイプの分離形式の等位構文は初期古英語
(Early Old English)と中期古英語(Middle Old English)で特に普通に用いられ(cf.
(2
a)),後期古英語(Late Old English)になっても用いられた(cf. (2
b))。さらに,Mitchell
(1985:§1464,§1472)も,OEでは分離形式の等位構文が普通に用いられたと述べている。
このように,Reszkiewicz(1966),Traugott(1972:97),Mitchell(1985:§1464,§147
2)のいずれもが,OEにおいて,句等位接続構文として非分離形式のものだけでなく分離形
式のものも用いられたと指摘している。しかし,そのいずれにおいてもそれぞれの形式が果た
してどの程度の割合で使用されたのかについては示されていない。そこで,岩田(2007;
2008)は Chronの英語を,この年代記が書き始められた891年から1000年までのものと1001年
から1154年に書かれたものに区分し,それぞれを OE(―1000)と
OE(1001―1154)と表記し,このテキストで使用されている句等位接続構文の非分離形式(例えば下記の(3)と(4))
と分離形式(例えば下記の(5)と(6))の使用率を調査した。その結果は下記の(7)の
ようにまとめることができる。
(3)Her Adrianus papa 7 Offa cyning for�ferdon, ... (ChronD
794.1―3) (=In thisyear pope Adrian and king Offa died ; ...)
(4)7 te king for ider 7 besætte him 7 his brother Willelm de R..
are in e castel,
... (ChronE 1140.10) (=And the king went thither and besieged
him and his
brother William de Roumare in the castle.)
(5)Her Cynewulf benam Sigebryht his rices, 7 Westseaxna wiotan,
for unryhtum
dædum, buton Hamtúnscire, ... (ChronA 755.1―5) (=In this year
Cynewulf andthe West Saxon ‘witan’ deprived Sigebryht [, his
kinsman,] of his kingdom, for
his unrighteous deeds, except Hampshire ; ...)
2 天理大学学報 第61巻第1号
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(6) a on o�ran Easter dæge sæt he mid �am cyninege æt gereorde,
a fræingasah he ni�er wi� æs fotsetles spræce benumen, 7 earle his
mihte, ... (ChronC1053.4―7) (=Then on the second Easter-day he was
sitting with the king atrefection, when he suddenly sank down by
the footstool, deprived of speech
and of all his power ; ...)
(7) OE(―1000) OE(1001―1154)非分離形式 400例 495例
88.9% 88.2%
分離形式 50例 66例
11.1% 11.8%
つまり,Chronでは,OE(―1000)と
OE(1001―1154)のいずれの時期においてもすべての句等位接続構文のうちおよそ11%―12%のものが分離形式として用いられ,OEの両時期において大差なく分離形式が一般的に使用された。
では,OEの句等位接続構文の統語形式の使用率に関して Chronの英語に基づいてなされ
たこの岩田(2007;2008)の記述の妥当性を以下で検討してみる。
3.YCOEからの事例
まず,本節では,OEの句等位接続構文の統語形式に関する事例を紹介する。そして,その
事例を収集するための資料として本稿では,上述のように,YCOEを使用する。次に,古英
語を,The Helsinki Corpus of English Texts : Diachronic and
Dialectal に従って,OE I
期(―850),OE II期(850―950),OE III期(950―1050),OE
IV期(1050―1150)に分ける。ただし,OE I期のテキストの分量がきわめて少ないため,本稿では OE I期と OE
II期をひ
とつにまとめ,収集した事例を OE I期―OE II期,OE III期,OE
IV期の3期に分けて提示する。また,収集した事例は,非分離形式のものと分離形式のものに分けて示す。その際に,
現代英語と同じ形式である非分離形式の事例はできる限り少なく紹介し,形式上,現代英語と
異なる分離形式の事例はできるだけ多く紹介する。
3.1.OE I 期(―850)―OE II 期(850―950)3.1.1.非分離形式
(8)æfter æm Porsenna & Tarcuinius a cyningas ymbsæton
Romeburg, (ID
coorosiu, Or_2 : 3.40.29.771) (=after that Porsenna and Tarquin
those kings
surrounded Rome,(2))
(9) æt Crecisce & æt [{Affricanisce{] wæron swa swa hie him
hiersumedon, &
him under ieded wære. (ID coorosiu, Or_2 : 1.36.21.711) (=that
Greek and
that African were so so-as they them obeyed, and them subjugated
were.)
(10)& he is æt fulle god & æt fullfremede, æt nanes
willan wana ne bi�. (IDcoboeth, Bo : 34.83.3.1584) (=and he is that
full god and that perfect, that no
mind lacking not is.)
(11)Ne æm treowleasan cyninge ære uplecan rea sweopon gewon
wæron, æt
he urh a [{geclænsed{] & gereht beon sceolde ; (ID cobede,
Bede_2 : 5.110.30.
古英語の句等位接続構文の統語形式再考 3
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1047) (=not that faithless king that upper threat whips wanting
were, that he
through those cleansed and instructed be must ; )
(12)�a �ing & eac o�ero, �e se Dryhtnes wer geseah, nales
eallum monnum æhwersuongrum & heora liifes ungemendum sæcgan
wolde ; (ID cobede, Bede_5 :
13.434.4.4356) (=those things and also other, that that Lord man
saw, not-at-
all all persons everywhere heavy and their life careless say
would ; )
(13)�a for�ferdum Gearomonne biscope bæd he Theodor biscop, æt
he him & hisleodum biscop funde & sealde, a ne wolde he him
neowne biscop halgian, (ID
cobede, Bede_4 : 3.260.22.2655) (=then departed G. bishop asked
he T. bishop,
that he him and his men bishop found and gave, then not would he
him new
bishop sanctify,)
(14)He �a eac in Cent mæssepreostas & diaconas hadode, o�æt
e Theodorærcebiscop to his se�le cwom. (ID cobede, Bede_4 :
2.260.13. 2651) (=he thenalso in Kent mass-priests and deacons
ordained, until that T. archbishop to
his seat came.)
(15) a se Wisdom a �is leo�& is gebed asungen hæfde, a ongan
he eft spellian(ID coboeth, Bo : 34.82.18.1572) (=when that wisdom
then this song and this
prayer sung had, then began he again speak )
(16)Ungecyndelic is ælcre wuhte æt hit wilnige frecennesse o��e
dea�es, (IDcoboeth, Bo : 34.93.11.1788) (=unnatural is each
creature that it wish harm or
death,)
(17)Hwy ne meaht u onne ge�encan, gif on ænegum issa eor�licena
goodaæniges willan & æniges goodes wana is, onne is sum good
full ælces willan,
& nis nanes goodes wana? (ID coboeth, Bo : 34.83.12.1590)
(=why not can you
then think, if on any these earthly gods any mind and any good
lack is, then is
some god full each mind, and not-is no god wanting?)
(18)& cwæ�: [{ eah{] ic his nu hwæthwugu ongite, ic wolde
hit eah fullicor &openlicor of �e ongitan. (ID coboeth, Bo :
33.74.26.1387) (=and said : although Iit now something grasp, I
would it however more-fully and more-openly of you
grasp.)
(19)Hie a longe & oftrædlice ymb æt fuhton on hweorfendum
sigum. (ID
coorosiu, Or_3 : 5.58.24.1126) (=they then long and frequently
around that
fighted on turning victories.)
(20) a for�ferde æ�elberht cyning æfter an & twentegum
wintra æs e hefulwihte & Cristes geleafan onfeng, (ID cobede,
Bede_2 : 5.110.6.1029) (=then
departed A. king after one and twenty winters afterwards that he
baptism and
Christ belief took,)
(21) ara wæs III hund & hundeahtatig. (ID coorosiu, Or_3 :
6.60.22.1162) (= ;
that was 3 hundred and eighty.)
4 天理大学学報 第61巻第1号
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3.1.2.分離形式
(22) a heht æ�elberht cyning in Lundenceastre cirican getimbran,
& a gehalgianSancti Pauli æm apostoli, æt he in �ære stowe
biscopsetl hæfde & hisæfterfylgend. (ID cobede, Bede_2 :
3.104.21.983) (=then commanded A. king in
L. church construct, and that hallow Saint Paul that messenger,
that he in
that spot bishopric had and his follower.)
(23)�a æt Latinus hiere wer geascade, & Brutus hiere bro�or,
a forleton hie �afirde e hie bewitan sceoldan, (ID coorosiu,Or_2 :
2.40.9.759) (=when that
Collatinus her man discovered, and Brutus her brother, then
relinquished they
that national-levy that they keep must, )
(24)& ær wæs Romane ofslagen eahtatig usenda, & heora
consul & his twegen
suna. (ID coorosiu, Or_5 : 8.122.10.2563) (=and there was Romans
struck-off
eighty thousand, and their consul and his two sons.)
(25)sio an hinne aawunade, eh �e hio swi�e forht were &
beofiende. (ID cobede,Bede_5 : 13.422.28.4253) (=that one in
remained, although that she very-
much timid were and trembling.)
(26) a cwæ�he : eah nu God anfeald sie & untodæled, swa swa
he is, semennisca gedwola hine todæle�on mænig mid heora unnyttum
wordum. (IDcoboeth, Bo : 33.76.12.1423) (=then said he : although
now God single be and
undivided, so so-as he is, that human error him divides on many
with their
useless words.)
(27)o��e ænig ing ær wære o��e æltæwre, (ID coboeth, Bo :
34.83.28.1599) (=orany thing earlier were or more-complete,)
(28)& flih� ætte him wi�erweard bi�& ungebyrde &
ungelic. (ID coboeth, Bo :34.92.19.1770) (=and flees that him
contrary is and uncongenial and
different.)
(29) is ic sprece nu for �æm e ic wolde æt a ongeaten, e a tida
urescristendomes leahtria�, hwelc mildsung si an wæs, si an se
cristendomwæs ; & hu monigfeald wolbærnes �ære worulde ær æm
wæs ; & eac æt hieoncnewen hu gelimplice ure God on æm ærran
tidum a anwaldas & a ricu
sette, se ilca se e giet settende is & wendende ælce
onwaldas & ælc rice to
his willan. (ID coorosiu, Or_2 : 1.38.10.737) (=this I speak now
because that I
wished that those grasped, that those times our Christendom
accuse, which
mercy afterwards was, when that Christendom was ; and how
manifold
calamity that world before that was ; and also that they
understood how
suitably our God on those earlier times those authorities and
those rules set,
that same that that yet setting is and turning each authorities
and each rule
to his mind.)
(30)Ac a cyningas e æfter Romuluse ricsedon wæron forcu�ran
& eargran onnehe wære, & æm folcum la�ran & ungetæsran,
o� ætte Tarcuinius, �e we ærymbe sædon, e hira [{eallra{] fraco ast
wæs, æg er ge eargast, ge wrænast,
古英語の句等位接続構文の統語形式再考 5
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ge ofermodgast, ealra ara Romana wif �a e he mehte he to
[{geligre{]geniedde, & his suna ge afode æt he læg mid Latinus
wife, Lucrettie hatte,
[{Brutuses{] sweostor, [{ a{] heo on firde wæron, �eh e hie
Romana bremustewæron to �æm cyninge. (ID coorosiu, Or_2 :
2.40.1.757) (=but those kings thatafter Romulus reigned were worse
and more-slothful when he were, and those
peoples more-hated and most-troublesome, until Tarquin, that we
before
around said, that them all most-vile was, both and
most-slothful, and most-
unbridled, and most-proud, all those Romans women that that he
prevailed he
to concubinage forced, and his son allowed that he lay with
Collatinus woman,
Lucretia commanded, Brutus sister, when they on national-levy
were,
although that they Romans most-famous were to that king.)
(31) a consulas e on �æm dagum æt Sabinisce gewinn underfengon,
e mon heteall hiera cynn Fabiane, for on hit ealra Romana ænlicost
wæs & cræftegast.
(ID coorosiu, Or_2 : 4.42.22.799) (=those consuls that on those
days that
Sabine labor received, that one commanded all their kind Fabii,
because it all
Romans most-singular was and strongest.)
(32)Seo ilce burg Babylonia, seo �e mæst wæs & ærest ealra
burga, seo is nu læst& westast. (ID coorosiu, Or_2 :
4.43.33.827) (=that same fort Babylon, that
therefore most was and first all forts, that is now least and
most-barren.)
(33)& ær beæftan forlet eall æt ær li�es wæs & swetes ;
(ID coorosiu, Or_2 :4.44.23.840) (=and there after relinquished all
that there gentle was and
sweet ; )
(34)Ond se cyning æghwæ�erum issa biscopa his gyfe sealde &
boclond & ahte,him to brucanne mid heora geferum. (ID cobede,
Bede_2 : 3.104.27.987) (=and
that king every-one these bishops his gifts gave and
land-held-by-written-title
and possessions, them to use with their associates.)
(35)& cwæ�: Hwæt sculon we onne don, nu u cwist æt we ne
mægen on �araanra hwylcum æt hehste good habban & a fullan
gesæl�a, (ID coboeth, Bo :33.77.20.1451) (=and said : who must we
then do, now-that you say that we
not can on those one which that highest god have and those full
fortunes,)
(36)Ic wene, cwæ�Orosius, æt nan wis mon ne sie, buton he genoh
geare witeætte God one ærestan monn ryhtne & godne gesceop,
& eal monncynn mid
him. (ID coorosiu, Or_2 : 1.35.28.692) (=I imagine, said
Orosius, that no wise
person not be, except he sufficiently well know that God that
first person
straight and good created, and all mankind with him.)
(37)& a bro�or ofslog & eall æt ærinne wæs. (ID
coorosiu, Or_3 : 7.63.4. 1215)(=and those brothers struck-off and
all that therein was.)
(38)& a cyningas begen ofslog & ealle a witan, (ID
coorosiu, Or_3 : 7.63.10.1223)
(=and those kings both struck-off and all those sages,)
(39)Gif hwa ymb cyninges feorh sierwe, �urh hine o��e �urh
wreccena feormungeo��e his manna, sie he his feores scyldig &
ealles æs �e he age. (ID colawaf,
6 天理大学学報 第61巻第1号
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LawAf_1 : 4.21) (=if anyone around king life planned, through
him(self) or
through fugitives harbouring or his persons, be he his life
guilty and all that
that he own.)
(40)Se Procos wæs Numetores fæder & Mulieses, (ID coorosiu,
Or_2 : 1.36.33.720)
(=that Procas was Numitor father and Amulius,)
(41)& ra�e æfter Romulus hiora anginn geunclænsade mid his
bro�or slege, & eacsi an mid his hiwunge & his geferena :
(ID coorosiu, Or_2 : 2.39.2.743) (=and
hastily after Romulus their beginning soiled with his brother
beating, and also
afterwards with his appearance and his companies : )
(42)æt æm cirre wurdon Ahteniense swa wælhreowlice forslagen
& forhiened æt
hie na si an nanes anwaldes hi ne bemætan ne nanes freodomes.
(ID
coorosiu, Or_3 : 7.65.12.1279) (=at that turn became Athenians
so cruelly
struck and defeated that they not afterwards no authority
them(selves) not
accounted neither no freedom.)
(43)Gif mon beforan ærcebiscepe gefeohte o��e wæpne gebregde,
mid L scillinga &hundteontegum gebete ; (ID colawaf, LawAf_1 :
15.67) (=if one before
archbishop fight or weapon scheme, with 50 shillings and hundred
repair ; )
(44)From æm geare e heo getimbred wear�, wæs hire anwald M
wintra & C &LX & folnæh feower, ær hio hiere anwaldes
benumen wurde & beswicen from
Arbate hiere agnum ealdormenn & Me a cyninge ; eh e si�an
ymbe aburg lytle hwile freodom wære buton onwalde, swa we ær
sægdon, from Caldei
æm leodum. (ID coorosiu, Or_2 : 1.37.28.732) (=from that year
that she
constructed became, was her authority 1000 winters and 100 and
60 and
almost four, before she her authority taken became and deceived
from Arbatus
her own ruler and Medes king ; although that afterwards around
that fort
little while freedom were out-of authority, so-as we before
said, from
Chaldaeans those men.)
(45)æfter æm e Romeburg getimbred wæs II hunde wintrum &
IIII, ætte
Brutus wæs se forma consul. (ID coorosiu, Or_2 : 3.40.15.762)
(=after that
that Rome constructed was 2 hundred winters and 4, that Brutus
was that
first consul.)
(46)æfter æm Romane curon III hund cempena & siex, æt
sceolde to anwige
gangan wi�swa fela Sabina, (ID coorosiu, Or_2 : 4.42.28.802)
(=after thatRomans chose 3 hundred warriors and six, that must to
duel go with so many
Sabines,)
(47)æfter æm e Romeburg getimbred wæs IIII hund wintra &
XXII, Alexander,
Epirotarum cyning, æs maran Alexandres eam, he mid eallum his
mægene
wi�Romane winnan angan, (ID coorosiu, Or_3 : 7.60.27.1164)
(=after thatthat Rome constructed was 4 hundred winters and 22,
Alexander, Epirotes
king, that greater Alexander uncle, he with all his might with
Romans labor
began,)
古英語の句等位接続構文の統語形式再考 7
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(48)æfter æm e Romeburg getimbred wæs IIII hunde wintrum &
VIII, gewear�ætte Romane & Latine wunnon. (ID coorosiu, Or_3 :
6.59.28.1145) (=after
that that Rome constructed was 4 hundred winters and 8, became
that
Romans and Latins labored.)
3.2.OE III 期(950―1050)3.2.1.非分離形式
(49)& ordal & a�as syndan tocwe�en freolsdagum &
rihtymbrendagum & framAdventum Domini o�octabas Epiphani+e
& fram Septuagessimam o�XV nihtofer eastran. (ID colaw5atr,
LawVAtr : 18.49) (=and ordeal and oaths are
forbidden feast-days and duly-appointed-Ember-days and from to
and from to
15 nights over Easters.)
(50) a æfter ære mæssan seo modor and seo dohtor astrehton hi on
gebedum æt
ære byrgene. (ID coaelive, ÆLS[Lucy] : 20.2178) (=then after
that mass that
mother and that daughter extended them(selves) on prayers at
that grave.)
(51)Eadmund se eadiga Eastengla cynincg wæs snotor and wur�full.
(ID coaelive,ÆLS_[Edmund] : 13.6964) (=Edmund that wealthy
East-Anglians king was
clever and worthy,)
(52)And gyf man gehadodne mid fæh e belecge & secge, æt he
wære dædbana
o��e rædbana, ladige mid his magum, e fæh�e moton mid beran o��e
forebetan. (ID colaw1cn, LawICn : 5.2 b.40) (=and if one ordained
with hostility
cover and say, that he were murderer or accessory-to-a-murder,
exculpate-
oneself with his male-kinsmen, that hostility may with carry or
make-legal-
amends.)
(53)Apollonius a cwæ� : Ic befæste mine dohtor Stranguilionem
and Dionisiade(ID coapollo, ApT : 50.10.533) (=Apollonius then said
: I fastened my daughter
Stranguilio and Dionysias)
(54)and dælde si��an earfum and æl eodigum mannum, wydewum and
wreccumand wisum Godes eowum. (ID coaelive, ÆLS[Lucy] : 52.2201)
(=and divided
afterwards poor-men and foreign persons, widows and fugitives
and wise God
servants.)
(55)& canonicas, ær seo ar sy, æt hy beoddern & slæpern
habban magan,
healdan heora mynster mid rihte & mid clænnesse, swa heora
regol tæce : (ID
colaw5atr, LawVAtr : 7.24) (=and canons, where that messenger
be, that they
refectory and dormitory have can, hold their monastery with
right and with
cleanness, so-as their rule show : )
(56)ge ence word & wedd, e he Gode betæhte. (ID colaw6atr,
LawVIAtr : 3 a.13)
(= ; think word and pledge, that he God made-over.)
(57)butan to Philippus & Iacobus freolse ne beode we nan
fæsten for am
easterlican freolse, butan hwa wille. (ID colaw6atr, LawVIAtr :
22.3.57) (=
outside to Philip and I. freedom not command we no fastness
before that
8 天理大学学報 第61巻第1号
-
belonging-to-Easter freedom, except anyone wish.)
(58)& hunta�fara & ealra woruldlicra weorca on am halgan
dæge geswicæ mangeorne. (ID colaw1cn, LawICn : 15.1.90) (=and
hunting-expeditions and all
earthly works on that holy day wander one eagerly.)
(59)& dæges & nihtes oft & gelome clypian to Criste
(ID colaw1cn, LawICn : 6
a.53) (=and by-day and by-night often and often speak to
Christ)
(60)& gyf hwa o�rum scyle borh o��on bote æt woroldlican
ingan, gelæste hitgeorne ær o��on æfter. (ID colaw6atr, LawVIAtr :
25.2.62) (=and if anyoneother owe pledge or help at earthly things,
follow it him eagerly before or
after.)
(61)And he sylfa welwillendlice lifede mid his gemæccan seofon
and hundseofonti
geara (ID coapollo, ApT : 51.29.586) (=and he self benevolently
lived with his
mate seven and seventy years)
3.2.2.分離形式
(62)Hwæt �a Datianus wear� færlice ofslagen mid heofonlicum
fyre, and hisgeferan samod, a �a he hamwerd wæs mid his heah
egenum, (ID coaelive,ÆLS_[George] : 179.3178)(=what then Datian
became suddenly struck-off
with heavenly fire, and his associates simultaneously, then when
he
homewards was with his chief-officers,)
(63)Se ferde on his iugo�e fram his freondum and magum to
Scotlande on sæ, andær sona wear�gefullod, and his geferan samod e
mid him si edon. (ID
coaelive, ÆLS_[Oswald] : 4.5390) (=that went on his youth from
his friends
and male-kinsmen to Scotland on sea, and there soon became
baptised, and
his associates simultaneously that with him went.)
(64)Hwæt is nu mare ymbe æt to sprecanne buton æt cyningas
æghwano coman
and ealdormen for �am ungelifedlican wlite æs mædenes, (ID
coapollo, ApT :3.10.32) (=who is now greater around that to speak
except that kings
everywhere came and rulers before that incredible brightness
that maiden,)
(65)and fela fægera inga ar for� teah, e am folce ungecnawen wæs
andungewunelic, (ID coapollo, ApT : 16.35.340) (=and many fair
things there forth
pulled, that that people unknown was and unusual,)
(66) a æt nyhstan comon �ar gan ongean hy ry gelærede weras and
æ elborene,a lange ær girndon æs cyninges dohtor. (ID coapollo, ApT
: 19.3.384) (=then
at latest came there go towards them three learned men and
distinguished,
that long before yearned that king daughter.)
(67)On isses ilcan Bonefacies cyrcean wæs swi�e hefi wædlung
& hafenleast, seosimle gewuna�, æt heo bi�hirde AEære
eadmodnisse on godum modum, (IDcogregdH, GD_1_[H] : 9.56.27.540)
(=on this same B. church was very-much
heavy poverty and poverty, that ever inhabits, that she is
shepherd that
humility on good hearts,)
古英語の句等位接続構文の統語形式再考 9
-
(68)& we wylla�, æt ælc freoman beo on hundrede &
onteo�unge gebroht, e ladewyr�e beon wylle o��on weres wyr�e, gyf
hine hwa teon wylle, (ID colaw2cn,LawIICn : 20.55) (=and we wish,
that each free-man be on hundred and on
tithe brought, that course worthy be will or man worthy, if him
anyone pull
will,)
(69)Hwæt ic becom nu to �e swa swa to godum fæder and arfæstum.
(ID coapollo,ApT : 4.7.40) (=what I came now to you so so-as to
good father and respected.)
(70)and iunge men teah georne mid lare, swa æt ealle his geferan
e him mid
eodon sceoldon sealmas leornian o��e sume rædinge, swa hwider
swa hi ferdon,am folce bodigende. (ID coaelive, ÆLS_[Oswald] :
75.5428) (=and young
persons pulled eagerly with lore, so that all his associates
that him with went
must psalms learn or some reading, so-as whither so-as they
went, that people
telling.)
(71)and man ahrærde cyrcan on hi rice geond eall, and
mynsterlice gesetnyssa mid
micelre geornfulnysse. (ID coaelive, ÆLS_[Oswald] : 83.5433)
(=and one raised
churches on his rule throughout all, and monastic foundations
with great
eagerness.)
(72) a het se hæ ena cynincg his heafod ofaslean and his swi�ran
earm, andsettan hi to myrcelse. (ID coaelive, ÆLS_[Oswald] :
162.5472) (=then
commanded that heathen king his head smite-off and his stronger
arm, and
set them to sign.)
(73)ac e læs e ic eow a leng slæce, awrita�eowre naman on
gewrite and hiremorgengife ; (ID coapollo, ApT : 19.14.398) (=but
lest that I you always longer
delay, write your names on letter and her morning-gift ; )
(74)Swa hwæt swa him becom of æs cyninges gifum, o��e ricra
manna, æt hehra�e dælde ærfum and wædlum, mid wellwillendum mode.
(ID coaelive,ÆLS_[Oswald] : 57.5419) (=so-as anyone so-as him came
of that king gifts, or
strong persons, that he hastily divided poor-men and beggars,
with benevolent
heart.)
(75)& hine nam se cing sy��an to bisceopes handa. �urh
Sirices lare Cantwarebiscpes, & Ælfeages Wincæstre biscop. (ID
cochronA―5, ChronA_[Plummer] :993.7.1420) (=and him took that king
afterwards to bishop hand. through S.
lore inhabitants-of-Kent bishop, and A. Winchester bishop.)
(76)& ures hlafordes gerædnes & his witena is, æt man
rihtelaga up arære &
ælce unlaga georne afylle, & æt man læte beon æghwylcne man
rihtes wyr e,
& æt man fri�& freondscype rihtlice healde innan ysan
earde for Gode &for worolde. (ID colaw5atr, LawVAtr : 1.1.5)
(=and our lord agreement and
his sages is, that one straight laws up raise and each
abuses-of-law eagerly fill,
and that one leave-behind be each person right worthy, and that
one peace
and friendship rightly hold from-within this country before God
and before
world.)
10 天理大学学報 第61巻第1号
-
(77)& ures hlafordes gerædnes & his witena is, æt
munecagehwylc, e ute sy of
mynstre & regoles ne gyme, do swa him earf is : (ID
colaw5atr, LawVAtr :
5.15) (=and our lord agreement and his sages is, that monks
each, that out be
of monastery and rule not care-for, do so-as him need is : )
3.3.OE IV 期(1050―1150)3.3.1.非分離形式
(78)Him sy lof & wuldor aa butan ende, (ID cowulf, WHom_2 :
72.48) (=him be
praise and glory always out-of end,)
(79)& æghwar beo�la�e & to andsæte a �e God lufia�. (ID
cowulf, WHom_2 :52.35) (=and everywhere are hated and also hateful
those that God love.)
(80)& heo a ongan on a ylcan tid swa manegum styrenyssum
beon onstyred &
swa manegum stefnum & cleopungum hlydan, efne swa heo fram
manegum
awyrgdum gastum wæs gehæfd & ge read. (ID cogregdC, GD_1_[C]
: 10.73.29.
825) (=and she then began on that same time so many movements be
moved
and so many voices and cries make-a-noise, even so-as she from
many cursed
breaths was had and rebuked.)
(81)Seo heofone us win�wi� onne heo us sende�styrnlice stormas
& orf &æceras swy�e amyrre�. (ID cowulf, WHom_3 : 38.72)
(=that sky us labors withwhen she us sends hard storms and cattle
and fields very-much hinders.)
(82)He sæde eac æt eoda hetelice sceoldan winnan heom betweonan,
& fela
eor�styrunga & earfo�nessa geweor�an on worulde ær worulde
ende. (IDcowulf, WHom_2 : 46.31)(=he said also that nations
hostilely must labor them
between, and many earthquakes and difficulties become on world
before world
end.)
(83)Leofan men, understanda� swy�e georne æt ge rihtlice &
wærlice æthealdan æt eow mæst earf is to gehealdenne, æt is, rihtne
cristendom. (ID
cowulf, WHom_1 b : 3.2) (=dear persons, understand very-much
eagerly that
you rightly and carefully that hold that you most need is to
hold, that is,
straight Christendom.)
3.3.2.分離形式
(84)Saga me hwær is seo eor�e e næfre sunne on ne scean, ne
mona, ne næfrewind on ne bleow, nane tid dæges ne ær ne æfter. (ID
coadrian, Ad : 5.1.13) (=
Tell me where is the earth that neither sun nor moon shine on,
nor wind blow
on, neither early nor later in a lifetime.)
(85)& swa myccle ma hit by undercropen mid scinnysse &
beswicen in
hwylcumhugu anum inge, swa myccle hit rumor & widdor by
abysgod on
manegum wisum. (ID cogregdC, GD_1_[C] : 4.41.15.458) (=and so
greatly
more it is penetrated with suggestion and deceived in any one
thing, so greatly
it still-further and wider is busied on many ways.)
古英語の句等位接続構文の統語形式再考 11
-
(86)Min bro�or Peada & min leoue freond Oswi ongunnen an
mynstre Criste toloue & Sancte Petre. (ID
cochronE-INTERPOLATION, ChronE_[Plummer] :
656.14.398) (=My brother Peada and my dear friend Oswiu began
a
monastery to the glory of Christ and St. Peter.)
(87)& Ceawlin maniga tunas genam. & unarimedlice
herereaf. (ID cochronE,
ChronE_[Plummer] : 584.1.225) (=and Ceawlin took many towns,
and
countless booty ; )
(88)for on ne wene ic na, æt es wer wære mid arfæstnysse mode
gelustfullod, ac
mid tælnysse æs biscopes. (ID cogregdC, GD_1_[C] : 10.76.14.854)
(=therefore
not imagine I not, that this man were with virtue heart
rejoiced, but with
blame that bishop.)
(89)& æl eodige men & utancumene swy�e us swenca�,
ealswa Crist on hisgodspelle swutollice sæde æt scolde geweor�an.
(ID cowulf, WHom_3 : 20.61)(=and foreign persons and strangers
very-much us vex, just-as Christ on his
gospel clearly said that must become.)
(90)Ic e secge, Godes lufu and manna (ID coadrian, Ad : 26.2.62)
(=I who say
God’s and men’s love)
(91)& litle hwile heold & ungefealice. (ID cochronE,
ChronE_[Plummer] : 755.44.
782) (=and held it a little while and unhappily.)
(92)Hær wes Crist ahangen. fram fruman middaneardes ymb v usend
wintra. &
cc & xxvi. (ID cochronE, ChronE_[Plummer] : 33.1.44) (=In
this year Christ
was crucified ; after five thousand two hundred and twenty-six
years from the
beginning of the world.)
(93)& namon ær mete & igdon. (ID cogregdC, GD_2_[C] :
12.126.29.1519) (=and
took there meat and took.)
(94)& cwæ� æt hy �earfe ahtan æt hi wære wurdan æt hy ænig
man toswicollice ne bepæhte mid leaslicre lare & mid egeslican
gylpe. for�am, hecwæ�, æt mænig wyr� e gyt cime�on uferan tidan e
leaslice leoge�&egeslice gylpe�, nama�hine sylfne & hiwa�to
gode, swylce hit Crist sy ; (IDcowulf,WHom_2 : 39.26) (=and said
that they need owned that they wary were
that they any person also fraudulently not deceived with false
lore and with
awful boasting. because, he said, that many is that yet comes on
higher times
that falsely lies and awfully boasts, names him self and forms
to god, just-as it
Christ be ; )
(95)His sunu hatte Mars, se macode æfre gewinn & wrohte, (ID
cowulf, WHom_
12 : 58.1192) (=his son commanded M., that made ever labor and
blame, and
conflicts)
4.岩田(2007;2008)の記述の妥当性
YCOEから収集した事例に基づいて OE各時期の句等位接続構文の非分離形式と分離形式
の事例数と使用率を示すと以下のようになる。
12 天理大学学報 第61巻第1号
-
(96) OE I期―OE II期 OE III期 OE IV期非分離形式 5,507例 9,428例 3,020例
84.3% 86.1% 88.5%
分離形式 1,027例 1,528例 391例
15.7% 13.9% 11.5%
OEにおいて,句等位接続構文の分離形式の使用率は,OE I期(―850)―OE II期(850―950),OE
III期(950―1050),OE
IV期(1050―1150)においてそれぞれ,15.7%,13.9%,11.5%である。このことから,OEにおいて句等位接続構文の分離形式は一般に使用され,その使用
率は徐々に減少するものの,最も使用率の高いのが OE I期―OE II期の15.7%で最も使用率の低いのが OE
IV期の11.5%であり,各時期の使用率に大差があるとは認められない(3)。そ
の結果,OEの句等位接続構文の統語形式に関して,複数のテキストからなる YCOEという
新たな資料に基づく本稿の調査は,本稿の2節に示した Chronという単一のテキストに基づ
く岩田(2007;2008)の統計調査の結果についての記述がその一般性に関して妥当なものであ
ることを示している。
5.まとめ
岩田(2007;2008)は Chronという単一のテキストに基づいて OEにおける句等位接続構
文の非分離形式と分離形式の使用率を記述した。その記述によると,OEでは句等位接続構文
のうち一割強の割合で分離形式のものが一般的に用いられた。本稿では,YCOEという複数
個のテキストから成るより大きな資料に基づいてその岩田(2007;2008)の記述の妥当性を検
証した。その結果,それが妥当なものであることが実証された。
註
(1) Traugott(1992:276)も
OEの文要素の配列については,Reszkiewicz(1966)とほぼ同じ
内容の記述をしている。
(2) 本稿の第3節では事例の現代語訳は(86),(87),(91),(92)については Thorpe(1964:
vol.2)のものを用い,(84)と(90)を除くそれ以外の事例の現代語による逐語訳として The
BrooklynGenevaAmsterdamHelsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English
(the Brooklyn Corpus)
に示されているものを用いることにする。
(3) ちなみに,YCOEのテキストに基づくと,OE期全体の非分離形式の使用率は85.9%
(17,955例)で,分離形式の使用率は14.1%(2,946例)である。
参考文献
岩田良治(2007)「英語の不連続構文の歴史的考察」.博士論文(甲南大学)
(2008)『英語の不連続構文の歴史的考察』.英光社
Mitchell, B. (1985) Old English Syntax, 2 vols, Oxford :
Clarendon Press.
Reszkiewicz, A. (1966)“ Split Constructions in Old English ,”in
M.Brahmer, S. Helsztynski and J.
Krzyzanowski (eds.), Studies in Language and Literature in Honor
of Margaret
Schlauch, Polish Scientific Publishers, Warsaw.
Thorpe, B. (edited, with a translation) (1964) The Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle, according to the several
古英語の句等位接続構文の統語形式再考 13
-
original authorities. (vol.1 original texts ; vol.2.
translation) Kraus Reprint LTD.
Traugott, E.C. (1972) A History of English Syntax, Holt,
Rinehart and Winston, New York.
(1992) “Syntax,” in R.M.Hogg (ed.), The Cambridge History of the
English Language,
vol. I, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 168―289.
14 天理大学学報 第61巻第1号