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Input DevicesAn input device is any peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used toprovide data and control signals to an information processing system such as acomputer or other information appliance. Input and output devices make up thehardware interface between a computer and a user.

Many input devices can be classified according to:Modality of input (e.g. mechanical motion, audio, visual, etc.)The input is discrete (e.g. key presses) or continuous (e.g. a mouse's position,though digitized into a discrete quantity, is fast enough to be consideredcontinuous)The number of degrees of freedom involved (e.g. two-dimensional traditional mice,or three-dimensional navigators designed for CAD applications)

Pointing devices, which are input devices used to specify a position in space, canfurther be classified according to:Whether input is direct or indirect. With direct input, the input space coincides withthe display space, i.e. pointing is done in the space where visual feedback or thecursor appears. Touchscreens and light pens involve direct input. Examplesinvolving indirect input include the mouse and trackball.Whether the positional information is absolute (e.g. on a touch screen) or relative(e.g. with a mouse that can be lifted and repositioned)

Direct input is almost necessarily absolute, but indirect input may be eitherabsolute or relative. For example, digitizing graphics tablets that do not have anembedded screen involve indirect input and sense absolute positions and are often

run in an absolute input mode, but they may also be set up to simulate a relativeinput mode where the stylus or puck can be lifted and repositioned.

Digital CameraA type of camera that stores the pictures or video it takes in electronic formatinstead of to film. There are several features that make digital cameras a popularchoice when compared to film cameras. First, the feature often enjoyed the most isthe LCDdisplay on the digital camera. This display allows users to view photos orvideo after the picture or video has been taken, which means if you take a pictureand don't like the results, you can delete it; or if you do like the picture, you caneasily show it to other people. Another nice feature with digital cameras is theability to take dozens, sometimes hundreds of different pictures. Digital camerashave quickly become the camera solution for most users today as the quality ofpicture they take has greatly improved and as the price has decreased. Many usershowever are hesitant in buying a digital camera because of theinability of getting their pictures developed. However, there areseveral solutions in getting your digital pictures developed.For example, there are numerous Internet companies capable

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of developing your pictures and send you your pictures in the mail. In addition,many of the places that develop your standard cameras film now have the abilityto develop digital pictures if you bring them your camera, memory stick, and/orpictures on CD.

Types of digital cameras

Ultra compact digital camerasUltra compact digital cameras are capable of taking quality images. Theyare very small, lightweight, easy to use and convenient to carry. Somemodels have fewer features than compact cameras, such as manual controls and aviewfinder. Buttons and dials are small though usually work well. Moderate to highpriced.Compact digital camerasConsumer-level digital cameras are compact, lightweight and great forpoint-and-shoot photo-taking. They have fully automatic and scenemodes; some have semi-automatic and manual controls. All but thecheapest provide very good image quality. Low to moderately priced, depending

on features.Advanced digital camerasProsumer digital cameras are geared to advanced amateurs with skill levels

between a professional and consumer. They sport high quality lenses andadvanced features for creative control. Some have long telephotozooms lenses while others start at wide angle. A few have a zoom range from wideto super telephoto. Most advanced digital cameras accept accessories and add-onsincluding converter lenses,* filters, remote controls and external flashes. Moderateto high priced.All-in-one digital camera with professional grade sensorAll-in-one digital still camera with a professional-grade, APS- class

image sensor. It provides a live preview while taking photos. Highpriced.

Micro Four Thirds camerasIntroduced in 2008, these are digital single lens reflex-like camerasthat have no reflex mirrors and optical viewfinders. Micro Four Thirdscameras have large sensors like a DSLR and takeinterchangeable lenses. They are smaller and thinner than most DSLRs.High priced.

Joy StickA peripheral inputdevice that looks similar to a control device you would find onan arcade game at your local arcades. A computer joystickallows an individual to easily navigate an object in a gamesuch as navigating a plane in a flight simulator. The image to the

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right of this text is an image of the Logitech Freedom 2.4 joystick and is anexample of what you would expect most computer joysticks to look like.

Joystick Types Competition The Competition joystick is most common found joystick inUnited States arcades in the late eighties andearly nineties. It's a micro switch based joystick with a smooth 360 degree circmotion, meaning you can't feel any "corners"as you move it 360 degrees.This joystick comes in 5 different colors: Black, Red, Blue, Green and Yellow.

Perfect 360 The Perfect 360 from Happ Controls uses an optical sensor to sensewhich direction you are moving the joystick rather than micro switches.It's a very quiet and precise joystick with smooth 360 degrees ofmotion. The only draw back with this joystick, besides the price, is itcomes stock with a fairly tight spring making it tiresome to use for longperiods for some people. This joystick only comes in black.

Sanwa JLF

The Sanwa JLF Joystick offers quick response and a ball top. This is thepreferred joystick in Japan and many U.S. players have adopted this joystick because of it's precise movement and quick reaction time. The default joystick comes with a square gate that really lets youknow when you are at a diagonal. The optional Octagon gatemakes the joystick more fluid in a 360 degree motion.

Mini joystick Ultra Electronics Measurement Systems

Joystick Ultra Electronics Measurement Systems

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Joystick with buttons Ultra Electronics Measurement Systems

Desktop trackball Ultra Electronics Measurement Systems

KeyboardOne of the main input devices used on a computer, a PC'skeyboard looks very similar to the keyboards of electrictypewriters, with some additional keys. Below is a graphicof the Saitek Gamers' keyboard with indicators pointing to

each of the major portions of the keyboard.

Keyboard Types

Basic Windows Keyboard Natural Keyboard Laptop KeyboardQWERTY KeyboardA standard computer keyboard is called a QWERTYkeyboard because of the layout of its typing area. Thiskeyboard is named after the firstsix leftmost letters on the top alphabetic line of thekeyboard. A QWERTY keyboard might limit yourtyping speed.Dvorak Keyboard

A keyboard with an alternative layout was designedto improve typing speed. Called the Dvorak keyboard,this type of keyboard places the most frequentlytyped letters in the middle of the typing area.

Microphone

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Sometimes abbreviated as mic, a microphone is a hardwareperipheral that allows computer users to input audio into theircomputers. To the right is a visual example of a USB headsetfrom Logitech with a microphone. A popular solution for computergaming.

Types of MicrophoneDynamic Microphone* Dynamic mics are useful when the sound source is close and reasonably loud,and where the sound is predominantly bass or mid-range.* High-frequency detail reproduction isn't as good as with acapacitor mic.* The bass roll-off of cardioid models can affect low bassreproduction unless the mic is close to the source. Capacitorcardioid mics also exhibit the proximity effect, but they tend to haveswitched able low-frequency roll-off filters, enabling the response to be betteroptimized for close or distant use.

* Dynamic mics have the benefit of being tough and relatively inexpensive, andthey don't require phantom power or batteries.* As a general rule, the more expensive dynamic models will have the bestsensitivity, the smoothest frequency response and the most natural sound.However, no two models are the same, so always try to hear several side by sideand make up your own mind.Capacitor Mics* Capacitor mics work well in most situations and have sufficient sensitivity to pickup quieter or more distant sounds properly.* Their weaknesses are their high cost compared to dynamicmodels, their reliance on external power and the susceptibility

of some models to succumbto condensation. (High sensitivity is not usually a weakness inhigh-SPL (Sound Pressure Level) situations, as most modelsintended for these applications have inbuilt 'pad' switches, enabling them tohandle levels in excess of 140dB.)BACK-ELECTRET MICS* The strengths of the back-electret mic are similar to those ofthe capacitor, but multi-pattern back-electrets are not usuallyavailable.* The use of a permanently charged back-plate means that a back-electret can be cheaper to build, but the electrical charge

weakens over time and eventually the mic capsule will need replacing.

MouseAn input device that allows an individual to control a mousepointer in a graphical user interface (GUI). Utilizing a mouse auser has the ability to perform various functions such as opening aprogram or file and does not require the user to memorize

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commands, like those used in a text-based environment such as MS-DOS. To theright is a picture of a Microsoft IntelliMouse and is an example of what a computermouse may look like.

Types of Mouse

Mouse-in-a-Box Wireless Optical Wireless Connection - RF connection allows you to work freely

anywhere within 6 feet of your computer. Optical Technology - Work on nearly any surface with

accuracy and ease.

Mouse Works Software - Award-winning software allows you to program all 5

buttons.

Orbit Optical Track ball Technology offers precise, optical tracking and excellent cursor

control.

The hand-hugging design provides the comfort and support of amouse with the ease of use of a fingertip-controlled trackball.

Logitech MX310 Optical Mouse High-resolution sensor measures the smallest motion to give you

instant response to even your fastest movements. Ultra-smooth, precise tracking to the sleek silver and black

design to the comfortable sculpted shape that fits both left andright hands.

A collection of advanced features will streamline frequent tasks like scrollingthrough long documents, switching between applications, and navigating the web.

Cordless Optical Trackman A comfortable, cordless, finger- operated trackball that works

where you need it. Take advantage of extra buttons that help you navigate

around Windows and the web more easily.Virtually maintenance-free precision and smooth tracking.No-Hands Mouse

Eliminates wasteful, repetitive "keyboard-to-mouse" hand movements. Withthe No Hands Mouse, you can have complete control of the cursor withouthaving to take your hands off the keyboard, or your eyes off themonitor.

Avoid carpal tunnel syndrome associated with desktop mice. Itvirtually eliminates stress on the delicate hand- wrist area by movingmouse control to the feet.

Optical ScannerHardware input device that allows a user to take an imageand/or text and convert it into a digital file, allowing the

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computer to read and/or display the scanned object. A scanner is commonlyconnected to a computer USB, Fire wire, Parallel or SCSI port

Types of ScannerDrum Scanners

Drum scanners capture image information using photomultiplier tubes (PMT)technology unlike the charged coupled device (CCD) used inflatbed scanners and film scanners. In the drum scanner thereflective and Tran missive originals are mounted to an acryliccylinder, the scanner drum, which rotates at high speed while itpasses the object being scanned in front of precision optics that

deliver image information to the PMTs. In most modern colordrum scanners 3 matched PMTs are found in use, which read red, blue and greenlight respectively. In drum scanner light from the original artwork is split intoseparate red, blue and green beams in the optical bench of the scanner makingthe digital image more precise.

Flatbed ScannerAnother type of scanner is the flatbed scanner. A flatbed scanner isusually made of a glass pane, which is illuminated with a bright lightfound underneath, and a moving optical CCD or CIS array. In the

flatbed scanner images to be scanned are placed face down on theglass and the sensor and light source move across the glass panereading the entire area.

Hand ScannerA Hand scanner is a manual device that is dragged across thesurface of the image to be scanned. Scanning documents in thismanner is difficult as this requires a steady hand, to avoid unevenscanning rate that would produce distorted images. They have a"start" button which is held by the user during the scan, some switches to set theoptical resolution, and a roller which generates a clock pulse for synchronization

with the computer.

WebcamA camera connected to a computer or server that allows anyone connected to theInternet to view still pictures or motion video of a user. The majority of webcamweb sites are still pictures that are frequently refreshed every few seconds,minutes, hours, or days. However, there are some sites and

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personal pages that can supply streaming video for users with broadband theimage to the right is a picture of the Logitech QuickC am Express and an exampleof what a webcam may look like. Today, most webcams are connected to the USBor Fire wire port on a computer. Term used to describe information that comesfrom a computer or computer device after it has been processed. An example of

output is the information being displayed on your screen.Output Devices

An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used tocommunicate the results of data processing carried out by an informationprocessing system (such as a computer) to the outside world.

In computing, input/output, or I/O, refers to the communication between aninformation processing system (such as a computer), and the outside world. Inputsare the signals or data sent to the system, and outputs are the signals or data sentby the system to the outside.

Types of Output Devices are following;

MonitorAlso called a video display terminal (VDT) a monitor is a videodisplay screen and the hard shell that holds it. In its mostcommon usage, monitor refers only to devices that containno electronic equipment other than what is essentially needed todisplay and adjust the characteristics of an image.

Types of MonitorCRT Monitor This one is heavy and thick and has a normal tube. Because of this

normal tube you could get a glare on the tube from light sources withinthe room. That could be irritating so thats why they developed theflat CRT screen which has a flat tube.

Flat This one is also heavy and thick but this one has a flat tube. Flat CRTscreens are designed to reduce the glare and distortion created byconventional CRT screens. The flat tube increases image clarity

while reducing glare from light sources within the room.

LCDLCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screens are most commonly used forlaptop screens but are becoming increasingly popularand more affordable for desktop users. These screens

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use a TFT (thin film transmitter) to produce a more secure picture with a relativelywide angle of view. TFT provides the best resolution of all of the flat paneltechnologies. These are the most expensive screens on the market. Also these areavailable in several sizes

PrinterAn external hardware device responsible for taking computerdata and generating a hard copy of that data. Printers areone of the most used peripherals on computers andare commonly used to print text, images, and/or photos. Theimage to the right is a visual example of the Lexmark Z605Inkjet printer and is an example of what a printer maylook like.

Types of printers Ink-jets (bubble-jets)

Laser

LED/LCD

Impact (Dot-matrix)

Solid Ink

Dye Sublimation

Portable

Plotters

Digital Photo

Network printers

Multifunction printers

The Bravo Auto Printer Printers for banking

EZ CD/DVD Printers

Label Printers

Versa Laser3D PrintersHere is the information about different types of printers youshould be aware of. The main categories are: - laser printers,ink-jets, dot-matrix, multifunctional, etc. Normally homecomputer users will use ink- jets as they are relatively cheap but

superior in quality to dot- matrix. Laser jets and other printerscreated by new technology are more expensive andmore commonly found in the offices.

INK-JET PrinterInk-jets (bubble-jets) printers spray ionized tiny drops of ink onto a page to createan image. This is achieved by using magnetized plates which direct the ink'spath onto the paper in the desired pattern. Almost all ink-jetsoffer a color option as standard, in varying degrees of

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resolution. Ink-jet printers are capable of producing high quality print whichalmost matches the quality of a laser printer. A standard ink-jet printer has aresolution of 300 dots per inch, although newer models have improved on that.As a rule color link-jet printers can also be used as a regular black and whiteprinter.

Laser printerLaser printers operate by shining a laser beam to produce an image on a drum. The drum is then rolled through a pool, or reservoir, or toner,and the electrically charged portions of the drum pick upink. Finally, using a combination of heat and pressure, the ink onthe drum is transferred onto the page. Laser printers print veryfast, and the supply cartridges work a long time. Color laserprinters use the same toner-based printing process as black and white ( B/W)laser printers, except that they combine four different toner colors. Color laser

printers can also be used as a regular black and white laser printer.LED/LCD printerLED/LCD printers are types of electro photographic printersthat are identical to laser printers in most ways. Both LCD(liquid crystal display) and LED (light-emitting diode) printers usea light source instead of a laser to create an image on a drum. Inmost contexts, "laser printer" covers LCD and LED printers aswell. The print process is almost identical, but LED printers use Light EmittingDiodes to charge the drum, and the other uses Liquid Crystals. These printersproduce a very high quality text and graphics print out.

Impact (Dot-matrix) printer

Impact (Dot-matrix) printers use a set of closely spaced pins and a ribbon to printletters or other characters on a page. These printers actually impact the page toprint a character, much like a typewriter. Dot-matrix printersvary in terms of speed and the number of pins they have. Theycan run at a speed anywhere between 50 and 500 CPS(Characters Per Second). The number of pins, which can varyBetween 9 to 24, determines the quality of the print job. Dotmatrix printers are commonly used for printing invoices, purchase orders,shipping forms, labels, and other multi-part forms. Dot matrix printers can printthrough multi-part forms in a single pass, allowing them to produce more pagesthan even high-speed laser printers.

Solid Ink printersSolid Ink printers are page printers that use solid wax ink sticks in a "phase-change" process. They work by liquefying wax ink sticks intoreservoirs, and then squirting the ink onto a transfer drum, fromwhere it is cold-fused onto the paper in a single pass. Solid-inkprinters offer better color consistency than do mosttechnologies, with little variation caused by changes intemperature, humidity, or type of paper. Solid ink machines have better

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reliability, because they have fewer components in comparison, for example withcolor laser printers.

Dye Sublimation printerDye Sublimation printers are professional devices widely used in demandinggraphic arts and photographic applications. True these printers work by heating

the ink so that it turns from a solid into a gas. The heating element can be set todifferent temperatures, thus controlling the amount ofink laid down in one spot. In practice, this means that color isapplied as a continuous tone, rather than in dots, as with aninkjet. One color is laid over the whole of one sheet at a time,starting with yellow and ending with black. The ink is on largerolls of film which contain sheets of each color, so for an A4 print it will have anA4-size sheet of yellow, followed by a sheet of cyan, and so on. Dye sublimationrequires particularly expensive special paper, as the dyes are designed to diffuseinto the paper surface, mixing to create precise color shades.

Portable printerPortable printers are usually fairly lightweight and sometimes carry the option ofusing a battery instead of drawing power from the computer. Usually they realizebasic print resolutions suitable for plain text printing. You canfind on the market the following types of the portableprinters: Thermal printer, Thermal transfer printer and Ink-Jetprinter. The main advantage of thermal and thermal transferprinters is that they can be very small. The smallest thermal andthermal transfer printers weigh approximately onepound. Usually the ink-jet portable printer weighs more than 2 pounds. Thermal

printers require a special type of paper.

Plotters are large-scale printerPlotters are large-scale printers that are very accurate atreproducing line drawings. They are commonly used fortechnical drawings such as engineering drawings or architecturalblueprints. The two basic types of plotters are called flatbedplotters and drum plotters. Flatbed plotters are horizontallyaligned with a flat surface to which a piece of paper is attached. The paperremains stationary and the printer moves pens across the paper to draw theimage. Drum plotters, also called upright plotters, are vertically positioned. They

have a drum that the paper rolls on. Drum plotters usually make more noise andare more compact than flatbed plotters.

Digital Photo printerDigital Photo printers Many middle range printers are now able to print photoquality images. Usually an option with color printers, specialistphoto print heads allows a greater resolution to be achieved

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to improve photo image quality. Photo ink jet printers expand their gamuts byadding additional ink colors, usually light cyan and light magenta.

Network printerNetwork printer is a printer that providesoutput capabilities to all network users.

Multifunction printerMultifunction printer combine top- qualitycolor ink-jet or laser prints with plain- paper andPC faxing, color copying and color scanning, telephoning- allin one convenient, space-saving machine. If you work fromhome or have a small office a multifunctional device maybe ideal.

The Bravo Auto Printer The Bravo Auto Printer is the worlds first automated CD/DVDprinting system that can truly be called innovative. It combinesautomatic, robotic-based CD or DVD printing along with full-color, 2400 dpi disc

printing all in one compact, desktop unit.Printers for bankingPrinters for banking: these printers realize innovative technologyand functionality to increase productivity, and reduce costs.

EZ CD/DVD PrinterProvide a low cost way to create professional printed CD-Rs and

DVD-Rs. Instead of writing on the CD or applyinglabels, you can print directly on the CDsurface! With high speed capabilities, a full color image can beprinted directly on the top surface of your CDs in less than 1 minute.

Label PrinterLabel Printers are the smartest way to print labels one at atime. The printers allow easy installation. You can get high-quality, professional results every time.Versa LaserVersa Laser (Universal Laser Systems Inc.) is peripheral tool, that can transformimages or drawings on your computer screen into real items madeout of an amazing variety of materials wood, plastic, fabric,paper, glass, leather, stone, ceramic, rubber and its as easyto use as your printer. 2 models of Versa Laser

have 16"x12"(VL-200) and 24"x12" (VL-300) work areas.

Sound CardAlso known as a sound board or an audio card, a soundcard is an expansion card or integrated circuit that provides acomputer with the ability to produce sound that can be heard by

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the user. Below is an image of the Creative Sound Blaster X-Fi Xtreme Audio soundcard and an example of what a sound card may look like.

SpeakerA term used to describe the user who is giving software program vocal commands.A hardware device connected to a computer's sound card that outputs soundsgenerated by the card.

Loudspeaker Types

Floor-Standing Speaker

Floor-standing or "tower" loudspeakers are audio's equivalent of a

big-block V-8 engine. Floor-standers move enormous quantities of

air, enabling them to have greater dynamic range (to play louder and cleaner) and

produce deeper bass than other designs.

Powered Towers-Floor-standing with Built-in Subwoofers

A new and increasingly popular approach to loudspeaker design, "powered towers"

are floor-standing speakers with the powered subwoofers built right in.

Bookshelf Speakers

With their compact cabinets, bookshelf speakers work where towers won't.

Actually, the name "bookshelf" is unfortunate, since most such designs

perform best when placed upon rigid stands, rather than tucked inside

pieces of furniture. These speakers are not only more placement-friendly but, since

small enclosures are more rigid, they produce less sonically degrading "box

resonance" than all but the best towers.

Subwoofer/Satellite Systems

When even the smallest bookshelf speakers are too visible to fit your lifestyle, a

sub-woofer/satellite (sub/sat) system is the answer. By combining

palm-sized satellites with a subwoofer designed specifically to work

with them, sub/sat systems have become one of the most popular

categories in home audio.

In-Wall Speakers

For environments where box-type (tower or bookshelf) loudspeakers are

unacceptable, in-wall speakers flush-mount in holes cut into the

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sheet-rock of your walls. Most models feature paint able grilles so you can disguise

them, enabling them to virtually disappear.

Video AdopterAlso known as a graphics card, video card, video board, or avideo controller, a video adapter is an internal circuitboard that allows a display device, such as a monitor, todisplay images from the computer.

ProjectorA device that projects computer output onto a white or silver fabric screen that is wall, ceiling ortripod mounted. Data projectors typically accept resolutions of 800x600, 1024x768 or 1280x1024and may also support standard video from a VCR, DVD or cable box. Widely used in classrooms andauditoriums

DLP Projection

DLP technology is based on an opticalsemiconductor called a DMD chip(Digital Micro mirror Device). Theway it works is that a DMD chip is made upof millions of tiny mirrors that can rotate at a 10 degreesangle (12 degrees on better models). These mirrors are literally capable ofswitching on and off thousands of times per second and are used to direct lighttowards and away from a dedicated pixel space.

LCD ProjectionLCD Projection is by far the cheaper method ofgetting great home cinema. LCD (liquid crystal display)projectors contain three separate LCD glass panels, one forred, green, and blue components of the image signal beingtransferred to the projector. As the light passes through theLCD panels, individual pixels can be opened to allow lightto pass or closed to block the light. This activity modulatesthe light and produces the image that is projected onto the screen.

CRT ProjectionCRT- Cathode Ray TubeThis is the largest and most experienced player. CRTutilizes three tubes, sometimes called "guns." The threecolors combine or converge to make your image. CRTs donot have a fixed number of pixels, making themversatile machines capable of clear images from

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higher or lower resolution sources. CRTs also require periodic 'calibration' by atrained professional, which can mean additional expense for the end user down theroad. These projectors are generally used in fixed installations because of theirsize. CRTs are typically not as bright as the other technologies, but the refinedpicture quality of a properly calibrated CRT is tough to beat. Its worth noting that

to replace the Guns, it costs quite a bit of money.

PlotterA plotter is a printing device connected to a computer thatoperates by moving a pen to the surface of the paper.