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Chapter 15: The Fed and Monetary Policy
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15.1 I.The Federal Reserve was created in 1913 by Congress: main function is to control the money supply. A.The Fed is owned by member banks B.The.

Jan 01, 2016

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Page 1: 15.1 I.The Federal Reserve was created in 1913 by Congress: main function is to control the money supply. A.The Fed is owned by member banks B.The.

Chapter 15: The Fed and Monetary Policy 

Page 2: 15.1 I.The Federal Reserve was created in 1913 by Congress: main function is to control the money supply. A.The Fed is owned by member banks B.The.
Page 3: 15.1 I.The Federal Reserve was created in 1913 by Congress: main function is to control the money supply. A.The Fed is owned by member banks B.The.

15.1 I. The Federal Reserve was created in 1913 by Congress: main 

function is to control the money supply.

A. The Fed is owned by member banksB. The Board of Governors establishes policies for the Federal       Reserve and member banks to follow 

-  7 Members appointed by president for 14 years  -  Chairman of the Board – leader of the Fed

C. 12 Federal Reserve district banks & 25 branch banksD. Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) – establishes

monetary policy-  7 Board Members + 5 District Bank Presidents (4 rotate

through, New York President is permanent) 

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E. The Federal Advisory Council, the Consumer Advisory      Council, and the Thrift Institutions Advisory Council advise      the Board of Governors

Page 6: 15.1 I.The Federal Reserve was created in 1913 by Congress: main function is to control the money supply. A.The Fed is owned by member banks B.The.

II.  Regulatory Responsibilities: the Fed is politically independent

A. Monitors member banks’ reservesB. Oversees bank holding companies

C. Oversees foreign banks operating in the US and      international operations of US member banks and      holding companies operating abroad

D. Approves bank mergers

Goal is to regulate and stabilize the nation’s $$ supply

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III. Other Federal Reserve ServicesA. Check clearingB. Truth-in-lending disclosures

C. Issues paper currencyD. Provides financial services to the federal government

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15.2

Page 9: 15.1 I.The Federal Reserve was created in 1913 by Congress: main function is to control the money supply. A.The Fed is owned by member banks B.The.

 I. Fractional Bank Reserves      A.  The Federal Reserve requires that member banks keep a             certain percentage of their deposits in the form of legal             reserves

B. A bank’s balance sheet shows its assets, liabilities, and       net worth 

Page 10: 15.1 I.The Federal Reserve was created in 1913 by Congress: main function is to control the money supply. A.The Fed is owned by member banks B.The.

 C.  Every time a bank customer makes a deposit, the bank       must set aside a portion of the deposit as reserves

D. Banks earn money by lending out that portion of their       deposits that need not be held as reservesE.  To earn its profits, a bank usually needs to charge 2-3 percent      more for its loans than the rate of interest it pays for its saving      accounts and time deposits

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II. Three Major Tools of Monetary Policy: Goal is to strike a     balance between tight and loose money to control inflation     and keep purchasing power stable

A. Reserve Requirement 1. Total Reserves ÷ Reserve Requirement = Money Supply: example $100 ÷ .20 = $5002. A system of fractional reserve banking allows banks to     make a large volume of loans3. A change in the money supply is equal to the change in    reserves divided by the reserve requirement 

(∆ Money Supply = ∆ Reserves ÷ Reserve Requirement)

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B. The Discount Rate = rate of interest banks must pay to the     Fed for loans     1. The higher the rate, the less $ banks may borrow from          the Fed, leading to “Tighter $” in circulation

2. Higher discount rates = higher    Prime Rates (rates charged to business customers of banks),    which discourages borrowing    and decreases growth of the $$    supply. 

3. The opposite is true when the discount rate is low.

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C. Open Market Operations = The main instrument by which the     Fed affects monetary policy

1. Buying and selling of government securities in financial        markets (not government controlled)

2.    Influences short-term interest rates3.    When the Fed buys securities on the Open Market, $$         supply increases

4.   When the Fed sells securities on the Open Market, $ supply        decreases

What does this look like??

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III. Minor tools of the Federal Reserve      A. The Fed can affect the money supply by changing margin           requirements 

    * Margin requirements rarely used by the Fed today      B. Moral suasion      C. Selective credit controls

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15.3

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Tight Money = Credit is expensive and in short supply 

Borrowing difficult 

Consumers buy less 

Expansion delayed 

Unemployment increases THEN recession begins Loose Money = Credit inexpensive and abundant 

Easy Money 

Spending increases 

Businesses expand 

Jobs created  

 prices increase THEN 

purchasing power declines and INFLATION occurs

IV. Tight $$ vs

Loose $$

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V. Measuring the Money Supply      A.  Money supply is all the money available in the United States            economy.  

B. Growth in the Money Supply is calculated in terms of M1 and M2.

       1. M1 = narrowest definition of the money supply            and = $ people can easily access; assets that have           liquidity (currency, travelers checks, and checkable deposits, the largest part of U.S. $ supply)

Page 19: 15.1 I.The Federal Reserve was created in 1913 by Congress: main function is to control the money supply. A.The Fed is owned by member banks B.The.

(market mutual fund balances, and savings deposits) also called  near moneys (near moneys are assets that are almost, but not exactly like money and have high liquidity).

2. M2 = broader definition of the money supply and = all the M1 assets PLUS any assets that can be converted to cash fairly easily

Page 20: 15.1 I.The Federal Reserve was created in 1913 by Congress: main function is to control the money supply. A.The Fed is owned by member banks B.The.

What is Monetary Policy??

The expansion or contraction of the $$ supply in order to influence the cost and the

availability of credit.

It is a structured process.

What are the three major tools of Monetary Policy???

Page 21: 15.1 I.The Federal Reserve was created in 1913 by Congress: main function is to control the money supply. A.The Fed is owned by member banks B.The.

1.  Reserve Requirement

2. The Discount Rate

3.  Open Market Operations