| | ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures Paolo Ermanni 9 March 2017 Processing of Thermosets Composites 09.03.2017 Manufacturing of Polymer Composites - Processing of Thermosets Composites 1 Spring Semester 2017 151-0548-00L Manufacturing of Polymer Composites
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||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Paolo Ermanni9 March 2017
Processing of Thermosets Composites
09.03.2017Manufacturing of Polymer Composites - Processing of Thermosets Composites 1
Spring Semester 2017
151-0548-00L Manufacturing of Polymer Composites
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Contents
Introduction
Wet-Lamination Process
Flow in porous media
Resin curing kinetics
Resin viscosity
09.03.2017Manufacturing of Polymer Composites - Processing of Thermosets Composites 2
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Selection criteria for manufacturing process
09.03.2017Manufacturing of Polymer Composites - Processing of Thermosets Composites 3
InvestmentsEquipmentToolingLabour costsMaterial CostsSeries volumeCycle timeSafety and health aspects
Structural features Design and fabrication of highly
integrated monolithic structures (reduction of single parts)
Manufacturing of highly complex shapes
Easy integration of doublers, inserts damping materials and functional elements such as actuators and sensors.
Surface qualityLaminate features Mechanical properties Fibre architecture Fibre volume content
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
How relevant are following criteria for the selectionof the appropriate fabrication process?
CriteriaGeometrical complexityTolerancesSurface qualityAchievable fibre volume contentMechanical propertiesLaminate qualityReproducibilityInvestment costsLabor expensesMaterial costsNumber of parts p.a.Cycle time
09.03.2017Manufacturing of Polymer Composites - Processing of Thermosets Composites 13
-- - = + ++Criteria is not relevant
Criteria is veryrelevant
--++++++++++++-+-=+
-==------
++-
++----
-+++
++++++++----------
+++
++----=-
++-
++----
++
++++++-----
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Typical application fields
Mold construction Ship hulls
Wind energy
09.03.2017Manufacturing of Polymer Composites - Processing of Thermosets Composites 14
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Wet-lamination technique: Process variants
09.03.2017Manufacturing of Polymer Composites - Processing of Thermosets Composites 15
PressureVacuum Bag
Schraubzwinge
Spannrahmen
Dichtunggelochtes Blech
Rinne für überflüssiges Harz
FolieVerstärkung mit Laminat
Trennschicht
festes Werkzeugunterteil
Vakuumbehälter für überflüssiges Harz
Ventil zur Vakuumpumpe
Druck
Druckstutzen
Druckfolie
umlaufende Dichtung
Laminat
festes Werkzeugunterteil
Überlauf
Verschraubungfester Deckel
Quellen: Ehrenstein, G.W.: Faserverbund-Kunststoffe, Werkstoffe-Verarbeitung-Eigenschaften; Carl Hanser Verlag, München 1992
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Process automation example
09.03.2017Manufacturing of Polymer Composites - Processing of Thermosets Composites 16
Scobalit AG, 8604 Winterthur
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Contents
Introduction
Wet-Lamination Process
Flow in porous media
Resin curing kinetics
Resin viscosity
09.03.2017Manufacturing of Polymer Composites - Processing of Thermosets Composites 17
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Flow in porous media
Pressure driven flow
e.g. Processes: RTM, VARTM, VARI, etc.
Darcy‘s law
Capillary driven flow
e.g. Processes:– Pultrusion, filament winding,
hand lamination, prepregging, etc.
Capillary number:
09.03.2017Manufacturing of Polymer Composites - Processing of Thermosets Composites 18
PAKQ
coslv
uCa
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Flow in porous media - Background
Darcy‘s law:
Fluid flow is dependent on: material permeability (K), fluid viscosity (μ), and driving pressure ( )
Porosity is a function of compaction (required to adjust the fiber volume fraction of the composite) of the porous media
09.03.2017Manufacturing of Polymer Composites - Processing of Thermosets Composites 19
PAKQ
Fluid OutFluid In
Porous Medium
p
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Injection experiment in a glass tool
09.03.2017Manufacturing of Polymer Composites - Processing of Thermosets Composites 20
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Darcy’s experiment
09.03.2017Manufacturing of Polymer Composites - Processing of Thermosets Composites 21
sand
diameter D
perforated plates
piezometrictubes
1h
2h
gp1
gp2
Darcy’s experiment (1856)
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Inside a composite: Computer Tomograph pictureshighlighting the dual-scale nature of the porous media
09.03.2017Manufacturing of Polymer Composites - Processing of Thermosets Composites 22Schell, J.S.U., Investigation of the Influence of Meso-scale Flow Effects in Liquid Composite Moulding Processes on the Laminate Quality, Diss. ETH Nr. 17044, 2007
Meso-scale structure showing the bundles Micro-scale structure of the bundles showing the individual fibres within
the bundles.
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Dual-scale structure is influencing the impregnation process
09.03.2017Manufacturing of Polymer Composites - Processing of Thermosets Composites 23C. Lekakou, M. G. Bader, Mathematical modelling of macro- and micro- infiltration in resin transfer moulding (RTM), Composites Part A 29 (1998) 29–37.
Mode 1 of the impregnation model of woven fabrics
Mode 2 of the impregnation model of woven fabrics
Mode 3 of the impregnation model of woven fabrics
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Fiber/Matrix interface development
Fibre-wetting is a pre-condition for developing a ‚good‘ interface!
09.03.2017Manufacturing of Polymer Composites - Processing of Thermosets Composites 24M. Connor, Consolidation Mechanisms and Interfacial Phenomena in Thermoplastic Powder Impregnated Composites, PhD-Thesis No. 1413, EPF Lausanne, 1995
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Capillary pressure
09.03.2017Manufacturing of Polymer Composites - Processing of Thermosets Composites 25
Benetzung Keine Benetzung
20
2
Wetting No wetting
Gas phase (1)
Liquid phase (2)
Solid phase (3)
Gas phase (1)
Liquid phase (2)
Solid phase (3)
Capillary ascension Capillary depression
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Wetting of Fibres
09.03.2017Manufacturing of Polymer Composites - Processing of Thermosets Composites 26
2313
12
3
21
“Surface tension”:
Equilibrium condition:
Capillary height:
Capillary pressure:
mN
skg
mJ
dAdW
22
12 cos 13 23
h 212 cosgr
rrr
AFP
cos2cos2 12
212
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Contents
Introduction
Wet-Lamination Process
Flow in porous media
Resin curing kinetics
Resin viscosity
09.03.2017Manufacturing of Polymer Composites - Processing of Thermosets Composites 27
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
The processing time is depending on the rheology properties of the matrix
09.03.2017Manufacturing of Polymer Composites - Processing of Thermosets Composites 28
0,000
0,100
0,200
0,300
0,400
0,500
0,600
0,700
0 60 120 180 240 300
Zeit / s
Visk
ositä
t / Pa *s isotherm bei 50°C
isotherm bei 90°C
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Curing kinetics
Addition polymerisation of epoxy systems is an exothermal reaction
Kamal-Sourour model:
Coefficients can be extracted fromDSC-curves!
09.03.2017Manufacturing of Polymer Composites - Processing of Thermosets Composites 29
RTE
ii
nm
i
eATk
kkdtd 121
gesH
dtQ
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Contents
Introduction
Wet-Lamination Process
Flow in porous media
Resin curing kinetics
Resin viscosity
09.03.2017Manufacturing of Polymer Composites - Processing of Thermosets Composites 30
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
A simple viscosity model
Viscosity model:
Castro und Macosko:
09.03.2017Manufacturing of Polymer Composites - Processing of Thermosets Composites 31
C
TB
AeT ),(
DC
g
gTB
eAT
),(
With: A, B, C, D: Constantsg: Curing degree of the resin at gelpoint