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Violent upheaval in the Middle East has recently spawned all manner of maps
purporting to explain how the region got this way. Here, instead, are 15 maps
that dont claim as much. Or rather, they do not seek, like many other maps, tocapture some fixed set of core facts about the region. Instead, these maps
provide a more fluid perspective on the Middle East, often by showing what
didnt happen as opposed to what did. But for all these maps dont show, they do
illustrate one thing: the sobering fact that no one mapor even set of mapscan
ever explain the regions complex history and politics.
1. The Imagined Line Between East and West
15 Maps That Don't Explain theMiddle East at All
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Rudyard Kipling oncewrotethat East is East, and West is West, and never the
twain shall meet. But when you try to map where exactly they diverge, the
border appears to be constantly on the move. The ancient Greeks drew the
West-East distinction between themselves and the Persians along a shifting line
somewhere between the Aegean Sea and the middle of the Anatolian peninsula,
which roughly corresponds to modern-day Turkey. As Islam spread in the
seventh century, many Europeans imagined the corresponding division between
civilizations running between the Islamic world and Christiandom. Later, prior
to World War I, Europeans conception of East began at the borders of theOttoman Empire. This all changed suddenly with the advent of the Cold War,
when a new border between the communist East and capitalist West appeared. If
there has been a constant feature of the division between East and West over the
centuries, its our eagerness to draw a line between them.
2. Mapping Conflict During the Crusades
At a time when the Crusades still serve as the historical starting point for many
discussions of the modern Middle East, this map offers perspective on how these
messy medieval wars became a go-to metaphor for Christian-Muslim conflict.
Shown here are the geographic origins of the Normans and Seljuks, peoples who
emerged from Scandinavia and the Central Asian steppe to conquer the
Christian and Muslim worlds, respectively, before coming into conflict with one
another during the Crusades. In light of their remote origins, the Normans and
Seljukswere originally considereduncivilized barbarians by members of the
civilizations they ultimately conquered. Both groups zealously embraced their
new subjects religions to compensate. Thus, when the Normans and Seljuks
faced off in the 11th century, the rhetoric of religious war helped each side prove
its piety. That same rhetoric performs a similar function today.
3. Mapping Collaboration During the Crusades
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aps That Don't Explain the Middle East at All - The Atlantic http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/07/15-ma
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The pursuit of power drove plenty of violence between Muslims and Christians
during the Crusades, but it also fostered cross-cultural cooperation. One of the
most striking examples is this 12th-century map, made by an Arab geographer
for a crusader king. After the Normans conquered Sicily from the Muslim
Saracens, King Roger II turned to cartography to bolster his rule, hiring the
famous Arab mapmaker Muhammad al-Idrisi to depict the known world for
him. The resulting work is known as the Tabula Rogeriana in Latin and the
Kitab Rujar in Arabic (or by its full title, the book of pleasant journeys into
faraway lands). The map drew on classical Greek sources but was oriented, like
most maps from the Arab and Muslim Mediterranean, with south on top. Thats
the Nile Delta at the top, the Persian Gulf on the top left, Greece on the bottom
right, and Cyprus, Crete, and the Aegean Islands in the middle. The orange and
purple bits that resemble chicken feet are mountains, and the squiggly green
lines rivers.
4. German Asia Minor and German Arabia
Many people wonder what might have happened in Palestine if, after the
disappearance of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the British had never
colonized it. In all likelihood, the French would have colonized it instead. More
broadly, if the French and British had not divided up the Middle East between
47 Comments
hugoporter
I am afraid that this map does make sense:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S...
Serious Questions
The biggest shocker from that map? Iceland is not, technically, secular.
hugoporter
I know. Iceland??? But before you start a petition or something - it's a
mere mistake, me thinks. Iceland is actually very secular.
pedestr1an
It is not a mistake. The official state church is the Evangelical
Lutheran Church. Whether a country is officially secular or has anofficial state religion is not the same question as whether a
society is religious.
hugoporter
You are right, of course. As a freedom loving agnostic, I would
rather see a secular state with religious citizens than a religious
state with agnostic citizens, as is the case in Iceland? What is
written on legislative paper counts and I didn't mean to belittle the
debate, on the contrary. Greece is the same and maybe it is
worth starting petitions. The context of it all however was the
ambiguous "Middle East" and I didn't mean to distract.
fishamaphone
Religion, it turns out, is positively correlated with living in the region between the
equator and the tropic of cancer. Interesting.
hugoporter
Yes, interesting. I somehow wished more people would believe in life
before death.
Alexander S Anderson
What makes England ambiguous? The fact that they are embarrassed by their
state church doesn't make it not a state church.
hugoporter
Isn't it rather their English Law thingy, no constitution and such? Either
way, I find your argument to be right as well and more amusing.
John
We have a British constitution. Also, English people could care
less about our church, absolutely not an embarrassment.
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Scotland: The World's FirstReferendum on Inequality?
KATIE ENGELHART
That 'Free U2 Album WithPurchase of Cassette Player' Ad?
It's BogusROBINSON MEYER
Kids Actually Read the Books ThatMovies Are Based On
ROSE EVELETH
aps That Don't Explain the Middle East at All - The Atlantic http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/07/15-ma
1 9/18/2014Print to PDFwithout this message by purchasing novaPDF (http://www.novapdf.com/)
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4/11
them, the Germans would have been perfectly happy to colonize the region,
perhaps after winning World War I. This map shows a German imperialist
fantasy from the end of the 19th century. It appeared as part of an 1897 work by
Adolf Guyer-Zeller, a Swiss railroad magnate. In these maps, Guyer-Zeller seems
keenly interested in the potential for imperial Germany to create rail routesnot
just the famous Berlin-Baghdad railway the Germansbegan building in 1903,
but also links from Aleppo to Moscow and another route east into India.
Deutsch Arabia certainly would have turned out differently than the British- or
French-run Middle East, but its unlikely the inhabitants would have been any
happier with the arrangement in the long run.
5. An Ottoman Ethnography of the Middle East
Its easy to say that the borders of the modern Middle East ignore the regions
ethnic divisions, but its harder to tell what those ethnic divisions are. Many
contemporary maps show clear lines between Arabs and Kurds or Sunnis and
Scotland: The World's FirstReferendum on Inequality?
KATIE ENGELHART
That 'Free U2 Album WithPurchase of Cassette Player' Ad?
It's BogusROBINSON MEYER
Kids Actually Read the Books ThatMovies Are Based On
ROSE EVELETH
aps That Don't Explain the Middle East at All - The Atlantic http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/07/15-ma
1 9/18/2014Print to PDFwithout this message by purchasing novaPDF (http://www.novapdf.com/)
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5/11
Shiites, but what about maps from a hundred years ago? Heres one drawn by
the Ottoman government during World War I with some pretty unfamiliar
categories. Most strikingly, it divides the Mediterranean coast between settled
Syrians (the red horizontal lines) and nomadic Arabs (purple vertical lines).
The map similarly divides the regions Turkish-speaking residents between
settled Turks (red vertical lines) and nomadic Turkmen (green checks).
6. Disputed Mosul
Rival powers contested the oil-rich region around the city of Mosul long before
Sunni militants wrested it from Iraqs control this summer. After World War I,
Turkish nationalists drew this ethnographic map to advance their claim to the
former Ottoman province. The legendcleverly divides the provinces population
into Arabs and Non-Arab Muslim Elements, thereby dodging the
inconvenient distinction between Turks and Kurds without quite claiming that
theyre the same. Today, the Kurdistan Regional Government controls much of
the former Mosul province, while the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria occupies thecity itself. And in Turkey, the question of how to reconcile Kurdish ethnicity and
Turkish citizenship remains a hotly contested one. The map is just one example
of the creative cartography mapmakers have often used when given the
impossible task of drawing clear national borders over complicated demographic
realities in the Middle East.
7. The Arab Kingdom
Scotland: The World's FirstReferendum on Inequality?
KATIE ENGELHART
That 'Free U2 Album WithPurchase of Cassette Player' Ad?
It's BogusROBINSON MEYER
Kids Actually Read the Books ThatMovies Are Based On
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aps That Don't Explain the Middle East at All - The Atlantic http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/07/15-ma
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6/11
This map celebrated King Faisals declaration of a short-lived Arab kingdom in
Damascus in 1920. Faisal, famous for his role in the Arab Revolt with T.E.
Lawrence, lost his Syrian kingdom to the French army, at which point he became
king of British-ruled Iraq as something of a consolation. This map offers a
tempting vision of a united Middle East that could have arisen under Faisal in
the absence of European colonialism. But in delineating the borders of Faisalskingdom (the dotted lines), this map also highlights some of the inevitable
problems with that vision. For one thing, Turkey, which as the Ottoman
Empires successor state only grudgingly gave up Mosul province to the British
after World War I, would not have parted peacefully with the territory Faisal
claimed for the Arabs. The Maronite Christians of Mount Lebanon also had
mixed feelings about being included in a Muslim kingdom, not to mention the
Zionists who had already settled in Palestine. Whats more, members of Faisals
family, the Hashemites, proved to be unpopular with many of the actual Middle
Easterners they ruled. Within a decade after World War I, the Hashemites were
driven from their original territory in Mecca by the Saudis, and after World War
II Faisals heirs, who had assumed the leadership of Iraq, were deposed by a
Scotland: The World's FirstReferendum on Inequality?
KATIE ENGELHART
That 'Free U2 Album WithPurchase of Cassette Player' Ad?
It's BogusROBINSON MEYER
Kids Actually Read the Books ThatMovies Are Based On
ROSE EVELETH
aps That Don't Explain the Middle East at All - The Atlantic http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/07/15-ma
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7/11
popular military coup.
8. The New Assyria and 9. The New Palestine
The period of upheaval following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire produced a
number of novel ideas for new states. Some of these, like the New Assyria (1916),
moved from the imagination to the drawing board, and then no further. First
published in an Assyrian nationalist newspaper, this map represents the rather
ambitious vision, held by members of the Chaldean, Nestorian, and Sryani
minorities in the Middle East, for embracing a common identity based on
religious similarities and shared history as the basis for their own politicallysovereign territory. Other proposals, like this map of Palestine (1917), did
become a reality, albeit in somewhat altered form. In the article that
accompanied the publication of this map, the Russian-born Zionist Isaac Don
Levine advocatedthe creation of a Jewish state called Palestine whose borders
would encompass Gaza, the West Bank, and southern Lebanon. Levine credited
centuries of Christian oppression for the endurance of Jewish identity,
highlighted Jewish financial support for George Washington and the American
Revolution, and then concluded that with the Russian revolution and overthrow
of the tsar, anti-Semitism was on the decline. Thus, a Jewish state was needed
purely as a matter of national self-determination.
Scotland: The World's FirstReferendum on Inequality?
KATIE ENGELHART
That 'Free U2 Album WithPurchase of Cassette Player' Ad?
It's BogusROBINSON MEYER
Kids Actually Read the Books ThatMovies Are Based On
ROSE EVELETH
aps That Don't Explain the Middle East at All - The Atlantic http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/07/15-ma
1 9/18/2014Print to PDFwithout this message by purchasing novaPDF (http://www.novapdf.com/)
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8/11
10. Divided Syria
Scotland: The World's FirstReferendum on Inequality?
KATIE ENGELHART
That 'Free U2 Album WithPurchase of Cassette Player' Ad?
It's BogusROBINSON MEYER
Kids Actually Read the Books ThatMovies Are Based On
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aps That Don't Explain the Middle East at All - The Atlantic http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/07/15-ma
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9/11
The British are often accused of cynically creating Iraq as an artificial,
unworkable state by joining territory inhabited by Shiites, Sunnis, and Kurds. In
Syria, the French once faced the opposite charge. As we now discuss the
possibility of Syria collapsing into smaller ethnic enclaves, it is worth
remembering that the French originally proposed a similar division. Hoping to
preempt the emergence of Arab nationalism through their own cynical policy of
divide and rule, the French, as this map from 1922 shows, planned to break what
is now Syria into Alawite and Druze mini-states alongside separate, largely
Sunni, territories in the countrys north and south that would be governed from
Aleppo and Damascus. They eventually abandoned the idea in the face ofprotests from local Arab nationalists who demanded a larger, multi-ethnic state.
11. A French Ethnography of Syria
In the 1930s, French colonial authorities came up with their own ethnographic
mapping of the Eastern Mediterranean coast. Some of the categoriesin this map
are the same ones the Ottomans used, while others, such as Yezidis and
Circassians, are different. But what stands out is that, in keeping with the French
policy of divide and rule, one group is noticeably absent from the 18 religious
Scotland: The World's FirstReferendum on Inequality?
KATIE ENGELHART
That 'Free U2 Album WithPurchase of Cassette Player' Ad?
It's BogusROBINSON MEYER
Kids Actually Read the Books ThatMovies Are Based On
ROSE EVELETH
aps That Don't Explain the Middle East at All - The Atlantic http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/07/15-ma
1 9/18/2014Print to PDFwithout this message by purchasing novaPDF (http://www.novapdf.com/)
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10/11
and ethnic groups included in the key: Arabs.
12. Everyday Eating in the Eastern Mediterranean
Taking a detour from war and conflict, this map shows where foods known in the
U.S. as Mediterranean or Middle Eastern are most commonly found. These
foods can cross religious, national, and linguistic boundaries even while they
also define unique culinary, cultural, and geographic regions. The practice of
drinking strong coffee in small cups with grounds, for example, reaches from the
Balkans all the way to North Africa. Hummus, though, is relatively rare in
Greece and Turkey. Like falafel, the dish spreads north to a limit that is, I can
only assume coincidentally, coterminous with that of the Arabic language.
Distilled liquor flavored with anise is consumed under a variety of namesouzo,
raki, arakacross the region. In the Balkans, however, raki refers to a
different, more popular drink that more closely resembles grappaor maybepaint thinner. Sometimes, culinary culture defies political borders; other times,
it conforms to them. In the Turkish city of Izmir, you can eat grilled octopus that
tastes identical to the octopus youd find on the nearby Greek island of Chios.
But in Izmir you can also find a range of dishes like lahmacunand cig koftethat
are almost completely unknown in Greece. These foods were brought to Izmir
from southeastern Turkey by domestic migrants.
13. The Middle East Moves West and 14. North
Scotland: The World's FirstReferendum on Inequality?
KATIE ENGELHART
That 'Free U2 Album WithPurchase of Cassette Player' Ad?
It's BogusROBINSON MEYER
Kids Actually Read the Books ThatMovies Are Based On
ROSE EVELETH
aps That Don't Explain the Middle East at All - The Atlantic http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/07/15-ma
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11/11
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Scotland: The World's FirstReferendum on Inequality?
KATIE ENGELHART
That 'Free U2 Album WithPurchase of Cassette Player' Ad?
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Kids Actually Read the Books ThatMovies Are Based On
ROSE EVELETH
aps That Don't Explain the Middle East at All - The Atlantic http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/07/15-ma
http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/07/15-maps-that-...http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/07/15-maps-that-...