-
Effectiveness of Thin Hot Mix Asphalt Overlay on
Pavement Ride and Condition Performance
Final Report
Eddie Y. Chou, D. Datta, H. Pulugurta The University of
Toledo
Prepared in Cooperation with Mileage vs. Actual Service Life
Distribution of all Terminated Thin Overlay Projects
in General System
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Actual Service Life (in Years)
Mile
age
The Ohio Department of Transportation Office of Research and
Development Statewide PCR Family Curves - Priority System
Line of Threshold PCR
50556065707580859095
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Age (in
Years)
PCR
Minor Rehab Thin Overlay and The US Department of
Transportation
Federal Highway Administration State Job Number 147950
April 2008
-
1. Report No. FHWA/OH-2008/4
2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No.
5. Report Date April 2008
4. Title and subtitle Effectiveness of Thin Hot Mix Asphalt
Overlay on Pavement Ride and Condition Performance 6. Performing
Organization Code
8. Performing Organization Report No. 7. Author(s) Eddie Chou,
Debargha Datta, Haricharan Pulugurta
10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS)
11. Contract or Grant No. 147950
9. Performing Organization Name and Address University of Toledo
Department of Civil Engineering Toledo, OH 43606-3390
13. Type of Report and Period Covered 12. Sponsoring Agency Name
and Address Ohio Department of Transportation 1980 West Broad
Street Columbus, Ohio 43223
14. Sponsoring Agency Code
15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract
The objectives of this study were: 1) To determine the cost
effectiveness of thin hot mix asphalt (HMA) overlays as a
maintenance technique; 2) To determine under what conditions a thin
overlay would be suitable; 3) To determine the timing of
constructing a thin overlay to maximize its benefits; and 4) To
develop a prototype aggregate source information system to
correlate aggregate source quality to pavement performance.
Performance data for thin overlays constructed by ODOT since 1990
were collected to study the cost-effectiveness of thin overlay. The
average thin overlay project cost is about 40% of the average minor
rehabilitation project cost for the Priority System, and
approximately 60% for the General System pavements. In contrast,
the average service life of a thin overlay is generally more than
70% of that of a minor rehabilitation. Therefore, most of the thin
overlays are deemed cost effective. Thin overlay projects that are
not cost effective tend to be those performed on very poor
pavements, and with insufficient thickness. Thin overlays are most
likely to be cost effective if the existing pavements PCR score is
between 70 and 90 for Priority System, and between 65 and 80 for
General System pavements. A prototype aggregate source GIS system
was developed. Higher aggregate soundness loss is shown to
correlate with higher pavement deterioration rate. A thin HMA
overlay is generally a cost-effective maintenance treatment.
Employed properly, thin overlay provides a relatively low cost
alternative in preserving and extending the service life of the
existing pavement.
17. Key Words Thin HMA Overlay, Cost Effectiveness, Aggregate
Source GIS system
18. Distribution Statement No restrictions. This document is
available to the public through the National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161
19. Security Classif. (of this report) Unclassified
20. Security Classif. (of this page) Unclassified
21. No. of Pages 149
22. Price
Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed pages
authorized
-
ii
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Effectiveness of Thin Hot Mix Asphalt Overlay on Pavement Ride
and Condition Performance
Final Report
State Job No. 14795 (0)
Principal Investigator: Eddie Y. Chou
Coauthors: Debargha Datta, Haricharan Pulugurta
The University of Toledo
Prepared in Cooperation with
The Ohio Department of Transportation
and
The U. S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
April 2008
-
ii
-
DISCLAIMER
The contents of this report reflect the views of the author who
is responsible for the facts and
the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not
necessarily reflect the official
views or policies of the Ohio Department of Transportation or
the Federal Highway
Administration. This report does not constitute a standard,
specification, or regulation.
iii
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The researchers would like to thank the Ohio Department of
Transportation and the Federal
Highway Administration for sponsoring this study.
The researchers also would like to thank the technical liaisons
of this project: Mr. Roger
Green, Mr. Aric Morse, Mr. Jeff Wigdhal, and Mr. Andrew Williams
for their helpful
assistance during this study. Mr. Emil Marginean provided
updated pavement condition data,
and Mr. Adam Au provided pavement construction cost data.
Without their assistance, this
study would not have been completed.
The assistance provided by Dr. Joseph Tack, a former graduate
research assistant at the
University of Toledo, during the first phase of this study is
also appreciated.
iv
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
List of Figures
................................................................................................................
vi
List of Tables
..................................................................................................................
viii
Executive Summary
.......................................................................................................
I
Introduction
....................................................................................................................
1
Objective of Research
....................................................................................................
3
General Description of Research
...................................................................................
3
Findings of the Research Effort
.....................................................................................
15
Conclusions and Recommendations
..............................................................................
77
Implementation Plan
......................................................................................................
80
Appendix A: References
...............................................................................................
A1
Appendix B: Thin Overlay Failure Mode District Survey Results
.............................. B1
Appendix C: Cost Data of Recent Projects
.................................................................
C1
Appendix D: List of Priority System Thin Overlay Projects
Included in Analysis...... D1
Appendix E: List of General System Thin Overlay Sections
Included for Analysis .. E1
Appendix F: ODOT Aggregate Source Information System User Manual
................. F1
v
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Benefit of a Thin Overlay
...................................................................................
9
Figure 2: Extension of Service Life Due to a Thin
Overlay............................................... 11
Figure 3: Average Distress Levels Prior to and 8 Years after
Thin Overlay...................... 18
Figure 4: Actual Service Lives Distribution of Terminated Thin
Overlay Projects........... 22
Figure 5: Actual Service Life as a Function of Pavement
Type......................................... 23
Figure 6: Average Service Life of Terminated Thin Overlays in
Each District................. 24
Figure 7: Terminal PCR of Terminated Thin Overlay Projects in
Each District ............... 25
Figure 8: Average Performance Trends of Minor Rehabilitation and
Thin Overlay ......... 27
Figure 9: Time Extension (t) of Thin Overlays on Priority System
................................... 28
Figure 10: Time Extension (t) of Thin Overlays on General
System................................... 29
Figure 11: Definition of Thin Overlay Performance
............................................................ 30
Figure 12: Effect of Existing Pavement Condition on Thin Overlay
Performance.............. 31
Figure 13: Prior PCR Range in Each
District.......................................................................
33
Figure 14: Average Thin Overlay Performance in each District
.......................................... 34
Figure 15: Effect of Snowfall on General System Thin Overlay
Performance.................... 36
Figure 16: Proportions of Thin Overlay Thickness in Each
District .................................... 37
Figure 17: Effect of Overlay Thickness on Thin Overlay
Performance............................... 38
Figure 18: Effect of Traffic Loading on Thin Overlay Performance
................................... 39
Figure 19: Average Performance as a Function of Year of
Construction ............................ 41
Figure 20: Definition of Thin Overlay
Benefit.....................................................................
42
Figure 21: Average Performance and Benefit as a Function of
Prior PCR.......................... 43
Figure 22: Average Performance and Benefit as a Function of
Prior Cracking Deduct ...... 44
Figure 23: Average Ride Quality Deterioration Trend of Thin
Overlay .............................. 46
Figure 24: Average Benefit of Thin Overlay and Minor
Rehabilitation in Each District .... 49
Figure 25: Cost Effective by the Time-Extension Method but
Not-Cost Effective by the
Performance Area Method
..................................................................................
51
Figure 26: Not Cost Effective by the Time-Extension Method but
Cost Effective by
Performance Area Method
..................................................................................
51
Figure 27: Not Cost Effective by Either Method
.................................................................
52
vi
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Figure 28: Cost Effective by Both
Methods.........................................................................
52
Figure 29: Average Benefit-Cost Ratio of Thin Overlays in Each
Districts ........................ 53
Figure 30: CE and NCE Mileage by Year of
Construction..................................................
55
Figure 31: Cost Effectiveness of 1994-2002 Thin Overlays in Each
District ...................... 56
Figure 32: Cost Effectiveness as a Function of the Ratio Thin
Overlay Cost versus Minor
Rehabilitation
Cost..............................................................................................
57
Figure 33: Cost Effectiveness as a Function of Pavement Type
.......................................... 59
Figure 34: Cost Effectiveness as a Function of Prior
PCR................................................... 60
Figure 35: Determination of the Optimal Prior PCR Range Using
the ROC Method ......... 61
Figure 36: Proportion of Each Parameter within Cost Effective
and Not Cost Effective
Priority System Thin
Overlays............................................................................
63
Figure 37: Proportion of Each Parameter within Cost Effective
and Not Cost Effective
General System Thin
Overlay.............................................................................
64
Figure 38: Location of Aggregate Quarries in
Ohio.............................................................
67
Figure 39: Aggregate Source Information System Structure
............................................... 67
Figure 40: Relating Source Aggregate Test Data to a Pavement
Project ............................. 68
Figure 41: Average Soundness Loss of Gravel (1994-2005)
............................................... 70
Figure 42: Average Abrasion Loss of Gravel (1994-2005)
................................................. 70
Figure 43: Average Soundness Loss of Limestone (1994-2005)
........................................ 71
Figure 44: Average Abrasion Loss of Limestone (1994-2005)
........................................... 71
Figure 45: Average Soundness Loss of both Limestone and Gravel
(1994-2005) .............. 72
Figure 46: PCR Slope versus Abrasion Loss for District 2 and 3)
...................................... 73
Figure 47: PCR Slope versus Soundness Loss for District 2 and 3)
.................................... 73
Figure 48: Soundness Loss vs. Pavement Condition Distribution
Map for District 2 and 3)
.............................................................................................................................
74
vii
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Existing Cost-Effective Analysis Methods
......................................................... 6
Table 2: Thin Overlay Projects Constructed During 1990-2002
...................................... 8
Table 3: Median Deducts 8 Years after Thin Overlay in Each
District ............................ 17
Table 4: Number of Thin Overlay Sections in Various Prior PCR
Ranges ...................... 32
Table 5: Number of Thin Overlay Sections in Different Traffic
Loading Levels ............ 35
Table 6: Thin Overlay Projects Constructed during 1994-2002
....................................... 40
Table 7: Percent of Cost Effective Mileage versus Prior PCR and
Thickness.................. 62
Table 8: Summary of Soundness and Abrasion Losses of Different
Aggregates ............. 69
Table 9: Estimated RMSE of Different Interpolation Methods
Applied on
Soundness Loss of Aggregates
...........................................................................
75
Table 10: Estimated RMSE of Different Interpolation Methods
Applied on
Abrasion Loss of Aggregates
..............................................................................
76
viii
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The Ohio Department of Transportation Office of Research &
Development Executive Summary Report
Effectiveness of Thin Hot Mix Asphalt Overlay on
Pavement Ride and Condition Performance
Start Date: February 1, 2002 Duration: 76 months Completion
Date: May 31, 2008 Report Date: February 1, 2008 State Job Number:
14795 Report Number: FHWA/OH-2008/4 Funding: $244,530 Principle
Investigators:
Eddie Y. Chou, Ph.D.,P.E. University of Toledo 419-530-8123
[email protected]
ODOT Contacts:
Technical: Roger Green Aric Morse Office of Pavement Engineering
614-995-5993 614-995-5994 Administrative: Monique R. Evans, P.E.
Administrator, R&D 614-728-6048
For copies of this final report go to
http://www.dot.state.oh.us/divplan/researchor call
614-644-8173.
Ohio Department of Transportation Office of Research &
Development
1980 West Broad Street Columbus, OH 43223
Problem A thin (2 inches or less) hot mix asphalt (HMA) overlay
is one of the maintenance techniques performed on asphalt-surfaced
pavements to extend the service life of the existing pavement. Thin
overlays protect the pavement structure, reduce the rate of
pavement deterioration, correct surface deficiencies, reduce
permeability, and improve the ride quality. Milling may be
performed prior to the thin overlay to remove deteriorated surface
materials. A study of Ohios experience on thin overlay performance
was initiated to determine the cost effectiveness of thin HMA
overlay as a maintenance technique, and to develop criteria for
selecting pavement candidates suitable for receiving thin overlay
treatment.
Objectives
1. To determine the cost effectiveness of using thin hot mix
asphalt overlays as a maintenance technique.
2. To determine under what circumstances a thin hot mix overlay
would be suitable.
3. To determine the timing of constructing a thin overlay to
maximize its benefits.
An addendum to the original study adds the following objective:
4. To develop a prototype aggregate source
information system to correlate aggregate source quality to
pavement performance.
-
Description The study was divided into two phases. During Phase
I, the researchers in collaboration with ODOT gathered performance
data for all thin overlay projects constructed since 1990 on both
Priority and General system pavements. The performance data
gathered were used in Phase II to study the effectiveness of thin
overlay as influenced by climate, existing pavement condition,
overlay thickness, traffic loading, and other parameters. As a
result of a concurrent research study on pavement forecasting
models, predicted pavement conditions became available. This
allowed more recent thin overlay projects without a long history of
performance data to be included in the study. The performance of a
thin overlay is measured in terms of the area under the PCR versus
age curve, whereas the benefit of a thin overlay is defined as that
part of the performance due solely to the thin overlay, i.e., total
performance subtracting the residual performance of the existing
pavement. The cost effectiveness of a thin overlay is determined by
comparing the cost per unit area of benefit versus that of a
typical minor rehabilitation.
Findings
The performance of a thin overlay
increases with better existing pavement condition, less annual
snowfall amount, and increased overlay thickness. Thin overlays on
flexible pavements perform better than those on composite
pavements, as thin overlays are more effective in addressing
rutting distress, but less effective in eradicating cracking
distresses, such as transverse, longitudinal or reflective
cracking. The
benefits of a thin overlay include improvements in both pavement
condition and ride quality. The benefits decrease if the existing
pavement is still in excellent condition. Based on the cost data
from recent projects, the average thin overlay project cost is only
about 40% of the average minor rehabilitation project cost for the
Priority System, and approximately 60% for the General System
pavements. However, the average service life of a thin overlay is
generally above 70% of the average service life of a comparable
minor rehabilitation. As a result, a majority of the thin overlays
are deemed cost effective. Thin overlay projects that are not cost
effective tend to be those performed on very poor pavements, and
with insufficient thickness. Thin overlays are most likely to be
cost effective if the existing pavements PCR score is between 70
and 90 for Priority System, and between 65 and 80 for General
System pavements.
A prototype aggregate source information system has been
developed. Higher aggregate soundness loss is shown to correlate
with higher pavement deterioration rate, based on data from
Districts 2 and 3.
Conclusions & Recommendations
A thin hot mix asphalt overlay is, in general, a cost-effective
maintenance treatment. The most important criteria for selecting
pavement candidates suitable for receiving thin overlay treatment
are existing distress conditions and pavement type. Employed
properly, thin overlay provides a relatively low cost alternative
in preserving and extending the service life of the existing
pavement network.
Implementation Potential The criteria developed in this study
can be used by ODOT to select candidate pavements most suitable to
receive thin overlay treatment to obtain the maximum benefit. The
aggregate source information system developed can also be used
readily.
II
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INTRODUCTION
Many transportation agencies in charge of maintaining pavement
networks have recognized the
importance of allocating a portion of their budgets to prolong
the service life of existing
pavements through preventive maintenance measures, instead of
just rehabilitated those
pavements that have already failed. It has been said that one
dollar invested in preventive
maintenance at the appropriate time in the life of a pavement
can save $3 to $4 dollars in future
rehabilitation costs (Geoffrey, 1996). In light of the rapid
increases in highway construction
costs due to escalating fuel costs and inflation, prudent use of
the cost-effective maintenance
treatments should be a vital part of the overall strategy to
preserve the existing highway
infrastructure.
The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has encouraged
transportation agencies at all
levels to implement preventive maintenance programs by allowing
federal funds to be used for
maintenance treatments when it can be demonstrated that such
maintenance treatments are cost-
effective methods of extending pavement life.
A thin (2 inches or less) hot mix asphalt (HMA) overlay is one
of the maintenance techniques
performed on asphalt-surfaced pavements to extend the service
life of the existing pavement.
Thin overlays protect the pavement structure, reduce the rate of
pavement deterioration, correct
surface deficiencies, reduce permeability, and improve the ride
quality. Milling may be
performed prior to the thin overlay to remove deteriorated
surface materials.
A study was initiated by ODOT to determine whether or not thin
HMA overlay is a cost
effective maintenance technique based on Ohios experience. The
study also aims to determine
the criteria for selecting suitable candidate pavement sections
for thin overlay treatment, and to
determine the appropriate timing of treatment in order to
maximize the benefit.
-
Background
There are a number of preventative maintenance techniques, all
of which focus on preserving a
pavements structure by alleviating functional deficiencies
without significantly affecting the
structural capacity of a pavement. HMA thin overlay is generally
the highest level of
preventive maintenance treatment performed on asphalt surfaced
pavements.
The Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program of the Federal
Highway
Administration (FHWA) included a Specific Pavement Study-3
(SPS-3), which focused on
studying the effectiveness of various maintenance treatments.
The treatments studied include
crack sealing, chip seal, slurry seal, and thin overlays. The
goal of the SPS-3 was to determine
the life expectancy and timing of treatment applications.
However, none of the 81 SPS-3
project sites are located in Ohio.
Thin HMA overlays have been performed by many transportation
agencies with varying
success. A recent AASHTO questionnaire study indicates that out
of the 25 States that have
used thin HMA overlays, 11 reported less than satisfactory
results. The reported problems with
thin HMA overlays include de-lamination, reflective cracking,
poor friction, low durability,
excessive permeability, and maintenance problems once failure
starts.
An NCHRP survey (Geoffrey, 1996) showed that thin overlays
generally have a service life of
between 5 and 8 years, but actual service life reported by the
states ranges from as short as 2
years to as long as 10 years. The service lives vary
significantly due to differences in
specifications, materials, thickness, treatment timing, traffic
loading, and climatic conditions.
ODOTs Pavement Preventive Maintenance Guideline estimates that
pavements that are
structurally sound, due to a recent minor or major
rehabilitation, and are treated with a thin
HMA overlay are expected to last 8 to 12 years.
A study based on the performance experience of thin HMA overlays
constructed in Ohio is
warranted, in order to determine the cost-effectiveness of thin
overlays as a maintenance
treatment.
2
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OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH
The objectives of this study were:
1. To determine the cost effectiveness of using thin (2 inches
or less) hot mix asphalt overlays
as a maintenance technique based on performance experience in
Ohio;
2. To determine under what circumstances a thin hot mix overlay
would be suitable; and
3. To determine the timing of constructing a thin overlay in
order to maximize its benefits.
An addendum to the original study adds the following
objective:
4. To develop a prototype aggregate source information system to
analyze aggregate quality
data based on its source location, and to correlate quarry
aggregate test data to pavement
performance.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF RESEARCH
To accomplish the above listed objectives, the study was divided
into two phases. Phase I was
to collect thin overlay project performance data and to
determine whether or not a sufficient
number of preventive maintenance thin overlay projects and
corresponding condition data were
available to support the subsequent analysis. Phase II was to
determine the cost-effectiveness
of thin overlay treatment as a maintenance treatment and to
develop criteria for selecting
candidate pavements and the timing of construction in order to
maximize the benefit of a thin
overlay.
The following tasks were performed:
Phase I
Task 1: Review of the Literature and Survey of District
Maintenance Engineers
Task 2: Collection of Thin Overlay Project Performance Data in
Ohio
Task 3: Preparation of the Interim Report
3
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Phase II
Task 4: Evaluation of Cost Effectiveness
Task 5: Determination of Treatment Criteria
Task 6: Development of a Prototype Aggregate Source Information
System
Task 7: Preparation of the Draft Final Report
Task 1: Literature Review and Survey of District Maintenance
Engineers
Literature Review
A review of the existing literature on effectiveness of thin
overlays was performed. The cost
effectiveness of thin overlay as a maintenance technique has
been studied by a number of
researchers. Most of the recent studies were based on data from
the LTPP SPS-3 experiments.
The major findings of the literature review are summarized
below.
Geoffrey (1996) in NCHRP Synthesis 223 used a questionnaire
survey of 60 transportation
agencies and published information to summarize the
cost-effectiveness experiences of
preventive maintenance treatments. The report concluded that one
dollar invested in preventive
maintenance at the appropriate time in the life of a pavement
could save $3 to $4 in future
rehabilitation costs. The most cost-effective pavement
management strategy is to perform
preventive maintenance activities on the better-rated pavements
first and then fund the
rehabilitation of the poorer-rated pavements. The worst-first
funding strategy is the least cost-
effective.
According to the survey responses contained in the Synthesis,
for the State of Ohio, the typical
pavement age at the time of first thin overlay (years) was 9-10
years, and the typical life span
of a thin overlay was 9-10 years. The cost per lane mile was
$25,000-$49,999, and the
observed increase in pavement life was 7-8 years.
Eltahan et al, (1999) studied the effectiveness of maintenance
treatments of flexible pavements
based on data from 28 of the 81 SPS-3 projects located in the
Southern region, which includes
Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Mississippi, Okalahoma, Tennessee,
and Texas. Their study
4
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showed that the original condition of a pavement before
maintenance treatment has a major
impact on the life expectancy of the treatment. For thin
overlays, the median life expectancy
was 7.5, 7.3, and 2.5 years when the original condition was
good, fair, and poor, respectively.
The median benefit of the thin overlay, defined as the number of
years added to the median life
expectancy due to the thin overlay as compared to that of the
control sections (i.e., without
treatment), was 2, 4.8, and 2.5 years when the original
condition was good, fair, and poor,
respectively. They concluded that applying maintenance to
sections with a poor condition
increases the risk of failure by 2 to 4 times. They also found
chip seal to outperform thin
overlay, slurry seal, and crack seal in controlling the
reappearance of distresses.
Hall et al. (2003) used the entire data set from SPS-3
experiment to assess the relative
performance of different maintenance treatments for flexible
pavements. Thin overlays were
found to be the most effective treatment, followed by chip seals
and slurry seals, in addressing
roughness, rutting, and cracking.
Chen et al. (2003) studied 14 SPS-3 sites located in Texas. The
study concluded that chip seal
was the most effective treatment in most cases. However, thin
overlay was the most effective
treatment in addressing rutting problems, and should be used on
high traffic routes where
rutting is a major concern. They also concluded that the timing
for preventive maintenance is
very important.
Based on the same subset of the SPS-3 data, Chang et al. (2005)
determined the cost
effectiveness of various maintenance treatments by considering
the cost of treatments. They
concluded that chip seal was the most cost effective treatment,
as the cost of thin overlay was
the highest among all preventive maintenance treatments.
Several different methods to quantify the cost-effectiveness of
preventive maintenance have
been described in the literature. Table 1 shows a summary of
these methods. Hicks et al.
(1997 and 1999) proposed a process for selecting the most
effective maintenance treatment for
flexible pavements based on a decision matrix. The timing of the
treatment and user delay cost
were added to the consideration.
5
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Table 1: Existing Cost-Effective Analysis Methods (from Hicks,
et al. 1999)
Method Requirements Output
Life-cycle costing Interest rates Inflation rates Analysis
period Unit cost for treatment Estimated life of treatment
The equivalent annual cost for each proposed treatment
Cost-Effectiveness analysis
Pavement performance curve
Area under the performance curve is equivalent to
effectiveness
Equivalent annual cost
Cost of equipment, man power, materials
Unit cost per expected life of treatment
Longevity cost index
Treatment unit cost Present value of unit cost
over life of treatment Traffic loading Life of the treatment
Relates present value of cost of treatment to life and
traffic
The life-cycle costing method requires interest and inflation
rates as input and its result is
highly sensitive to these values. Actual values of interest and
inflation rates (or the difference
of the two, called discount rate) fluctuate with time, and the
appropriate values to be used for
evaluating public projects are not yet universally agreed upon.
The longevity cost index
method also requires interest and inflation rates to determine
the present value of future cost.
Therefore, these two methods were not selected for the current
study.
The cost effectiveness method uses area under the pavement
performance curve (PCR-Year) as
the measure for effectiveness. The performance histories of past
thin overlay projects
constructed in Ohio have been collected and are available in the
ODOT pavement database.
Therefore, this method can be used in the current study.
The equivalent annual cost (EAC) method is relatively straight
forward. The EAC can be
calculated as:
years , treatmentof life expected
treatmentofcost unit =EAC (1)
6
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In this study, the cost-effectiveness analysis and the
equivalent annual cost methods were
selected to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of thin-overlay
treatment.
Survey of District Maintenance Engineers
Telephone interviews were conducted to survey the District
Maintenance Engineers in Ohio
regarding thin overlay performance in each District. The purpose
was to gather the experience
of thin treatment through out Ohio, and to identify the specific
distresses, related to traffic
loading or climate, observed in various Districts. The results
are reported in the findings
section, along with the actual distress type and level
information based on the measured
pavement condition rating (PCR) data in the ODOT pavement
database.
Task 2: Collection of Thin Overlay Project Performance Data in
Ohio
A list of thin overlay projects within each District was
compiled. The researchers collaborated
with the Office of Pavement Engineering staff in reviewing
thousands of project plans to
collect project specific data. In order to identify the thin
overlay projects and the corresponding
pavement performance, the project history, pavement buildup,
thickness added, pavement
condition ratings, traffic loading, and other relevant data for
all twolane undivided highways
(the General and Urban systems) since 1990 were collected.
Similar data for all four-lane
divided highways (the Priority system) since 1985 had been
collected as part of a previous
research study. All data collected were included in the ODOT
pavement management
database. This database also supports other research studies and
various pavement
management activities.
Thin overlay projects constructed after 2002 are not included in
this study, because these thin
overlays have not been in service long enough to accurately
assess their performance. The thin
overlay projects identified and included in this study are
summarized in Table 2. For the
Priority system, 194 thin overlay projects, totaling 1733.9
miles, constructed between 1990 and
2002 were included. Among these thin overlays, 135 projects,
totaling 1030.2 miles, have
received a subsequent maintenance or rehabilitation treatment,
and therefore these thin overlays
7
-
are considered as terminated. Only the terminated thin overlays
have known actual service
life. The rest of the thin overlays are still in service, and
their service life can only be estimated
from forecasted pavement conditions. For the General system,
1367 thin overlay projects,
totaling 9335 miles, are included in this study. Among them, 765
projects totaling 4075.2
miles are terminated projects. Each project may include multiple
sections, due to
differences in existing or subsequent pavement conditions,
traffic loading, county, or pavement
type.
Many of the thin overlays on the Priority system pavements were
performed as preventive
maintenance treatments, while most of the thin overlays
performed on the General system
pavements were not intended as preventive maintenance.
Table 2: Thin Overlay Projects Constructed During 1990-2002
Priority General
District No. of Thin
Overlay Project
Miles
No. of Thin
Overlay Project
Miles
1 9 (5) 102.4 (25.7) 150 (96) 1075.1 (541.3) 2 12 (9) 80 (53.8)
73 (42) 477.2 (214) 3 12 (11) 102.6 (90.4) 111 (69) 741.5 (359.9) 4
20 (15) 147.8 (103) 111 (59) 680.3 (254.7) 5 18 (9) 158.8 (91.4) 62
(43) 592.5 (332.3) 6 33 (22) 375.1 (226.9) 119 (79) 1079.3 (593.2)
7 17 (12) 177.9 (117.4) 250 (136) 1313.3 (607.8) 8 20 (13) 229
(122.5) 99 (62) 702.2 (353.9) 9 9 (6) 57.1 (33.5) 87 (31) 587.2
(118.1) 10 11 (6) 54.4 (18.9) 137 (64) 1036.7 (328.4) 11 15 (13)
129 (67) 136 (74) 931.3 (335.8) 12 18 (14) 119.9 (79.8) 32 (10)
118.4 (35.6)
Statewide 194 (135) 1733.9 (1030.2) 1367 (765) 9335 (4075.2)
* Numbers in parentheses are those thin overlays that have
terminated.
8
-
Task 3: Preparation of the Interim Report
At the end of Phase I, an interim report was prepared and
submitted. The report concluded that
the amount of thin overlay project data available were
sufficient to support the analyses in
Phase II. It was decided by ODOT to include all thin overlay
projects, whether or not they
were intended as preventive maintenance treatments, for this
study.
Task 4: Evaluation of Cost Effectiveness
Two different methods were used to determine the benefit or
effectiveness of thin HMA
overlay treatment. The first method uses the increased
performance area under the pavement
condition rating (PCR) versus age curve due to the thin overlay
as the measure of thin overlay
benefit. The second method uses the extension of a pavements
service life due to a thin
overlay treatment as the measure of thin overlay benefit.
Figure 1 illustrates the performance area method, where the
performance of a pavement is
measured by the area under the PCR condition versus Age curve
above a terminal condition
threshold, when a major or minor rehabilitation become necessary
(e.g., area A1 in the Figure
below). The benefit of a thin overlay treatment is defined as
the performance area after a thin
overlay minus the residual performance of the previous treatment
(i.e., area A0 is the benefit of
the thin overlay).
C 1
Figure 1: Benefit of a Thin Overlay
C
Time, Years
PCR = 60
Con
ditio
n, P
CR
0
AA 01
9
-
The benefit-cost ratio can be obtained by dividing the benefit
by the cost of construction for
the thin overlay. The benefit cost ratio (B/C) can be calculated
by:
0
1
1
0/CC
AACB = (2)
where A0 is the benefit of a thin overlay,
A1 is the performance/benefit of a typical minor rehabilitation
in the same District,
C0 is the average cost of a thin overlay, and
C1 is the average cost of a typical minor rehabilitation.
When the benefit-cost ratio is greater than one, the thin
overlay is deemed cost effective.
As a result of a concurrent research study on Pavement
Forecasting Models, the ability to
predict pavement conditions became available during the course
of this study. Therefore,
pavement performance to a specified terminal condition threshold
can be predicted, which
allows many pavement sections that have not reached the terminal
condition to be included in
the analysis. Furthermore, the benefit of a thin overlay can be
evaluated by comparing the
performance of a pavement that received a thin overlay versus
the predicted performance of the
same pavement if the thin overlay was not performed.
Consequently, it is not necessary to
identify control sections with characteristics similar to the
thin overlay test section, as the
same pavement section serves as both the test section and the
control section.
The average cost of thin overlays and the average cost of
typical minor rehabilitations were
obtained from an analysis of recently completed projects. The
cost data were provided by the
Staff of the Office of Pavement Engineering.
Figure 2 illustrates the time extension method, where the
benefit of an overlay is expressed as
the time extension, t, of the pavements service life.
10
-
Time, Years
Thin Overlay Minor / Major
Minor / Major
Pave
men
t Con
ditio
n
x3
x2
Minor / Major
x1
t
Figure 2: Extension of Service Life Due to a Thin Overlay
The extension of service life, t, due to a thin overlay as
compared with no treatment can be
expressed as:
(3) 321 )( xxxt +=
where t = time extension of pavement service life due to thin
overlay, in years,
x1 = age of the existing pavement at the time of thin
overlay,
x2 = life span of the thin overlay (i.e., age of thin overlay
when it falls below the
terminal condition threshold)
x3 = life span of the existing pavement, if no thin overlay was
performed
As illustrated in Figure 2, x1 + x2 represents the total service
life of a pavement section when a
thin overlay is performed, and x3 represent the predicted
service life of the same pavement
section, if the thin overlay was not performed. If the thin
overlay life span, x2, remains
relatively unchanged, the later it is performed during the life
of an existing pavement (i.e.,
larger x1), the longer the time extension, t. However, a thin
overlays life span may be
shortened if it is performed on a pavement with very poor
existing condition.
11
-
The equivalent annual cost (EAC) of a thin overlay project can
be calculated by dividing the
average unit cost per lane-mile of thin overlay by the time
extension, t. The EAC of a minor
rehabilitation is calculated by dividing the average unit cost
per lane-mile of a typical minor
rehabilitation by the typical minor rehabilitation life span,
for example, x3. The thin overlay is
considered as cost effective if its EAC is less than the EAC of
a minor rehabilitation. For
example, if the cost of a thin overlay is 60% of the cost of a
minor rehabilitation, and if the
average service life of the minor rehabilitation is twelve (12)
years, then the thin overlay must
extend the time to next treatment by more than seven (7) years
to be cost-effective.
Task 5: Determination of Treatment Criteria
This task was to determine under what circumstances a thin HMA
overlay would be more
likely to be cost-effective. The parameters that likely affect
the performance and cost-
effectiveness of a thin overlay include: 1) existing pavement
type, 2) pavement condition prior
to the thin overlay, 3) thickness of the overlay, 4) traffic
loading, 5) climatic factors such as
snowfall amount, 6) District location, and 7) quality of the
thin overlay itself, including quality
of the materials used, workmanship of construction, and time of
year of the placement. Except
for the last category of parameters, where no data are readily
available, the effect of each of the
above parameters on thin overlay performance, benefit, and
cost-effectiveness were
investigated. The District location parameter likely encompasses
a number of parameters such
as material qualities, maintenance practices, rehabilitation
strategies, traffic patterns and
climate.
The criteria for selecting the candidate pavements suitable for
thin HMA overlay treatment and
the optimal timing of constructing a thin overlay were also
developed as part of this task. The
cost effectiveness of each thin overlay sections was determined
based on the performance area
method. The criteria were developed by comparing the
characteristics of the thin overlays that
were deemed cost effective with those thin overlays that were
deemed not cost effective.
12
-
Task 6: Development of a Prototype Aggregate Source Quality
Information System
Aggregates comprise the basic skeleton of any flexible or
concrete pavement. Therefore, the
quality of aggregates strongly influences the durability and
performance of pavement. The
scope of this task was to develop a prototype aggregate source
information system to reference
aggregate source and quality data geographically, and to
correlate the aggregate quarry test data
to pavement performance. Available data from Districts 2 and 3
are use to developed the
prototype system. The geo-referenced aggregate source quality
information can be used by the
Office of Materials Management as a pro-active tool for
allocating sampling resources (i.e.,
increasing sampling in suspect areas before they become a
problem) and for monitoring
aggregate quality.
The specific subtasks performed include:
Development of an ArcGIS Script for Data Entry
An ArcGIS Script was developed to allow the user to append and
edit the aggregate quality
data into the database and use them for further analysis. The
detailed description of the steps to
use the script is covered in Sections 3 to 6 of Appendix F.
Clipping the Grid Automatically 20 Miles from Aggregate
Source
After importing the aggregate quality data into ArcGIS, the
method of clipping the resulting
raster data was done using the buffer and extraction tools
available in ArcGIS 9.1. The detailed
steps to accomplish this task are covered in Section 11.2 of
Appendix F.
Recommendation for a Suitable Interpolation Method
Different methods are available to interpolate the aggregate
test data from the quarry source
locations. The details of these methods and the steps to
identify the best method are described
in Section 9 of Appendix F. The estimated root mean square error
(RMSE) was used as an
13
-
indicator to determine the most suitable interpolation method.
The method that yields the
lowest RMSE is recommended as the best method.
Analyzing the Aggregate Test Data and Correlation with Pavement
Performance
Large amounts of aggregate quality test data from various
quarries have been collected by
ODOT dating back many years. The two types of test data analyzed
for this study are
soundness loss and abrasion loss. Using data from Districts 2
and 3, where aggregate source(s)
for each pavement project were identified through the Job Mix
Formula (JMF) and the
Producer/Supplier Code information, the aggregate quality
corresponding to the same time era
of construction was correlated with the subsequent pavement
performance, in terms of the
average PCR drop per year. When the exact aggregate source can
not be identified, aggregate
quality interpolated from nearby quarry locations was used to
correlate with pavement
performance.
14
-
FINDINGS OF THE RESEARCH EFFORT
The findings of this study are presented in this section. They
include:
I. Performance experience of thin overlay as a maintenance
treatment in Ohio
District Maintenance Engineers survey results,
Summary of distresses from PCR data,
Actual service life of terminated thin overlays,
II. Cost effectiveness of thin overlays
Time extension of service life due to thin overlays,
Performance (area under the PCR-age curve) of thin overlays,
Benefit of thin overlays,
Cost analysis,
Benefit-Cost Ratio and Cost-Effectiveness Determination
III. Criteria for cost-effective thin overlay treatment and
timing of construction, and
IX. Prototype aggregate source quality information system
I. Experience of Thin Overlay as a Maintenance Treatment in
Ohio
District Maintenance Engineers Survey Results
The following distresses were reported by the District
Maintenance Engineers as typically
failure modes of thin HMA overlays:
Reflective cracking, Random / thermal cracking, Edge cracking
(only on Urban/General system pavements), Raveling, Longitudinal
cold joint failures, Rutting (only on Urban/General system
pavements in Districts 6 and 11), Corrugation (occasional, in hilly
area with high trucks and thin overlay
thickness, reported by Districts 4, 6, 7, and 8),
De-bonding (occasional), and
15
-
Water in base course was identified by Districts 8 and 11 as
cause of many failures.
The survey questionnaire and the detailed responses of each
District Maintenance Engineer are
included in Appendix B.
Summary of Distresses from PCR Data
Based on the historic PCR and corresponding distress data
contained in the ODOT Pavement
Database, the actual distresses observed for pavements that
received a thin overlay treatment
between 1990 and 1998 were extracted. Table 3 shows the median
deduct value of the more
significant distresses for thin overlays that were eight (8)
years old in each District. Higher
deduct values correspond to a combination of higher severity
and/or extent of a particular
distress. It can be seen that the type of distress and the
severity of each distress vary from one
District to another. The shaded cells in Table 3 represent
significant distress deducts. For the
Priority system, where the majority of pavements are composite
pavements, joint reflective
cracking, raveling, rutting, and crack sealing deficiency are
the major distresses. For the
General system, with predominantly flexible pavements, block and
transverse cracking,
raveling, rutting, wheel track cracking, and crack sealing
deficiency are the major distresses.
The effect of milling is not obvious and varies among
Districts.
Figure 3(a) and 3(b) shows the average levels of the more
significant distresses before and
eight (8) years after thin overlays. The vertical axis is the
percentage of pavements having the
particular distress level. The horizontal axis shows the level
of distress in terms of severity and
extent, ranging from NULL (not-exist) to LO (Low severity,
Occasional), LF (Low severity,
Frequent), to HE (High severity, Extensive). Thin overlays are
more effective in reducing
rutting distress, but less effective in eradiating cracking
distresses. Figure 3(c) shows that thin
overlays that required milling had more prior cracking
distresses. The average cracking
distress levels eight years after thin overlays with milling are
not significantly different from
the average prior distress levels, and are comparable to that of
overlays without milling. As the
milling data are not precise and the practices of milling vary
among Districts, more detailed
analysis is necessary to accurately determine the effect of
milling.
16
-
Table 3: Median Deducts 8 Years after Thin Overlay in Each
District
(a) Priority System District Type of
Distress Milling 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 w/o 3.2 1.9 1.9 0.6
0 1.9 0 0 3.8 Intermediate
Transverse Cracking with 1.9 3.2 1.9 0 4.8 0.6 0 1.9 6.4 1.9
w/o 12 9.6 12 7.2 0 7.2 2.4 1 7.2 Joint Reflection Cracking with
12 12 7.2 12 12 7.2 0 7.2 12 9.6
w/o 3.5 2 2.4 3.0 0 3.5 0.8 1 4 Longitudinal Cracking with 3 4
1.2 1.8 5 0.8 2.5 2.4 3 2.4
w/o 3 3 3 3 0 3.0 3 3 3 Raveling
with 3 3 3 3 4.8 3 3 3 3 3 w/o 3 1.8 3 5.6 0 2.4 0 0 3
Rutting with 7 7 4.2 0 3 2.4 3 1.8 7 4.2 w/o 5 4 5 4.0 0 4.0 0 4
4 Crack
Sealing Deficiency with 5 2.5 4 0 5 5 5 5 4 5
w/o 32 25 35 30 23 22 8 12 18 30 30 ALL
with 33 37 29 11 41 24 29 27 34 31
(b) General System District Type of
Distress Milling 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 w/o 3.5 4.9 7 7 7
4.9 5 4.9 3.5 4.9 7 7 Block and
Transverse Cracking with 3.5 2.8 4.9 7 7 5 5 4.9 2.8 7 7
w/o 1 1.8 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.8 1 2 2.5 1.8 2.5 Edge Cracking with
1.8 1 3.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.8 1.8 2 1.8 1.8
w/o 2.4 3.5 3.5 3.5 2.5 2.5 3 2.5 1.8 1.4 1.8 2.5 Longitudinal
Cracking with 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2 1.4 2.4 2.4 1.2
w/o 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Raveling
with 3 3 3 4.8 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 w/o 3 3 4.2 3 3 3 3 3 3 1.8 2.4
3
Rutting with 3 2.4 4.2 3 4.2 3 3 2.4 0 3 3 1.8 w/o 3 4.2 7.3 5.2
4.2 4.2 3 3 3 5.2 5.2 4.2 Wheel
Track Cracking with 3 4.2 5.2 4.8 5.2 3 3 3 5.2 4.2 5.2
w/o 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 4 5 4 Crack Sealing
Deficiency with 4 2.5 4 5 4 5 4 5 0 5 5 2.5
w/o 23 29 37 35 32 26 27 26 23 24 32 30 ALL
with 23 18 35 32 32 28 25 23 18 31 32 17
17
-
(a) Priority System Thin Overlays constructed between 1990 and
1998 Intermediate Transverse Cracks (Jointed Base)
0.00
50.00
100.00
NU
LL LO LF LE L MO
MF
ME M HO HF
HE H O F E
Prior8th YearPe
rcen
t M
ileag
e
(3.2)
Joint Reflection Cracks (Jointed Base)
0.00
50.00
100.00
NU
LL LO LF LE L MO
MF
ME M HO HF
HE H O F E
Prior8th YearPe
rcen
t M
ileag
e (9.6)(7.2)
Longitudinal Cracking
0.00
50.00
100.00
NU
LL LO LF LE L MO
MF
ME M HO HF
HE H O F E
Prior8th YearPe
rcen
t M
ileag
e
(2.4)(3) (4)
Ravelling
0.00
50.00
100.00
NU
LL LO LF LE L MO
MF
ME M HO HF
HE H O F E
Prior8th Year
(3)
Perc
ent
Mile
age
Rutting
0.00
50.00
100.00
NU
LL LO LF LE L MO
MF
ME M HO HF
HE H O F E
Prior8th YearPe
rcen
t M
ileag
e (7)(3)
Crack Sealing Deficiency
0.00
50.00
100.00
NU
LL LO LF LE L MO
MF
ME M HO HF
HE H O F E
Prior8th Year
(5)
Perc
ent
Mile
age
(4)(2.5)
Figure 3(a): Average Distress Levels Prior to and 8 Years after
Thin Overlay
(Numbers in parenthesis indicate the corresponding deduct
Value)
18
-
(b) General System Thin Overlays constructed between 1990 and
1998 Edge Cracking
0.00
50.00
100.00
NU
LL LO LF LE L MO
MF
ME M HO HF
HE H O F E
Prior8th YearPe
rcen
t M
ileag
e
(7) (10)
Longitudinal Cracking
0.00
50.00
100.00
NU
LL LO LF LE L MO
MF
ME M HO HF
HE H O F E
Prior8th YearPe
rcen
t M
ileag
e
(3.5/3)(5)
Ravelling
0.00
50.00
100.00
NU
LL LO LF LE L MO
MF
ME M HO HF
HE H O F E
Prior8th Year
(3)
Perc
ent
Mile
age
(6)(3)
Rutting
0.00
50.00
100.00
NU
LL LO LF LE L MO
MF
ME M HO HF
HE H O F E
Prior8th Year
Perc
ent
Mile
age
(3) (7)
Wheel Track Cracking
0.00
50.00
100.00
NU
LL LO LF LE L MO
MF
ME M HO HF
HE H O F E
Prior8th YearPe
rcen
t M
ileag
e
(5.25) (7.35)
Crack Sealing Deficiency
0.00
50.00
100.00
NU
LL LO LF LE L MO
MF
ME M HO HF
HE H O F E
Prior8th Year
(5)
Perc
ent
Mile
age
(4) (2.5)
Figure 3(b): Average Distress Levels Prior to and 8 Years after
Thin Overlay
(Numbers in parenthesis indicate the corresponding deduct
Value)
19
-
Intermediate Transverse Cracks (Jointed Base) - Without Milling
(Priority System)
0
50
100
NU
LL LO LF LE L MO
MF
ME M HO HF
HE H O F E
Prior8th YearPe
rcen
t M
ileag
e
Intermediate Transverse Cracks (Jointed Base) - With Milling
(Priority System)
0
50
100
NU
LL LO LF LE L MO
MF
ME M HO HF
HE H O F E
Prior8th YearPe
rcen
t M
ileag
e
Joint Reflection Cracks (Jointed Base) - Without Milling
(Priority System)
0
50
100
NU
LL LO LF LE L MO
MF
ME M HO HF
HE H O F E
Prior8th YearPe
rcen
t M
ileag
e
Joint Reflection Cracks (Jointed Base) - With Milling (Priority
System)
0
50
100
NU
LL LO LF LE L MO
MF
ME M HO HF
HE H O F E
Prior8th Year
Perc
ent
Mile
age
Longitudinal Cracking - Without Milling (General System)
0
50
100
NU
LL LO LF LE L MO
MF
ME M HO HF
HE H O F E
Prior8th YearPe
rcen
t M
ileag
e
Longitudinal Cracking - With Milling (General System)
0
50
100
NU
LL LO LF LE L MO
MF
ME M HO HF
HE H O F E
Prior8th YearPe
rcen
t M
ileag
e
Figure 3(c): Effect of Milling on Average Distress Levels Prior
to and 8 Years
after Thin Overlay constructed between 1990 and 1998
20
-
Actual Service Life of Terminated Thin Overlay The actual
service lives of terminated thin overlays, i.e., those thin
overlays that have been
replaced by a subsequent minor rehabilitation or another thin
overlay treatment, vary widely.
Figure 4 shows the distributions of actual service lives of thin
overlays on Priority and General
Systems, respectively.
The typical actual service life of Priority system thin overlays
is between 4 and 9 years, with an
average life of 6.6 years. The typical actual service life of
General system thin overlays is
between 6 and 12 years, with an average life of 9.1 years.
Figure 5 shows that the actual service lives of thin overlays
performed on flexible pavements
are longer than those on composite pavements. This is
particularly true for Priority system thin
overlays. The median actual life of Priority system thin
overlays on flexible pavements is 8
years, while on composite pavements, its 6 years.
The average actual lives of thin overlays in each District are
shown in Figure 6. The average
lives for most Districts are not significantly different from
the statewide average values.
Priority system thin overlays in District 9 have the longest
average service life of nearly 10
years, while General system thin overlays in District 12 have
the longest average life of nearly
12 years. However, comparing the actual service lives can be
misleading, as the condition at
which a thin overlay is replaced can be very different. A thin
overlay may be replaced at a very
poor condition resulting in a long actual service life, whereas
another pavement may be
replaced at a much better condition, resulting in a shorter
actual life. Therefore, the length of
actual service life may not fully reflect the performance of a
thin overlay.
Figure 7 shows the terminal PCR score, i.e., the PCR score at
which a thin overlay was
replaced by the next treatment, varies significantly among
Districts. Statewide, the average
terminal PCR score for Priority system thin overlays is 73, and
for General system thin
overlays, 69. General System thin overlays in District 12 have
the lowest terminal PCR scores
of mostly below 60, indicating that the long actual service
lives in this District are simply due
to not replacing the thin overlays until the pavements are in
very poor condition.
21
-
Mileage vs. Actual Service Life Distribution of all Terminated
Thin Overlay Projects in Priority System
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Actual Service Life (in Years)
Mile
age
`` `
Total Miles = 1030.1 No. of Sections = 507 No. of Projects = 135
Mean () = 6.6 years STDev () = 2.7 years
(a) Priority System
Mileage vs. Actual Service Life Distribution of all Terminated
Thin Overlay Projects
in General System
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Actual Service Life (in Years)
Mile
age
Total Miles = 4075.2 No. of Sections = 1923 No. of Projects =
764 Mean () = 9.1 years STDev () = 3.0 years
(b) General System
Figure 4: Actual Service Lives Distribution of Terminated Thin
Overlay Projects
22
-
Actual Service Life by Pavement Type in Priority System
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Flexible Composite
Pavement Type
Act
ual S
ervi
ce L
ife
(a) Priority System
Actual Service Life by Pavement Type in General System
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Flexible Composite
Pavement Type
Act
ual S
ervi
ce L
ife
(b) General System
Figure 5: Actual Service Life as a Function of Pavement Type
23
-
Thin Overlay Actual Service Life by District in Priority
System
0
5
10
15
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Districts
Ave
rage
Act
ual S
ervi
ce L
ife(in
Yea
rs)
Priority System (a) Priority System
Thin Overlay Actual Service Life by District in General
System
0
5
10
15
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Districts
Ave
rage
Act
ual S
ervi
ce L
ife(in
Yea
rs)
General System (b) General System
Figure 6: Average Service Life of Terminated Thin Overlays in
Each District
24
-
Priority System Terminal PCR of Terminated Projects by
District
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12District
Ter
min
al P
CR
(a) Priority System
General System Terminal PCR of Terminated Projects by
District
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12District
Ter
min
al P
CR
(b) General System
Figure 7: Terminal PCR of Terminated Thin Overlay Projects in
Each District
25
-
II. Cost Effectiveness of Thin Overlays In order to evaluate the
cost effectiveness of thin overlays accurately, it is necessary to
project
the thin overlay performance to a uniform terminal PCR. The
terminal PCR threshold value for
Priority system pavements is 65, while the terminal PCR
threshold value for General system
pavements is 60, which was raised from 55 recently. If the
measured PCR deterioration trend
ends above the terminal threshold, the deterioration trend is
projected to the terminal threshold,
using the Markov prediction model developed in a separate
research study. The expected
service life of a pavement is defined as the time from the end
of construction till the actual or
predicted PCR score falls below the threshold value.
Figure 8 shows the statewide average deterioration trends of
thin overlays and minor
rehabilitation for Priority and General System pavements. Based
on a terminal PCR threshold
of 65, the expected service life of a Priority System thin
overlay is 9 years, while a Priority
system minor rehabilitation is expected to last 12 years. For
the General System, based on a
terminal PCR threshold of 60, the expected service life of a
thin overlay is 13 years, and of a
minor rehabilitation, around 14 years.
The Extension of Service Life Due to a Thin Overlay
The expected time extensions of service lives due to the
performance of a thin overlay are
shown in Figures 9 and 10. Figure 9 shows that Priority System
thin overlays, on average,
extend the expected service life of an existing pavement by
about 7.5 years, with a standard
deviation of 3.4 years. Figure 10 shows that General System thin
overlays extend the expected
service life of an existing pavement by an average of 10.7
years, with a standard deviation of
3.8 years.
The actual time extension of service lives varies widely from
the average values as evidenced
by the rather high standard deviation values, and as shown in
Figures 9 and 10.
26
-
Statewide PCR Family Curves - Priority System
Line of Threshold PCR
50556065707580859095
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Age (in
Years)
PCR
Minor Rehab Thin Overlay
(a) Priority System
Statewide PCR Family Curves - General System
Line of Threshold PCR
50556065707580859095
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Age (in
Years)
PCR
Minor Rehab Thin Overlay
(b) General System
Figure 8: Average Performance Trends of Minor Rehabilitation and
Thin Overlay
27
-
Distribution of x1
0
100
200
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20Time (in
Years)
Mile
age No. of Sections = 820
Total Miles = 1679.85 Mean () = 8.1 years Stdev () = 6.0
years
(a) Age of Existing Pavement at the Time of Thin Overlay, x1
Distribution of x2
0
100
200
300
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Time (in
Years)
Mile
age No. of Sections = 820
Total Miles = 1679.85 Mean () = 9.0 years Stdev () = 3.9
years
(b) Service Life of Thin Overlay, x2
Distribution of x3
050
100150200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21Time (in
Years)
Mile
age No. of Sections = 820
Total Miles = 1679.85 Mean () = 8.5 years Stdev () = 6.0
years
(c) Service Life If Thin Overlay Was Not Performed, x3
Distribution of Time Extension (t)
0
100
200
300
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18Time (in Years)
Mile
age No. of Sections = 820
Total Miles = 1679.85 Mean () = 7.5 years Stdev () = 3.4
years
(d) Time Extension, t
Figure 9: Time Extension (t) of Thin Overlays on Priority
System
28
-
Distribution of x1
0
500
1000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Time (in
Years)
Mile
age No. of Sections = 2870
Total Miles = 6173.19 Mean () = 8.1 years Stdev () = 4.9
years
(a) Age of Existing Pavement at the Time of Thin Overlay, x1
Distribution of x2
0200400600800
1000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23Time
(in Years)
Mile
age No. of Sections = 2870
Total Miles = 6173.19 Mean () = 13.1 years Stdev () = 3.6
years
(b) Service Life of Thin Overlay, x2
Distribution of x3
0200400600800
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Time (in
Years)
Mile
age No. of Sections = 2870
Total Miles = 6173.19 Mean () = 9.7 years Stdev () = 5.2
years
(c) Service Life if Thin Overlay Was Not Performed, x3
Distribution of Time Extension (t)
0200400600800
1000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Time (in
Years)
Mile
age No. of Sections = 2870
Total Miles = 6173.19 Mean () = 10.7 years Stdev () = 3.8
years
(d) Time Extension, t
Figure 10: Time Extension (t) of Thin Overlays on General
System
29
-
The Performance (Area under the PCR-Age Curve) of Thin
Overlay
The performance of a thin overlay is defined by the area between
the PCR versus Age curve
and the terminal PCR threshold line. For example, Figure 11
shows the performance area for
an actual General System thin overlay section. The shaded area
is the performance of the thin
overlay.
The performance of a thin overlay can be influenced by many
parameters. One of the most
important parameters is the condition of the existing pavement
prior to the thin overlay. Figure
12 shows that thin overlay performance increases with better
existing pavement condition, i.e.,
higher PCR prior, especially on Priority System pavements. Table
4 shows that thin overlays
were performed on pavements with various Prior PCR scores, from
below 55 to nearly 90.
Thin Overlay PerformanceCounty LUC; Route 024R; Station UP; Elog
0; Blog 1.11
60
70
80
90
100
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011Year
PCR
MinorMinor (Predicted)Thin OverlayThin Overlay (Predicted)
Figure 11: Definition of Thin Overlay Performance
30
-
Priority System (Threshold PCR = 65) Thin Overlays
PerformanceArea Under Curve Distribution
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0-55 56-60 61-65 66-70 71-75 76-80 81-85 86-90
PCRPrior
Perf
orm
ance
(PC
R-Y
ear)
(a) Priority System
General System (Threshold PCR = 60) Thin Overlays
PerformanceArea Under Curve Distribution
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
56-60 61-65 66-70 71-75 76-80 81-85 86-90
PCRPrior
Perf
orm
ance
(PC
R-Y
ear)
(b) General System
Figure 12: Effect of Existing Pavement Condition on Thin Overlay
Performance
31
-
Table 4: Number of Thin Overlay Sections in Various Prior PCR
Ranges
No. of Thin Overlay Sections in each Prior-PCR Range Priority
0-55 56-60 61-65 66-70 71-75 76-80 81-85 86-90
P 58 84 160 185 206 125 101 31 G 584 754 954 1136 1012 539 282
150
Figure 13 shows that PCR scores prior to thin overlays vary
significantly among Districts.
Districts 1, 5 and 9 performed most of their thin overlays on
pavements with an exiting PCR of
between 70 and 85. In contrast, some Districts often perform
thin overlay treatments when the
prior PCR scores are below 70 or even below 60.
This high variation of prior PCR scores among Districts can be
attributed to both the variation
of pavement performance and conditions among Districts and
differences in District
maintenance policy. For General System thin overlays, the prior
PCR scores shown in Figure
13 are similar to the terminal PCR scores shown in Figure 7 for
most Districts, because thin
overlays are routinely followed by another thin overlay
treatment on General System
pavements. However, the pattern is different for Priority system
pavements, as thin overlays
are usually not repeated. If the thin overlays were performed as
a preventive maintenance
treatment, the terminal PCR score would be lower than the PCR
score; such is the case in
District 1. However, in other Districts, thin overlays were
often performed as a way to
postpone the next rehabilitation, and were replaced at a
relatively early age. As a result, the
terminal PCR is higher than the Prior PCR.
Thin overlays that were constructed on pavements with better
existing conditions have better
performance; therefore, they likely have higher terminal PCR
scores when replaced by the next
treatment, say, seven to nine years later. This becomes a
positive, upward cycle for those
Districts that do not have a large backlog of poor pavements,
and can afford to maintain and
rehabilitated their pavements in a timely manner.
Figure 14 shows the average thin overlay performance in each
District.
32
-
Priority System Prior PCR by District
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12District
Prio
r PC
R
(a) Priority System
General System Prior PCR by District
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12District
Prio
r PC
R
(b) General System
Figure 13: Prior PCR Range in Each District
33
-
Thin Overlay Performance by DistrictAverage Area Under Curve
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12District
Ave
rage
Per
form
ance
(PC
R-Y
ear)
Priority System - PCR Threshold = 65 (a) Priority System
Thin Overlay Performance by DistrictAverage Area Under Curve
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12District
Ave
rage
Per
form
ance
(PC
R-Y
ear)
General System - PCR Threshold = 55 General System - PCR
Threshold = 60
(b) General System
Figure 14: Average Thin Overlay Performance in each District
34
-
Figure 15 shows that the amount of annual snowfall adversely
affects thin overlay performance.
This climate parameter contributes, at least partially, to the
above average performance in
Districts 8, 9, and 10 and the below average performance in
Districts 3, 4, and 12.
The overlay performance is also influenced by overlay thickness.
However, for thin overlays,
the thickness ranges only from 1 to 2 inches, with a majority of
the thin overlays having a
thickness of 1.5 inches or higher. Figure 16 shows that the
proportions of different thin overlay
thicknesses vary significantly among Districts. For example, on
the Priority System, most of
the 1.75-inch overlays were performed by District 7. District 2
performs mostly 1.5-inch
overlays, while District 10 performs mostly 2-inch overlays.
Figure 17 shows that greater thickness corresponds to a slight
increase in performance. The
effect of thickness is likely confounded with other parameters,
such as the Prior PCR. As
shown, 1.75-inch Priority System thin overlays perform poorly,
but they are mostly in District
7, where the median prior PCR of its Priority System thin
overlay is 66, below the statewide
average.
Figure 18 shows that Priority System thin overlay performance
does not appear to correlate
with traffic loadings. However, the performance of General
System thin overlays decreases at
high traffic loading level of annual ESAL above 200,000 (log
ESAL greater than 5.5).
Table 5 shows that most of the General System pavements are in
the low to medium traffic
loading levels (log ESAL below 5.5).
Table 5: Number of Thin Overlay Sections in Different Traffic
Loading Levels
No. of Pavement Sections in Each Traffic Loading Range (log
ESAL) Priority
0-4.4 4.5-4.9 5.0-5.4 5.5-5.9 6.0-6.4 6.5-8.0 P 67 237 441 227 G
1323 1960 1576 590 157 12
35
-
Priority System (Threshold PCR = 65) Thin Overlays
PerformanceArea Under Curve Distribution
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
15-21 22-28 29-35 36-42 43-99Snowfall (inches)
Perf
orm
ance
(PC
R-Y
ear)
n = 230 n = 378 n = 101 n = 84 n = 197
(a) Priority System
General System (Threshold PCR = 60) Thin Overlays
PerformanceArea Under Curve Distribution
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
15-21 22-28 29-35 36-42 43-99Snowfall (inches)
Perf
orm
ance
(PC
R-Y
ear)
n = 1081 n = 2531 n = 1055 n = 567 n = 389
(b) General System
Figure 15: Effect of Snowfall on General System Thin Overlay
Performance
36
-
Thickness Added-Mileage by District in Priority System
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12District
Mile
age
21.751.51.251
(a) Priority System
Thickness Added-Mileage by District in General System
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12District
Mile
age
21.751.51.251
(b) General System
Figure 16: Proportions of Thin Overlay Thickness in Each
District
37
-
Priority System (Threshold PCR = 65) Thin Overlays
PerformanceArea Under Curve Distribution
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1.25 1.5 1.75 2Thickness Added
Perf
orm
ance
(PC
R-Y
ear)
n = 122 n = 464 n = 111 n = 222
(a) Priority System
General System (Threshold PCR = 60) Thin Overlays
PerformanceArea Under Curve Distribution
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2Thickness Added
Perf
orm
ance
(PC
R-Y
ear
n = 275 n = 488 n = 2077 n = 1169 n = 1513
(b) General System
Figure 17: Effect of Overlay Thickness on Thin Overlay
Performance
38
-
Priority System (Threshold PCR = 65) Thin Overlays
PerformanceArea Under Curve Distribution
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
5.0-5.4 5.5-5.9 6.0-6.4 6.5-8.0log(Average ESAL)
Perf
orm
ance
(PC
R-Y
ear)
n = 67 n = 237 n = 441 n = 227
(a) Priority System
General System (Threshold PCR = 60) Thin Overlays
PerformanceArea Under Curve Distribution
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0-4.4 4.5-4.9 5.0-5.4 5.5-5.9 6.0-6.4log(Average ESAL)
Perf
orm
ance
(PC
R-Y
ear)
n = 1323 n = 1960 n = 1576 n = 590 n = 157
(b) General System
Figure 18: Effect of Traffic Loading on Thin Overlay
Performance
39
-
Figure 19 shows that the average statewide thin overlay
performance has improved
significantly since the earlier 1990s, likely due to improved
material specifications and
construction quality. The performance improvement is
particularly pronounced for Priority
System thin overlays, although General System thin overlay
performance has also been
improving steadily. Another reason for the dramatic improvement
in the performance of thin
overlays on the Priority system could be ODOTs move to designed
overlays in 1985. If the
project went through the 4-lane/Intertate rehabilitation program
and received a thin overlay,
them the dynaflect measurements indicated a thin overlay was
structurally ok. Pavement in bad
condition structurally would not have received a thin
overlay.
Because of the significant performance improvements in recent
years, only thin overlays
constructed after 1994 were included in the subsequent analysis
for cost effectiveness
determination. Table 6 below shows the number of thin overlay
projects and mileage
constructed between 1994 and 2002. These data were used in the
subsequent analysis.
Table 6: Thin Overlay Projects Constructed during 1994-2002
Priority General No. of Thin
Overlay Project
No. of Thin
Overlay Project
District Miles Miles
1 5 77.3 80 557.3 2 5 30.7 37 232.1 3 5 47.8 60 400.6 4 9 57.4
60 389.9 5 14 102 30 310.4 6 22 285.2 74 669.4 7 12 139.6 160 810.9
8 11 161.3 53 387.8 9 3 4.3 51 293 10 8 40.8 100 842.1 11 8 76.9 91
694.4 12 12 82.7 21 85.5
Statewide 114 1105.90 817 5673.4
40
-
Average Performance Trend by Year of Construction in Priority
System (Threshold PCR = 65)
0
50
100
150
200A
vera
ge P
erfo
rman
ce
0 1 2 3 4 5Year of Construction
(a) Priority System
Average Performance Trend by Year of Construction inGeneral
System
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5Year of Construction
Ave
rage
Per
form
ance
General (Threshold PCR=60) General (Threshold PCR=55) (b)
General System
Figure 19: Average Performance as a Function of Year of
Construction
1997-1999 2000-2002 1994-1996 1991-1993
1997-1999 2000-2002 1994-1996 1991-1993
41
-
The Benefit of Thin Overlay
The benefit of a thin overlay may be defined as the part of the
thin overlay performance area
that would not exist if not for the construction of the thin
overlay. In other words, the benefit
of a thin overlay is the performance area of the thin overlay
minus the residual performance
area of the existing pavement. Figure 20 illustrates the benefit
of a thin overlay according to
the above definition with the shaded area represents the thin
overlay benefit.
The benefit of a thin overlay is influenced by both the thin
overlay performance and the timing
of thin overlay construction. As shown earlier, thin overlays
that are constructed early (i.e.,
with higher prior PCR) tend to have better performance, but more
of the performance area is
attributed to the residual performance of the existing
pavement.
Figure 21 shows the average performance and benefit as a
function of the existing pavement
condition (prior PCR). The benefit is identical to the
performance when the existing pavement
condition is at or below the terminal PCR threshold. Figure 22
shows the prior cracking
deduct values adversely affect thin overlay performance and
benefit.
Thin Overlay Benefit
County LUC; Route 024R; Station UP; Elog 0; Blog 1.11
60
70
80
90
100
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011
Year
PCR
MinorMinor (Predicted)Thin OverlayThin Overlay (Predicted)
Figure 20: Definition of Thin Overlay Benefit
42
-
Thin Overlay Performance vs. Benefit in Priority System
0
50
100
150
200
250
55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95PCRPrior
Ave
rage
Are
a un
der
the
Cur
ve(P
CR
-Yea
r)
Benefit Performance
(a) Priority System
Thin Overlay Performance vs. Benefit for General
System(Threshold PCR = 60)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95PCRPrior
Ave
rage
Are
a un
der
the
Cur
ve(P
CR
-Yea
r)
Benefit Performance
(b) General System
Figure 21: Average Performance and Benefit as a Function of
Prior PCR
43
-
Thin Overlay Performance vs. Benefit in Priority
System(Threshold PCR = 65)
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 5 10 15 20 25 30Prior Cracking Deduct
Ave
rage
Are
a un
der
the
Cur
ve(P
CR
-Yea
r)
Benefit Performance
(a) Priority System
Thin Overlay Performance vs. Benefit for General
System(Threshold PCR = 60)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Prior Cracking Deduct
Ave
rage
Are
a un
der
the
Cur
ve(P
CR
-Yea
r)
Benefit Performance
(b) General System
Figure 22: Average Performance and Benefit as a Function of
Prior Cracking Deduct
44
-
In addition to correcting surface deficiencies and reducing the
rate of condition deterioration, a
thin overlay also improves the ride quality of the existing
pavement. The ride quality of a
pavement is measured by the International Roughness Index (IRI)
in inches/mile or m/km.
Higher IRI means poorer ride quality.
Figure 23 shows the average IRI values before and after a thin
overlay on flexible and on
composite pavements. It can be seen from this figure that the
ride condition improves (i.e., the
IRI value decreases) immediately following the thin overlay, and
the ride condition gradually
deteriorates (as the IRI value gradually increases) as the thin
overlay ages.
For flexible pavements in both the Priority and General Systems,
the improvement of ride
quality due to a thin overlay is very significant, as it takes
nearly 16 years, on average, for the
IRI of the overlaid pavement to return to the same IRI level
prior to the thin overlay. For
Priority System composite pavements, the average time is less
than 7 years; and for General
System composite pavements, its about 11 years.
It can be concluded that the benefit of a thin overlay, in terms
of improved ride condition, is
very substantial for flexible pavements. Even for Priority
System composite pavements, a thin
overlay provides, on average, nearly 7 years of ride condition
improvement compared with the
ride condition before the thin overlay. Note that the average
actual service life of thin overlays
on Priority System pavements is also approximately 7 years.
The benefits of condition and ride improvements are not combined
in this study, as the
maintenance and rehabilitation decisions are mostly driven by
the pavement condition alone,
and the two have different characteristics and units. However,
the above analysis on ride
quality before and after thin overlays shows that thin overlays
provide comparable
improvements to the pavement distress condition as well as ride
quality.
45
-
Priority System
Average Prior IRI
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Age (in Years)
Ave
rage
IRI
Flexible Composite
(a) Priority System
General System
Average Prior IRI - Flexible
Average Prior IRI - Composite
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Age (in Years)
Ave
rage
IRI
Flexible Composite
(b) General System
Figure 23: Average Ride Quality Deterioration Trend of Thin
Overlay
46
-
Cost Analysis
Average Unit Cost of Thin Overlays
Thirteen (13) Priority system thin overlay projects completed
between 2001 and 2007 were
included in the analysis. The average project length was 5.07
centerline miles (or 20.26 lane
miles). The overlay thicknesses were 1.5, 1.75, or 2 inches,
with an average thickness of 1.65
inches. The average weighted by length unit cost was $58,856 per
lane-mile (when not
weighted by length the unit cost was $64,376 per lane mile). The
weighted by length unit cost
is lower than the straight average cost per mile, because
shorter projects generally have higher
unit costs than longer projects.
Ninety three (93) General system thin overlay projects completed
between 2003 and 2007 were
included in the analysis. The averag