146276446 Flow Measurement

8/12/2019 146276446 Flow Measurement

1/62

Standards

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Flow Measurement

Mark Murphy, PETechnical Director, Fluor Corp


2/62

COMMONLY USED FLOW DEVICES

Differential Pressure (Hea! "#$e! Orifi%e Plate & Con%entri%' E%%entri%' Semental' )uarant Ee' Interal'Conitionin

! Venturi "u*e! Flow No++les! El*ow! Pitot "u*e' ,-erain Pitot "u*e (,nnu*ar!! Varia*le ,rea (.otameter!

! Wee Meter! V&Cone

Mass "#$e / measures t0e mass flow rate ire%tl#1! Coriolis! "0ermal

Velo%it# "#$e! Maneti%

! Ultrasoni% & "ransit "ime' Do$$ler! "ur*ine! Vorte2

O$en C0annel "#$e! Weir! Pars0all Flume

Ot0er "#$es! Positi-e Dis$la%ement! "aret


3/62

FLOW ME,SU.EMEN" & "E.MS

" DE#S$T% r'

! ( Measure )f Mass Per *nit )f +olue lb-ft.or kg-M.'

" SPEC$F$C /0(+$T%

! The 0atio )f The Density )f ( Material To The Density )f 1ater )r

(ir Depending )n 1hether $t $s ( 2i3uid )r ( /as

" C)MP0ESS$42E F2*$D

! Fluids Such (s /asses' 1here The +olue Changes 1ith 0espect

To Changes $n The Pressure These Fluids Experience 2arge

Changes $n Density Due To Changes $n Pressure" #)#5C)MP0ESS$42E F2*$D

! Fluids /enerally 2i3uids' 1hich 0esist Changes $n +olue (s The

Pressure Changes These Fluids Experience 2ittle Change $n Density

Due To Pressure Changes


4/62

FLOW ME,SU.EMEN" & "E.MS

" 2inear! Transitter output is directly proportional to the flo6 input

" S3uare 0oot! Flo6 is proportional to the s3uare root of the easured 7alue

" 4eta 0atio d-D'! 0atio of a differential pressure flo6 de7ice bore d' di7ided by internal

diaeter of pipe D'

! ( higher 4eta ratio eans a larger orifice si8e ( larger orifice plate bore

si8e eans greater flo6 capacity and a lo6er peranent pressure loss

" Pressure 9ead! The Pressure (t ( /i7en Point $n ( 2i3uid Measured $n Ters )f The

+ertical 9eight )f ( Colun )f The 2i3uid #eeded To Produce The Sae

Pressure


5/62

FLOW ME,SU.EMEN" & UNI"S

" Flow is measure as a 3uantit# (eit0er -olume ormass! $er unit time

" Volumetri% units! 2i3uid

!gp, bbl-day, .-hr, liters-in, etc! /as or +apor

! ft.-hr, .-hr, etc

" Mass units (eit0er li3ui' as or -a$or!! lb-hr, kg-hr, etc

" Flow %an *e measure in a%%umulate (totali+e! totalamounts for a time $erio! gallons, liters, eters passed in a day, etc


6/62

L,MIN,. FLOW

" Laminar Flow5 $s Characteri8ed 4y Concentric 2ayers )fFluid Mo7ing $n Parallel Do6n The 2ength )f ( Pipe The

9ighest +elocity +ax' $s Found $n The Center )f The

Pipe The 2o6est +elocity +:;' $s Found (long The Pipe

1all

SIDE VIEW END VIEW

VM,4

CONCEN".IC FLUID L,YE.SP,.,5OLIC FLOW P.OFILE


7/62

"U.5ULEN" FLOW

" "ur*ulent Flow5 $s Characteri8ed 4y ( Fluid Motion That9as 2ocal +elocities (nd Pressures That Fluctuate

0andoly This Causes The +elocity )f The Fluid $n The

Pipe To 4e More *nifor (cross ( Cross Section

SIDE VIEW

VM,4

6 V,V7


8/62

.EYNOLDS NUM5E.

" The 0eynolds nuber is the ratio of inertial forces velocity anddensity that keep the fluid in motion' to 7iscous forces frictionalforces that slow the fluid down' and is used for deterining thedynaic properties of the fluid to allo6 an e3ual coparisonbet6een different fluids and flo6s

" 2ainar Flo6 occurs at lo6 0eynolds nubers, 6here 7iscous

forces are doinant, and is characteri8ed by sooth, constant fluidotion

" Turbulent Flo6 occurs at high 0eynolds nubers and is doinatedby inertial forces, producing rando eddies, 7ortices and other flo6fluctuations

" The 0eynolds nuber is the ost iportant 7alue used in fluiddyanics as it pro7ides a criterion for deterining siilarity bet6eendifferent fluids, flo6rates and piping configurations


9/62

.EYNOLDS NUM5E.

Re: D7r

m

D

7

r

m

D$(METE0 &FT'

+E2)C$T% &FT-SEC'

DE#S$T% &24-FT.'

+$SC)S$T% &cp'

:

::

:

C

C C)#ST(#T &?@;

5A

24-FT SEC cp':; >;;; A;;;

2(M$#(0 T0(#S$T$)# T*04*2E#T


10/62

IDE,L 7,S L,W

(n Ieal 7asor perfect gas is a hypothetical gas consistingof identical particles 6ith no interolecular forces

(dditionally, the constituent atos or olecules undergo

perfectly elastic collisions 6ith the 6alls of the container

0eal gases act like ideal gases at lo6 pressures and high

teperatures

.eal 7asesdo not exhibit these exact properties, although

the approxiation is often good enough to describe real

gases The properties of real gases are influenced by

copressibility and other therodynaic effects


11/62

IDE,L 7,S L,W

P+ : n0T

1hereB P : Pressure psia'

+ : +olue FT.'

n : #uber of Moles of /as

@ ole : x @;>.olecules'

0 : /as Constant @;=. FT

.

PS$( - lb5ole

o

0'T : Teperature o0'


12/62

.E,L 7,SES

" Copressibility Factor ' 5 The ter copressibilityis used to describe the de7iance in the therodynaic

properties of a real gas fro those expected fro an

ideal gas

" 0eal /as 4eha7ior can be calculated asB

P+ : n0T


13/62

S",ND,.D CONDI"IONS

" P : @A= PS$(" T : >; deg 0


14/62

,C"U,L CONDI"IONS

" Standard conditions can be con7erted to (ctual Conditions usingthe $deal /as 2a6

PS+

S: n0T

SP

(+

(: n0T

(

:P

S+

S

TS

P(

+(

T(

:P

ST

(+

SP

(T

S

+(


15/62

5E.NOULLI8S L,W

" 5ernoulli9s LawDes%ri*es "0e 5e0a-ior Of ,n IealFlui Uner Var#in Conitions In , Close S#stem1

It States "0at "0e O-erall Ener# Of "0e Flui ,s It

Enters "0e S#stem Is E3ual "o "0e O-erall Ener#

,s It Lea-es1PE

@ GE

@: PE

> GE

>

PE : Potential Ener#

;E : ;ineti% Ener#


16/62

5E.NOULLI8S E)U,"ION

" 5ernoulli8s Law Is Des%ri*e 5# "0e FollowinE3uation For ,n Ieal Flui1


17/62

HE,D ME"E. "HEO.Y OF OPE.,"ION

4eta 0atio : d-D Should 4e ;. ! ;=

Meter 0un ! Dependent )n Piping

#orally >; Diaeters *pstrea & Diaeters Do6nstrea


18/62

P ME"E. / FLOW P.INCIPLES

Flo6 is easured by creating a pressure drop and applying the flo6 e3uation belo6

4asic Flo6 E3uation for single phase copressible and non5copressible fluidsB

3: Flo6

C : Constant : Expansion Factora : )rifice (rea

p : P@ 5 P>@: Density: d - Dd : Diaeter of )rifice

D : Diaeter of Pipe


19/62

;

@;

>;

.;

A;

;

; .; A; ;


20/62

O.IFICE PL,"E

, sim$le e-i%e' %onsiere a $re%isioninstrument1 It is sim$l# a $ie%e of flat metal

wit0 a flow&restri%tin *ore t0at is inserte

into t0e $i$e *etween flanes1 "0e orifi%e

meter is well unerstoo' rue an

ine2$ensi-e1 It8s a%%ura%# uner ieal

%onitions is in t0e rane of @1AB&>1B1 It %an

*e sensiti-e to a -ariet# of error&inu%in

%onitions' su%0 as if t0e $late is eroe or

amae1

)rifice Plate

)rifice Flanges


21/62

CONCEN".IC O.IFICE PL,"E

"0e most %ommon orifi%e $late ist0e s3uare&ee %on%entri% *oreorifi%e $late1 "0e %on%entri% *oreorifi%e $late is t0e ominant esin*e%ause of its $ro-en relia*ilit# in a-ariet# of a$$li%ations an t0e

e2tensi-e amount of resear%0%onu%te on t0is esin1 It iseasil# re$rou%e at a relati-el# low%ost1 It is use to measure a wie-ariet# of sinle $0ase' li3ui anas $rou%ts' t#$i%all# in

%onun%tion wit0 flane ta$s1


22/62


23/62

)U,D.,N" ED7E O.IFICE PL,"E

The 3uadrant, 3uadrant edge or 3uarter5circle orifice is recoended foreasureent of fluids 6ith high 7iscosity 6hich ha7e pipe 0eynolds

#ubers belo6 @;,;;; The orifice incorporates a rounded edge of definite

radius 6hich is a particular function of the orifice diaeter

Kuadrant in *SConical in Europe


24/62

IN"E7.,L O.IFICE PL,"E

$ntegral )rifice Plate identical to a s3uare5edged orifice plate installation except that the plate,

flanges and DP transitter are supplied as one unit used for sall lines typically under >L' and is relati7ely inexpensi7e to

install since it is part of the transitter


25/62

CONDI"IONIN7 O.IFICE PL,"E

" The Conditioning )rifice Plate is designed to be installed do6nstrea of a7ariety of disturbances 6ith inial straight pipe run, pro7iding superiorperforance

" 0e3uires only t6o diaeters of straight pipe run after an upstrea flo6disturbance

" 0educed installation costs

" Easy to use, pro7e, and troubleshoot" /ood for ost gas, li3uid, and stea as 6ell as high teperature and high

pressure applications


26/62

VEN" ,ND WEEP HOLES

There are ties 6hen a gas ay be ha7e a

sall aount of li3uid or a li3uid ay ha7e a

sall aount of gas but not enough in either

case to 6arrant the use of an eccentric orifice

$n these cases it is best to siply add a sallhole near the edge of the plate, flush 6ith the

inside diaeter of the pipe, allo6ing undesired

substances to pass through the plate rather than

collect on the upstrea side $f such a hole isoriented up6ard to pass 7apor bubbles, it is

called a 7ent hole $f the hole is oriented

do6n6ard to pass li3uid droplets, it is called a

drain hole


27/62

O.IFICE PL,"E SELEC"ION

CONSIDE.,"IONS

" )uarant Ee Orifi%e Plate %an *e %onsiere if.e#nols num*er is too low1

" Orifi%e $late must *e s$e%ifie wit0 $ro$er flane ratin

to a%%ount for $ro$er *olt %ir%le1

" "#$i%al a%%e$ta*le *eta ratio is 1B to 1A for non%ommer%e meter' 1 to 1? for a%%ountin meter *ut also

%0e%G s$e%ifi%ations1

" ,ssure t0at %al%ulation a%%ounts for -ent or rain 0ole'

if re3uire1

" For ual transmitter installation on a %ommon set of

orifi%e flanes' %ustom ta$ lo%ations must *e s$e%ifie1


28/62

7as

" Differential pressure is easured through pressure taps located on eachside of the orifice plate Pressure taps can be positioned at a 7ariety ofdifferent locations

" Flange Taps" Corner Taps" 0adius Taps

" +ena5Contracta Taps" Pipe Taps

O.IFICE PL,"E ",P LOC,"IONS

Li3ui or Steam

Orifi%e ta$s in 0ori+ontal

lines s0oul *e as follows=


29/62

$n a +enturi tube, the fluid is accelerated through a con7ergingcone, inducing a local pressure drop (n expanding section of the

eter then returns the flo6 to near its original pressure These

instruents are often selected 6here it is iportant not to create a

significant pressure drop and 6here good accuracy is re3uired

" *sed 6hen higher 7elocity and pressure reco7ery is re3uired

" May be used 6hen a sall, constant percentage of solids is

present

VEN"U.I "U5E


30/62

FLOW NOLE

DP Type Flo6eter *sed 6hen higher 7elocity & pressure reco7ery are re3uired 4etter suited for gas ser7ice than for li3uid


31/62


32/62

V&CONE

The +5Cone is siilar to other differential pressure Dp' eters in thee3uations of flo6 that it uses +5Cone geoetry, ho6e7er, is 3uite different

fro traditional Dp eters The +5Cone constricts the flo6 by positioning a

cone in the center of the pipe This forces the flo6 in the center of the pipe

to flo6 around the cone +5cones can be used 6ith 7iscous fluids and re3uire

little straight run


33/62

Multi-aria*le Pressure "ransmitter

" , Multi-aria*le $ressure

transmitter $ro-ies aue

$ressure' ifferential

$ressure' an tem$erature

measurement in a sinle

instrument1" Uses Smart iital H,."

%ommuni%ations for multi$le

measurements1

" Minimi+es t0e num*er of

transmitters an $ro%ess%onne%tions


34/62

$n a pitot tube insertion DP eter', a probeconsisting of t6o parts senses t6o

pressuresB ipact dynaic' and static The

ipact pressure is sensed by one ipact

tube bent to6ard the flo6 dynaic head'

The a7eraging5type pitot tube has four or

ore pressure taps located atatheatically defined locations, a7eraging

the 7elocity profile across the pipe or flo6

area, to easure the dynaic pressure

The static pressure is sensed through a

sall hole on the side static head' They

de7elop lo6 differential pressure and like all

head eters they use a differential pressure

transitter to con7ert the flo6 to an

electrical transission signal

PI"O" "U5E


35/62

PI"O" "U5E FLOW P.INCIPLES

Pitot tubes ake use of dynaic pressure difference )rifices in the leading face

register total head pressure, dynaic static, 6hile the hole in the trailing face

only con7eys static pressure Pressure difference bet6een the t6o gi7es dynaic

pressure in pipe, fro 6hich flo6 can be calculated

4asic Mass rate of flo6 e3uation for single phase copressible and non5

copressible fluidsB


36/62

PIP PCCFL@@>

S".,I7H" .UN .E)UI.EMEN"S

P$P PCCF2;;@ includes tables foriniu straight run lengths 6ith

7arious upstrea disturbances,

pro7iding upstrea re3uireents for

different beta ratios and do6nstrea

re3uireents per beta ratios

regardless of upstrea disturbance

type


37/62

DP ME"E. CH,.,C"E.IS"ICS

0ecoended Ser7iceB Clean & Dirty 2i3uids, /ases,Soe Slurries

0angeabilityB .B@ to ; to 5D Do6nstrea +iscosity EffectB 9igh Si8eB >L to >AL ConnectionB Dependent on eter type Type of )utputB S3uare 0oot


38/62

V,.I,5LE ,.E, (.O",ME"E.!


39/62

V,.I,5LE ,.E, (.O",ME"E.!

CH,.,C"E.IS"ICS

0ecoended Ser7iceB Clean, Dirty &+iscous 2i3uids

0angeabilityB @; to @ Pressure 2ossB Mediu (ccuracyB @ to @;J

Straight 0un 0e3uiredB #one +iscosity EffectB Mediu 0elati7e CostB 2o6 Si8esB : AL ConnectionsB Threaded or Flanged

Type of )utputB 2inear


40/62

Direct ass flo6 easureent isgenerally chosen for ore critical

control applications such as the

blending of feedstocks or the

custody transfer of 7aluable fluids

/enerally chosen for high

rangeability and ass flo6applications, Coriolis technology is

unaffected by changes in

teperature, density, 7iscosity and

conducti7ity $n ost flo6 eters

changes in these conditions re3uireonitoring and correction

CO.IOLIS

CO.IOLIS


41/62

CO.IOLIS

FLOW P.INCIPLES

Flo6 is easured by using 7elocity sensors to detect the t6ist in the tube

and transit electrical signals ha7ing a relati7e phase shift that is

proportional to ass flo6

Coriolis eters also easure density,6hereby the resonant fre3uency of

the forced rotation is a function of fluid density

1hen the fluid is flo6ing, it is led through t6oparallel tubes (n actuator not sho6n' induces a

7ibration of the tubes The t6o parallel tubes are

counter57ibrating, to ake the easuring de7ice

less sensiti7e to outside 7ibrations The actual

fre3uency of the 7ibration depends on the si8e of

the ass flo6 eter, and ranges fro H; to @;;;

7ibrations per second

1hen no fluid is flo6ing, the 7ibration of the t6o

tubes is syetrical


42/62

CO.IOLIS CH,.,C"E.IS"ICS

0ecoended Ser7iceB Clean, Dirty & +iscous 2i3uids, /ases, Soe Slurries0angeabilityB @; to @Pressure 2ossB Mediu to 9igh(ccuracyB to ;@J in li3uids & to ;.J in gasStraight 0un 0e3uiredB #one+iscosity EffectB #one0elati7e CostB 9ighSi8esB Q RLConnectionsB Flanged & Clap5on DesignType of )utputB 2inear

"HE.M,L M,SS FLOWME"E.


43/62

"HE.M,L M,SS FLOWME"E.

FLOW P.INCIPLES

Theral ass flo6 eters introduce heat into the flo6 strea and easure ho6 uch

heat dissipates using one or ore teperature sensors This ethod 6orks best 6ith

gas ass flo6 easureent

The constant teperature differential ethod ha7e a heated sensor and another

sensor that easures the teperature of the gas Mass flo6 rate is coputed based

on the aount of electrical po6er re3uired to aintain a constant difference in

teperature bet6een the t6o teperature sensors

$n the constant current ethod the po6er to the heated sensor is kept constant Mass

flo6 is easured as a function of the difference bet6een the teperature of the heated

sensor and the teperature of the flo6 strea

4oth ethods are based on the principle that higher

7elocity flo6s result in a greater cooling effect 4oth

easure ass flo6 based on the easured effects

of cooling in the flo6 strea


44/62

M,7NE"IC FLOWME"E.


45/62

M,7NE"IC FLOWME"E.

FLOW P.INCIPLES

( agnetic flo6 eter ag flo6eter' is a 7oluetric flo6 eter 6hich does not ha7e any

o7ing parts and is ideal for 6aste6ater applications or any dirty li3uid 6hich is conducti7e

or 6ater based Magnetic flo6eters 6ill generally not 6ork 6ith hydrocarbons, distilled

6ater and any non5a3ueous solutions' Magnetic flo6eters are also ideal for applications

6here lo6 pressure drop and lo6 aintenance are re3uired

The operation of a agnetic flo6eter or ag eter is based upon FaradayOs 2a6, 6hich

states that the 7oltage induced across any conductor as it o7es at right angles through aagnetic field is proportional to the 7elocity of that conductor

M,7NE"IC FLOWME"E.


46/62

M,7NE"IC FLOWME"E.

CH,.,C"E.IS"ICS

0ecoended Ser7iceB Clean, Dirty & +iscous Conducti7e 2i3uids &Slurries

0angeabilityB A; to @ Pressure 2ossB #one (ccuracyB ;J Straight 0un 0e3uiredB D *pstrea, >D Do6nstrea +iscosity EffectB #one 0elati7e CostB 9igh Si8esB @L to @>;L ConnectionsB Flanged Type of )utputB 2inear


47/62

Transit tie ultrasonic eters eploy t6o transducers located upstreaand do6nstrea of each other Each transits a sound 6a7e to the other,

and the tie difference bet6een the receipt of the t6o signals indicates the

fluid 7elocity Transit tie eters usually re3uire clean fluids and are used

6here high rangeability is re3uired (ccuracy is 6ithin @J for ideal

applications

UL".,SONIC ME"E.


48/62

UL".,SONIC ME"E. FLOW P.INCIPLES

FLOWFlo6 is easured byeasuring the difference

in transit tie for t6o

ultrasonic beas

transitted in a fluid

both upstrea and

do6nstrea

*ltrasonic Meters are

ainly used on large

si8e lines 6here high

rangeability is re3uired.

t upTransitter-0ecei7er T-0't dn

Frequency pulse

+ : 2 - > cos' (T(4! T4(' - T(4 T4('U4asic Flo6 E3uationB K : ( +

Transit tie difference is proportional

to ean 7elocity +, therefore +

can be calculated as follo6sB

A

B

Transit length 2

UL".,SONIC (DOPPLE.!


49/62

UL".,SONIC (DOPPLE.!

FLOW P.INCIPLES

*ltrasonic flo6eters are ideal for 6aste6ater applications or any dirty

li3uid 6hich is conducti7e or 6ater basedThe basic principle of operation eploys the fre3uency shift Doppler Effect'

of an ultrasonic signal 6hen it is reflected by suspended particles or gas

bubbles discontinuities' in otion Current technology re3uires that the li3uid

contain at least @;; parts per illion PPM' of @;; icron or larger

suspended particles or bubbles

UL".,SONIC CH,.,C"E.IS"ICS


50/62

UL".,SONIC CH,.,C"E.IS"ICS

0ecoended Ser7iceB Clean & +iscous 2i3uids, #atural-Flare /as0angeabilityB >; to @Pressure 2ossB #one(ccuracyB ;>J to JStraight 0un 0e3uiredB to .;D *pstrea+iscosity EffectB #one0elati7e CostB 9ighSi8esB Q RLConnectionsB Flanged & Clap5on DesignType of )utputB 2inear

"U.5INE ME"E.


51/62

"U.5INE ME"E.

Turbine eter is kept in rotation by thelinear 7elocity of the strea in 6hich it

is iersed The nuber of

re7olutions the de7ice akes is

proportional to the rate of flo6

"U.5INE ME"E.


52/62

"U.5INE ME"E.

CH,.,C"E.IS"ICS

0ecoended Ser7iceB Clean & +iscous 2i3uids, Clean /ases0angeabilityB >; to @Pressure 2ossB 9igh(ccuracyB ;>JStraight 0un 0e3uiredB to @;D *pstrea+iscosity EffectB 9igh0elati7e CostB 9ighSi8esB Q VLConnectionsB FlangedType of )utputB 2inear


53/62

+ortex eters can be used on ost cleanli3uid, 7apor or gas 9o6e7er, they are

generally chosen for applications 6here

high flo6 rangeability is re3uired Due to

break do6n of 7ortices at lo6 flo6 rates,

7ortex eters 6ill cut off at a lo6 flo6 liit

0e7erse flo6 easureent is not an

option For regular ser7ice applications

this eter is the eter of choice by any

end users

VO."E4 ME"E.

VO."E4 ME"E.


54/62

VO."E4 ME"E.

FLOW P.INCIPLES

.e%o-er#

.e%o-er#

4asic Flo6 E3uationB K : ( +Flo6ing +elocity of FluidB + : f d' - St

f : Shedding Fre3uency

d : Diaeter of 4luff 4ody

St : Stouhal #uber 0atio bet6een 4luff 4ody Diaeter and +ortex $nter7al'

( : (rea of Pipe


55/62

VO."E4 CH,.,C"E.IS"ICS

0ecoended Ser7iceB Clean & Dirty 2i3uids, /ases0angeabilityB @; to @Pressure 2ossB Mediu(ccuracyB @JStraight 0un 0e3uiredB @; to >;D *pstrea, D Do6nstrea+iscosity EffectB Mediu0elati7e CostB MediuSi8eB RL to @>LConnectionB FlangedType of )utputB 2inear


56/62

PD eters easure flo6 rate directly by di7iding a strea intodistinct segents of kno6n 7olue, counting segents, and

ultiplying by the 7olue of each segent Measured o7er a

specific period, the result is a 7alue expressed in units of

7olue per unit of tie PD eters fre3uently report total flo6

directly on a counter, but they can also generate output pulses

6ith each pulse representing a discrete 7olue of fluid

POSI"IVE DISPL,CEMEN" (PD! FLOWME"E.

POSI"IVE DISPL,CEMEN" (PD! FLOWME"E.


57/62

( !

FLOW P.INCIPLES

PD eters ha7e . partsB"4ody"Measuring *nit"Counter Dri7e Train

2i3uids inlet

pressure exerts a

pressure differential

against the lo6er

face of o7al gear (,

causing the t6ointerlocked o7al

gears to rotate to

position >

2i3uid enters the ca7ity

bet6een o7al gear 4

and eter body 6all,

6hile an e3ual 7olue

of li3uid passes out of

the ca7ity bet6een o7al

gear ( and eter body

6all Mean6hile, inlet

pressure continues to

force the t6o o7al

gears to rotate to

position .

Kuantity of li3uid has

again filled the ca7ity

bet6een o7al gear 4 and

eter body This pattern is

repeated o7ing four

ties the li3uid capacity of

each ca7ity 6ith each

re7olution of the rotating

gears Therefore, the flo6

rate is proportional to the

rotational speed of the

gears

POSI"IVE DISPL,CEMEN" (PD!


58/62

POSI"IVE DISPL,CEMEN" (PD!

CH,.,C"E.IS"ICS

0ecoended Ser7iceB Clean & +iscous 2i3uids, Clean /ases0angeabilityB @; to @Pressure 2ossB 9igh(ccuracyB ;JStraight 0un 0e3uiredB #one+iscosity EffectB 9igh0elati7e CostB MediuSi8esB Q@>LConnectionsB FlangedType of )utputB 2inear

P.,C"ICES INDUS".Y S",ND,.DS


59/62

P.,C"ICES' INDUS".Y S",ND,.DS

O"HE. .EFE.ENCES

Process $ndustry Practices P$P'

" P$P PCC/#;;> ! /eneral $nstruent $nstallation Criteria" P$P PCEF2;;@ ! Flo6 Measureent /uidelines

$ndustry Codes and Standards

" (erican /as (ssociation (/('

! (/( I ! Measureent of /as by Multipath *ltrasonic Meters" (erican #ational Standards $nstitute (#S$'

! (#S$5>.;-([email protected](/(5.-/P(5H@H ! #atural /as FluidsMeasureent ! Concentric, S3uare5Edged )rifice Meters

! Part @ /eneral E3uations and *ncertainty /uidelines

! Part > Specification and $nstallation 0e3uireents

! Part . #atural /as (pplications

! Part A 4ackground, De7elopent, $pleentation Procedures and Subroutine Docuentation

" (erican Petroleu $nstitute (P$'

! (P$ 0P @ ! Process Measureent $nstruentation

! (P$ 0P A ! Process $nstruent and Control

! (P$ Manual of Petroleu Measureent Standards MPMS'B! Chapter A ! Pro7ing Systes

! Chapter ! Metering

! Chapter @A ! #atural /as Fluids Measureent

P.,C"ICES INDUS".Y S",ND,.DS O"HE.


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P.,C"ICES' INDUS".Y S",ND,.DS O"HE.

.EFE.ENCES

" (erican Society of Mechanical Engineers (SME'! (SME 4@M ! Measureent *ncertainty for Fluid Flo6 in the Closed Conduits! (SME MFC5.M ! Measureent of Fluid Flo6 in Pipes *sing )rifice, #o88le and

+enturi! (SME MFC5M ! Measureent of 2i3uid Flo6 in Closed Conduits *sing Transit5Tie

*ltrasonic Flo6eters

! (SME MFC5


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P.,C"ICES' INDUS".Y S",ND,.DS O"HE.

.EFE.ENCES

" The $nternational Society for Measureent and Control$S('! $S( S>; ! Specification Fors for Process Measureent and Control $nstruents,

Priary Eleents and Control +al7es

" $nternational )rgani8ation for Standardi8ation $S)'! $S) @B )rifice Plates! Part .B #o88le and +enturi Tubes! Part AB +enturi Tubes

)ther 0eferences" Miller, 01, Flo6 Measureent Engineering 9andbook

" $S( ! Flo6 Measureent ! Practical /uides for Measureent and Control,Spit8er, D1, Editor" (SME ! Fluid Meters, Their Theory and (pplication

)UES"IONS


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)UES"IONS

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