14265_Lec 1- Introduction qand History.ppt

BTY8822: Fundamentals of BiotechnologyTextbook of biotechnology by DAS H.K

Reference:Lehninger principles of biochemistry by NELSON AND. COXPrinciples of fermentation technology by STANBURRY AND WHITAKERThe cell: a molecular approach by COOPER

LPU::BTY882:: Er.Robinka Khajuria

Introduction to Biotechnology


What is Biotechnology?Biotechnology is the manipulation of living organisms and organic material to serve human needs.Examples:Yeast in bread making and alcohol productionUse of micro-organisms to kill harmful organismsCloning of plants and animals


It includes: Purposeful design and modification/assembly of bio-oriented materials (e.g., proteins/enzymes, microorganisms, plant/animal cells) and unit processes to benefit humans. Use and applications of biological system (cells, tissues etc.) or biomolecules (enzymes/proteins, antibodies, DNA/RNA) and key technologies to produce valuable products at commercial scale. To discover and understand the underlying mechanisms of behaviors and disorders in living organisms


Definition of Biotechnology based on the use of techniques and methods:

Traditional Biotechnology (Before 1970) - Broad definition of Biotech : Using a biological system to make products - Food processing : Fermented foods, Brewery, Dairy products, etc. The process of brewing beer : conversion of starch to sugar followed by addition of specific yeast


Modern Biotechnology (After 1970s) Use of recombinant DNA technology since 1973:- Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer : perfected techniques to cut and paste DNA and reproduce the new DNA in bacteria.Use of genetically altered organisms - Agriculture : Modifications of living plants for improved yield of food crops ,Crops with reduced vulnerability to frost, draught, and the cold.- Medicine: Genetically modified bacteria: Insulin production


Recombinant E. coliComputer-generated insulin structureDNA microarrayGene therapy using adenovirus


BIOTECHNOLOGY TIMELINE..


1750 B.C.Origins of biotechnology emerge in methods of food production and plant and animal breedingUse of bacteria to produce cheese (food preservation)Use of natural enzymes in yogurtUse of yeast to produce breadUse of fermentation for producing wine and beer


1869DNA is discovered in trout sperm by German Miescher

1919The word biotechnology is first used by a Hungarian agricultural engineer Kroly Ereky


1940s-1950sWidespread work is undertaken to investigate the structure and function of DNA


James Watson & Francis Crick1953Credited for the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA based on data provided by Rosalind Franklins work.


Biotechnology Timeline1966The genetic code for DNA is cracked.

Three scientists shared the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicinefor the discovery.

Marshall Nirenberg Robert Holley Har Gobind Khorana


Biotechnology Timeline1971

The first complete synthesis of a gene occurs. Discovery of restriction enzymes that cut and splice genetic material very specifically occurs. This opens the way for gene cloning.Werner ArberandMatthew Meselson


Paul Berg1972Stanford University scientist who first developed recombinant DNA technology, a method for insertion of genetic material from one organism into another.


Biotechnology Timeline 1973:Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer perfected genetic engineering techniques to cut and paste DNA using restriction enzymes.Stanley Cohen Herbert Boyer and a recombinant bacterium


1980The U.S. Supreme Court approves the patenting of genetically altered organisms.


Biotechnology Timeline1981The first transgenic animals are produced by transferring genes from one mice type into another mice.

The first patent for a genetically modified organism is granted for bacteria that can break down crude oil.


1982 Humulin: Human insulin drug produced by genetically engineered bacteria for the treatment of diabetes.The first biotech drug to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration.


Biotechnology Timeline1983The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, which makes unlimited copies of genes and gene fragments, is conceived.

Kary Mullis, wins the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery.


Biotechnology Timeline1990 First federally approved gene therapy treatment is performed successfully on a young girl who suffered from an immune disorder SCID.

1994 The United States Food and Drug Administration approves the first GM food: the "Flavr Savr" tomato.slow the ripening process of the tomato and thus prevent it from softening, while still allowing the tomato to retain its natural colour and flavour


1980s-1990sA variety of GMOs and biotechnology techniques are introduced in fields from agriculture to medicineRecombinant DNA technology-extracts DNA from one organism for use in another, allowing more rapid and specific improvements in plants and animalsPlant Tissue Culture-gains widespread acceptance as a method to quickly and cheaply produce genetically identical plants


1990sFirst transgenic organisms (GMOs) are introduced in widespread agricultural production, particularly in the area of crops.Bt corn and soybeans are introduced offering natural insect resistance by the introduction of a gene from the bacterium Baccillus thuringensis


Biotechnology Timeline1990: TheHuman Genome Project(HGP): an internationalscientific researchproject with the goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairswhich make up humanDNA.The project got underway in 1990, and was declared complete in 2003. Most of the government-sponsored sequencing was performed in twentyuniversitiesand research centers in the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany, and China.


1997Dolly is the first animal cloned from diploid cells is produced in ScotlandAfter cloning was successfully demonstrated through the production of Dolly, many other large mammals were cloned, includingpigs, deer,horsesandbulls.


Biotechnology Timeline1998Human embryonic stem cell lines are established.

They offer hope to manybecause they may be able to replace diseased or dysfunctional cells.


2003 TheHuman Genome Projectis completed, providing information on the locations and sequence ofhuman geneson all 46chromosomes.


Key findings of the draft (2001) and complete (2004) genome sequences include: There are approximately 20,500genes in human beings, the same range as in mice.The human genome has significantly moresegmental duplications(nearly identical, repeated sections of DNA) than other mammalian genomes.


SIGNIFICANCEThe Human Genome Project, through its sequencing of the DNA, can help us: Understand diseases.identification of oncogenes and mutations linked to different forms of cancerthe design of medication and more accurate prediction of their effects


Biotechnology Timeline2004The first cloned pet a kitten is delivered to its owner.

She is called CopyCat (or Cc for short).


2004- present2007: Scientists discover how to use human skin cells to create embryonic stem cells.2008: Chemists in Japan create the first DNA molecule made almost entirely of artificial parts led to creating the world's first living artificial organism.2011: Trachea derived from stem cells transplanted into human recipient. Advances in 3-D printing technology lead to skin-printing.


2012 31 year-oldZac Vawtersuccessfully uses anervous systemcontrolledbionicleg to climb theChicago Willis Tower.


Branches of BiotechnologyGreen biotechnology:is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes.Selection and domestication of plants viaMicropropagation.Designing oftransgenic plants. E.g: Flavr SavrEngineering of a plant to express apesticide, thereby ending the need of external application of pesticides. E.g.: Bt corn.


Branches of BiotechnologyWhite biotechnology, also known as industrial biotechnology, is biotechnology applied toindustrialprocesses. Designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical. Using enzymesas industrialcatalyststo either produce valuable chemicals or destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals. White biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than traditional processes used to produce industrial goods


Branches of BiotechnologyRed biotechnologyis applied to medical processes. Designing of organisms to produceantibiotics.Recombinant E. coli for Insulin productionGenetic manipulations for treatment of diseases : Gene therapyOrgan Cloning


Branches of BiotechnologyBlue biotechnologyis a term that has been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology. Yellow Biotechnology refers to biotechnology with insects. Active ingredients or genes in insects are characterized and used for research or application in agriculture and medicine.


Branches of BiotechnologyBioinformaticsis an interdisciplinary field which addresses biological problems using computational techniques, and makes the rapid organization as well as analysis of biological data possible. Forms a key component in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical sector.


14265_Lec 1- Introduction qand History.ppt

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