14 th Century –Invented by the Chinese, the first record of the abacus (from the Greek word "ABAX", meaning "calculating board" or "calculating table")

14th Century –Invented by the Chinese, the first record of the abacus (from the Greek word "ABAX", meaning "calculating board" or

"calculating table") was from a sketch of one in a book from the Yuan Dynasty. Its Mandarin name is "Suan Pan" which means "calculating

plate". Its inventor is unknown, but the abacus is often referred to as the "first computer" because it was used as a mathematic model for early

electronic computers.

Image from: http://qi-journal.com/CultureArticles/Photos/abacus2.jpg

Information from: qi-journal.com

1617 – Numerating rods, sometimes called “bones,” are invented by John Napier. They are an aid to multiplication and division and can even be used for calculating powers

and square roots.

Image from: http://www.maxmon.com/images/hstfig4.gif

Information from: www.dotpoint.com

1620 – Logarithmic scale is invented by Edmund Gunter.

Slide rule is invented in 1630.

Image from: http://www.sphere.bc.ca/test/slide27/post-vl2-front.jpg

Information from: www.encyclopedia.com

1642 – Adding & subtracting machine is invented by seventeen

year old Blaise Pascal.

Image from: http://www.maxmon.com/images/hstfig6.gif

Information from: The History of Office Technology. Copyright 1990 by J. Weston Walch, Publisher.

1672 – Leibniz invents the first calculating machine that does

multiplication.

Image from: http://www.tcf.ua.edu/courses/Jbutler/T389/Reckoner.jpg

Information from: msn.encarta.com

1820- Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar invents the first successful commercial calculating machine.

Image from: http://www.computer-museum.org/slidesnew/032.gif

Information from: www.dotpoint.com

Early 1830’s – Morse code is created by Samuel Morse.

Letter Morse Letter Morse Digit Morse

A .- N -. 0 -----

B -... O --- 1 .----

C -.-.  P .--.  2 ..---

D -..  Q --.-  3 ...—

E .  R .-.  4 ....-

F ..-.  S ...  5 .....

G --.  T -  6 -....

H ....  U ..-  7 --...

I ..  V ...-  8 ---..

J .---  W .--  9 ----.

K -.-  X -..-

L .-..  Y -.—

M --  Z --..Code image from: http://www.soton.ac.uk/~scp93ch/morse/morse.html

Information from: msn.encarta.com

1843 – Facsimile machine is patented by Alexander Bain.

Image from: http://www.hffax.de/Bain.gif

Information from: The History of Office Technology. Copyright 1990 by J. Weston Walch, Publisher.

1844 – First telegraph message is sent by Samuel Morse.

Image from: http://www.morsum.demon.co.uk/vplex.gif

Information from: The History of Office Technology. Copyright 1990 by J. Weston Walch, Publisher.

The very first message sent was, “What hath God wrought!” It was transmitted along a line from

Washington, D.C. to Baltimore, Maryland.

1872 – Frank Baldwin invents the first mechanical calculator in

the US.

Image from: http://www.dotpoint.com/xnumber/mechanical/pic_baldwin.gif

Information from: The History of Office Technology. Copyright 1990 by J. Weston Walch, Publisher.

1887 – Herman Hollerith (who later started the company IBM) created a tabulating machine that used punch cards. He

contracted with the Census Bureau in 1880 to “speed up” sorting and tabulating census data. The 1880 census was

completed in one quarter of the time formerly needed

Image from: http://www.tcf.ua.edu/courses/Jbutler/T389/Hollerith.jpg

Information from: The History of Office Technology. Copyright 1990 by J. Weston Walch, Publisher.

1931 – MIT builds the first “modern” large analog computer, The Differential Analyzer.

Vannevar Bush is credited as the inventor.

Image from: http://www.eecs.mit.edu/AY95-96/events/bush/gif/vb20e.gif

Information from: web.mit.edu

1934 – The Associated Press starts to transmit

“wirephotos.”

Image from: The Associated Press 1962

Information from: www.cycleback.com

1938 – Chester Calson invented “xerography” or electrophotography. He called the process xerography from the Greek words meaning “dry writing.” The Xerox Company developed the first commercial document copier in 1959. Because early copying machines occasionally caught fire, Xerox wanted to provide a fire extinguisher with each machine.First copy ever created was the date of the copy along with the location as shown in the picture

Image from: http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~cs1305/solve/Project/krishnas/first.jpg

Information from: The History of Office Technology. Copyright 1990 by J. Weston Walch, Publisher.

First copy ever created was the date of the copy along with the location as shown in this photo.

1946 – ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), the second modern electronic

computer, was the world’s first electronic digital computer. It was developed by Army Ordinance to

compute World War II ballistic firing tables.

Image from: http://www.tcf.ua.edu/courses/Jbutler/T389/ENIAC02.jpg

Information from: msn.encarta.com

1950’s – Mainframe computers came into popular usage. They typically used punch cards or paper tape to put data in, the results were printed out on green bar paper. Turnaround time was usually one day, but could be longer. They were composed of row after row of vacuum tubes. A first-generation computer was the size of a football field.

Image from: http://www.thocp.net/hardware/pictures/mark1.gif

Information from: The History of Office Technology. Copyright 1990 by J. Weston Walch, Publisher.

The Mark 1 computer

1950 – The first instructional use of a computer was a computer-driven flight simulator used to train pilots

at MIT.

Image from: http://www.accad.ohio-state.edu/~waynec/history/tree/images/whirlwind.jpeg

Text from: Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching by M.D. Roblyer, 3rd edition. Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

1959 – The first use of computers with schoolchildren was when an IBM 650 computer was used to teach binary arithmetic to New York City elementary school students.Image from: http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/650.jpg

Text from: Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching by M.D. Roblyer, 3rd edition. Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

1960’s – University time-sharing systems. In 22 universities around the

country, faculty and students use mainframe systems to teach programming and to

develop programs and utilities to share them among

themselves. The first meeting of these groups in Iowa City in

1979 was the National Education Computing

Conference (NECC), now the largest educational technology

conference in the country.

Image from: http://www.sit.wisc.edu/~sajung/timesharing.jpg

Text from: Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching by M.D. Roblyer, 3rd edition. Copyright 2003 by Pearson

Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

1964 – IBM magnetic tape selectric typewriter (MTST) became first

dedicated word processor

Image from: http://www-1.ibm.com/ibm/history/images/full_19292.jpg

Information from: The History of Office Technology. Copyright 1990 by J. Weston Walch, Publisher.

Early 1970’s – First computing system dedicated to

instruction: IBM 1500 system. At its height, the IBM 1500 is

used by 25 universities and school districts. Stanford

University uses a high-level language called Coursewriter to

prepare lessons called courseware or instructional software. It also is the first

multimedia learning station with a cathode-ray tube (CRT)

screen, earphone, a microphone, an audiotape player, and a slide projector. IBM discontinued support for the IBM 1500 in

1975.

Interior of an IBM 1500 mobile van - the ‘Concrete Network’

Image from: http://www.quasar.ualberta.ca/edit568/images/Psuvan_interior.jpeg

Text from: Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching by M.D. Roblyer, 3rd edition. Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc.,

Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Early 1970’s – First minicomputer for instruction:

Digital Equipment Corporation’s PDP-1. Patrick

Suppes, Stanford University professor and founder of Computer Curriculum

Corporations (CCC), leads extensive research and

development efforts with this system and the IBM 1500. These efforts earn him the

honorary title “Grandfather of Computer-Assisted Instruction.”

Image from: http://www.montagar.com/dfwcug/vms_html/timeline/photos/pdp1.GI

FText from: Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching by M.D. Roblyer, 3rd

edition. Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

1970 – The commercial modem (modulator – demodulator)

invented

Image from: http://www.ebay.com

Information from: The History of Office Technology. Copyright 1990 by J. Weston Walch, Publisher.

1970’s – In 1974, microcomputers begin to be sold as kits to hobbyists. They are called “micro” because they’re so much smaller than the “mini” computers of the 1960’s (that sold for $18,000 to $25,000). The first

commercially successful computer – the Apple I – was created by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs in 1977. Apple II set the standards for personal

computer manufacturers.

Image from: http://www.ebay.com

Information from: The History of Office Technology. Copyright 1990 by J. Weston Walch, Publisher and

http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/

Late 1970’s - Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations

(PLATO) developed. In conjunction with CDC, Don Bitzer at the University of

Illinois develops PLATO, a terminal with a plasma screen (argon/neon gas contained between two glass plates with wire grids

running through them), a specially designed keyboard, and an authoring system similar to Coursewriter called

Tutor, used to develop tutorial lessons and complete courses rather than just drill-and-

practice lessons. William Norris, CDC president, announces that PLATO will

revolutionize classroom practice, channeling significant funding and

personnel into development of PLATO between 1965 and 1980.

Image from: http://www.ebay.com

Text from: Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching by M.D. Roblyer, 3rd edition. Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle

River, NJ.

Late 1970’s - Time-Shared Interactive Computer-Controlled Information Television

(TICCIT). Victor Bunderson and Dexter Fletcher at Brigham Young University add a

color television to a computer learning station.

Image from: http://historyofcall.tay.ac.uk/poster21/library.jpgText from: Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching by M.D. Roblyer, 3rd

edition. Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Late 1970’s - Computer-managed instruction (CMI) systems emerge. Systems based on skill mastery models are developed by the American Institutes for Research (Program for Learning in

Accordance with Needs, or PLAN) and the University of Pittsburgh (Individually Prescribed

Instruction or IPI).

Image from: Microsoft Clip ArtText from: Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching by M.D. Roblyer, 3rd

edition. Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Late 1970’s - Administrative computing systems emerge. Education organizations computerize administrative activities

(e.g. student and staff records, attendance, report cards). Because mainframe computer systems are both expensive and technically complex, school district offices, rather than schools

or individual teachers, control both instructional and administrative computer hardware and applications and data-

processing specialists administer most of the systems.

Image from: Microsoft Clip ArtText from: Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching by M.D.

Roblyer, 3rd edition. Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

1970’s – There is an intense interest in the researchand development of CAI (computer-assisted instruction) in the early 1970’s. By the late 1970’s the interest declines. Lack of local control is unpopular with teachers, who neither understand the computer systems that deliver the instruction nor have much say in the curriculum developed for them. It becomes clear that computers cannot revolutionize classrooms in the same way that they were changing business offices in post-World War II America.

Image from: Microsoft Clip Art

Text from: Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching by M.D. Roblyer, 3rd edition. Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc.,

Upper Saddle River, NJ.

1977 - First Microcomputers enter schools. Focus shifts from mainframes to desktop systems, transforming the

computer’s role in education. Classroom teachers, rather than large computer companies or school district offices, begin to determine computer uses. Some administrative applications

begin to migrate to school-based computers, much to the dismay of personnel in district data-processing centers. Microcomputers make school-based management more

feasible.

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Text from: Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching by M.D. Roblyer, 3rd edition. Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Early 1980’s - Software publishing movement begins. A new software market for education emerges that is driven primarily by teachers. Nonprofit Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC), with funding from the National Science Foundation, becomes the largest single provider of courseware. Other major software publishing companies and cottage industries emerge.

(MECC is probably best known for its product “Oregon Trail.” The first version of the game was made in 1971 for teletype machines. One of the original developers later began working at MECC where he introduced the game to that organization.)

Image from: http://ldt.stanford.edu/ldt1999/Students/ckmartin/classics/images/MECC.gif

Text from: Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching by M.D. Roblyer, 3rd edition. Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Early 1980’s - Courseware evaluation movement begins. Since lessons on microcomputers are not of uniform quality or

usefulness, courseware evaluations are provided by the Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory’s MicroSIFT project, the Educational Products Information Exchange

(EPIE), professional organizations, magazines, and journals. Other organizations compile and summarize reviews. Many

of these activities cease as school districts develop committees to select courseware.

Image from: http://www.epie.org/assets/images/e-1.gif

Text from: Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching by M.D. Roblyer, 3rd edition. Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper

Saddle River, NJ.

Early 1980’s - Teacher-driven courseware authoring movement begins. As teachers clamor for more input into the design of courseware, authoring systems emerge as the predecessors of modern tools such as HyperStudio. Some authoring systems are high-level languages (PILOT and SuperPILOT); others are menu-based systems (GENIS, PASS). Interest fades as teachers realize how much time,

expertise, and work have to be invested to develop courseware more useful than what they could buy.

Image from: http://www.hyperstudio.com/images/hslogo_h.gifText from: Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching by M.D.

Roblyer, 3rd edition. Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Early 1980’s - Computer literacy movement begins. Educational computing pioneer Dr. Arthur

Luehrmann coins the term computer literacy to mean programming skills and skills with tools such

as word processing. Andrew Molnar writes that students who were not “computer literate” would be left behind academically, further widening the gap

between the advantaged and disadvantaged. By 1985, computer literacy skills begin to appear in

required curricula around the country, but by around 1990, they are dropped because computer literacy

cannot be defined by any specific set of skills.

Image from: Microsoft Clip ArtText from: Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching by M.D. Roblyer, 3rd

edition. Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Early 1980’s - Logo and the problem-solving movement emerges. From 1980 until about 1987, Logo and Logo-based products (Logowriter, LegoLogo), activites and research

dominate the field. Seymour Papert, MIT mathematics professor and student of developmental theorist Jean Piaget, promotes Logo as a programming language for young

children in his popular book Mindstorms. Logo challenges traditional instructional methods and computer uses that had supported them (drill and practice, tutorial uses) and assumes the

characteristics of a craze: Logo clubs, user groups, and T-shirts fill the schools. Although research showed that Logo could be useful in some contexts, by 1985 interest wanes.

Though still in use, Logo’s main contribution becomes a new outlook on how technology could be used to restructure educational methods.

Image from: http://el.media.mit.edu/logo-foundation/logo/graphics/image1.jpg

Text from: Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching by M.D. Roblyer, 3rd edition. Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

1980’s to 1990’s - Integrated learning systems (ILSs) emerge. Schools realize that networked systems are more cost effective than

stand-alone microcomputers to provide computer-managed instruction and practice. In 1991, curriculum trends move toward less structured and teacher-directed methods, and companies begin to market other networked systems sometimes called multimedia learning systems, integrated technology systems, or open learning systems. Systems

networked with a central server mark a significant movement away from single computer systems under the control of individual teachers and

back toward more centralized control of instructional computing resources.

Image from: http://atschool.eduweb.co.uk/mbaker/material/ils.gifText from: Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching by M.D. Roblyer, 3rd edition. Copyright

2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

1994 - The birth of the World Wide Web. Although a text-based version of the Internet had been used by university educators since the 1980’s, the program Mosaic makes it possible to see information as a

combination of pictures and text; popular interest is sparked in a way no one had predicted. Teachers recognize the power of the Internet: ready

access to people and information, the ability to send and receive multimedia displays, and an increasingly realistic simulation of “being there.” The Information Superhighway becomes and expressway for

education.

Image from: http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/mosaic.gif

Text from: Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching by M.D. Roblyer, 3rd edition. Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

1998 - ISTE creates computer standards. The International Society for Technology in Education sponsors

National Educational Technology Standards (NETS) for students,

teachers and, later, administrators.

Image from: http://www.iste.org/news/2003/03/07-hp/iste-institute.gif

Text from: Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching by M.D. Roblyer, 3rd edition. Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper

Saddle River, NJ.

2000 - Multimedia uses of the web emerge. Distance learning becomes increasingly common at all levels of education. Web-

based videoconferencing and other forms of communication

become more common.

Image f rom: Microsoft Clip ArtText from: Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching by M.D. Roblyer, 3rd

edition. Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.