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Transgenic Bacteria, Plants, and Animals Gene TherapyGenomics
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DNA Cloning
Cloning is the production of identical copies of DNA Members of a bacterial colony on a petri dish are
clones because they all came from division of the same cell.
Identical twins are clones Single embryo separate to become two.
Gene cloning is production of many identical copies of the same gene. If the inserted gene is replicated and expressed, we
can recover the cloned gene or protein product. Cloned genes have many research purposes Humans can be treated with gene therapy
Animation
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Recombinant DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) contains DNA from two or more different sourcesRequires:
A vector introduces rDNA into host cell Plasmids (small accessory rings of DNA from bacteria)
are common vectors
Two enzymes are required to introduce foreign DNA into vector DNA
A restriction enzyme - cleaves DNA, and A DNA ligase enzyme - seals DNA into an opening
created by the restriction enzyme
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Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
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DNA Ligase
Seals the foreign gene into the vector DNA Treated cells (bacteria) take up plasmids
Bacteria and plasmids reproduce.Many copies of the plasmid and many copies
of the foreign gene.
Animation
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Animation
Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
Animation
Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
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DNA Cloning: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Amplifies a targeted sequence of DNACreate millions of copies of a single gene or a
specific piece of DNA in a test tube Requires:
DNA polymeraseWithstands the temperature necessary to separate
double-stranded DNA.A supply of nucleotides for the new,
Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
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Animation
Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
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Applications of PCR: Analyzing DNA Segments
DNA fingerprinting is the technique of using DNA fragment lengthsTreat DNA segment with restriction enzymes
A unique collection of different fragments is produced
Gel electrophoresis separates the fragments according to their charge/size
Produces distinctive banding patternUsually used to measure number of
repeats of short sequencesUsed in paternity suits, rape cases, corpse
ID, etc.
Animation
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Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
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Biotechnology Products
Genetically engineered organisms can produce biotechnology products.
Organisms that have had a foreign gene inserted into them are transgenic.
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Transgenic Bacteria
Gene of interest is inserted into bacteria. Bacteria are grown in large vats called
bioreactors and product is harvested. Products on the market include insulin, hepatitis B
vaccine, t-PA, and human growth hormone.
Transgenic bacteria can produce chemical products.
Transgenic bacteria process minerals.
Metals Collection
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Transgenic Bacteria
Transgenic bacteria promote plant health
Bacteria that colonize corn roots can be endowed with genes for insect toxin
(Both): Courtesy General Electric Research & Development
Animation
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Transgenic Plants
Agricultural CropsForeign genes now give cotton, corn, and
potato strains the ability to produce an insect toxin
Soybeans are now resistant to a common herbicide
Human HormonesPlants are being engineered to produce human
proteins including hormones, clotting factors, and antibodies in their seeds
Animation
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Transgenic Animals
Vortex Mixing: Many types of animal eggs have taken up the gene for bovine
growth hormone (bGH) The procedure has been used to produce larger fishes, cows,
pigs, rabbits, and sheep Gene Pharming:
Use of transgenic farm animals to produce pharmaceuticals Genes coding for therapeutic & diagnostic proteins are
incorporated into an animal’s DNA The proteins appear in the animal’s milk Plans are to produce drugs to treat
An Intergenic Sequences are DNA sequences that occur between genes
Repetitive DNA elements occur when the same sequence of two or more nucleotides are repeated many times along the length of one or more chromosomes.
Transposons are specific DNA sequences that have the remarkable ability to move within and between chromosomes.
Animation
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Animation
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Animation
Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
People inherit patterns of sequence differences, called haplotypes If one haplotype of a person has an A rather than a G
at a particular location in a chromosome, there are probably other particular base differences near the A
Genetic data from African, Asian, and European populations will be analyzed
A HapMap is a catalog common sequence differences that occur in a species The goal of the project is to link haplotypes to risk for
specific illnesses May lead to new methods of preventing, diagnosing,
and treating disease
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Functional and Comparative Genomics
Functional genomics aims to understand the role of genome in cells or organisms
DNA microarrays can monitor the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously and tell us: What genes are turned on Environmental conditions that turn on the gene
DNA microarrays contain microscopic amounts of known DNA fixed onto a small glass slide
mRNA bind through complementary base pairing mRNA is produced by active cell.
Identify various mutations in the genome of an individual This is called the person’s genetic profile.
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Genetic Profile
The complete genotype of an individualThis is the person’s genetic profileA way of studying how genes work together
to control the phenotypeAnalyze the genetic profile of many individualsCompare their profiles to their phenotypes
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Proteomics
The study of the structure, function, and interaction of cellular proteins
At least 25,000 of our genes are translated into proteins The sum total of these proteins is called the human
proteome Understanding protein function is essential to the
development of better drugs Correlate drug treatment to the particular genome Increase efficiency and decrease side effects
Once the primary structure of these protein is known It should be possible to predict their tertiary structure Computer modeling of the tertiary of these proteins is an
important part of proteomics
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Bioinformatics
The application of computer technologies to the study of the genome
Genomics and proteomics produce raw data
These fields depend on computer analysis to find significant patterns in the data
Scientists hope to find relationships between genetic profiles and genetic disorders
New computational tools will be needed to accomplish these goals