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23Mar20 1 DNA Lecture 14 At the end of this series of lectures, you should be able to: Define terms. Explain the central dogma of molecular biology. Describe the structure of nucleic acids. Distinguish between a nucleic acid and a nucleotide. Compare the structures of DNA and RNA. Describe the process of DNA replication. Describe the mechanisms that correct errors caused by environmental damage or errors from replication. Objectives 1 2
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14 DNA Presentation - Rob Channell

Dec 18, 2021

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Page 1: 14 DNA Presentation - Rob Channell

23‐Mar‐20

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DNALecture 14

At the end of this series of lectures, you should be able to: 

Define terms. 

Explain the central dogma of molecular biology.

Describe the structure of nucleic acids. 

Distinguish between a nucleic acid and a nucleotide.

Compare the structures of DNA and RNA.

Describe the process of DNA replication. Describe the mechanisms that correct errors caused by environmental damage or errors from replication.

Objectives

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Central Dogma

The central dogma of molecular biology consists of three parts. 

DNA undergoes replication to create a copy of itself. 

DNA undergoes transcription to create RNA.

RNA undergoes translation to create proteins.

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids

They consist of chains of nucleotides. 

Nucleic Acids

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Deoxyribonucleic acid

Function – Information storage

Structure Polymer – nucleotides

Complementary base pairs – Double stranded

Adenine – Thymine

Cytosine – Guanine

Sugar phosphate backbone  

Ladder‐like

Double helix

DNA

Biology by OpenStax College is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 

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Madprime, CC BY‐SA 3.0, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA 

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Nemo, Public Domain, http://pixabay.com/en/science‐cartoon‐double‐helix‐lie‐24559/

Forluvoft, Public Domain, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_simple2.svg

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Biology by OpenStax College is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. 

Central Dogma

The central dogma of molecular biology consists of three parts. 

DNA undergoes replication to create a copy of itself. 

DNA undergoes transcription to create RNA.

RNA undergoes translation to create proteins.

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Replication of DNA

Occurs inside of the nucleus during S of Interphase. 

Replication of DNA

Uncoiling of the DNA helix. (DNA helicase)

Unzipping of DNA strands. 

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Anatomy and Physiology, OpenStax College, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0

Replication of DNA

Each strand can then serve as a template for a new strand of DNA. 

Semi‐conservative replication

Nucleotides match with their complement. 

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Anatomy and Physiology, OpenStax College, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0

Replication of DNA

Sugar phosphate bonds are forged. (DNA polymerase)

5’  3’ 

Pieces of newly formed DNA are joined. (DNA ligase)

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Madprime, CC BY‐SA 3.0, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA 

Nemo, Public Domain, http://pixabay.com/en/diagram‐dna‐biology‐labeled‐41531/

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Replication of DNA

Uncoiling of the DNA helix. (DNA helicase) Unzipping of DNA strands.  Each strand can then serve as a template for a new strand 

of DNA.  Semi‐conservative replication

Nucleotides match with their complement.  Sugar phosphate bonds are forged. (DNA polymerase)

5’  3’ 

Pieces of newly formed DNA are joined. (DNA ligase)

Ribonucleic acid

Function: Information processing

Structure

Single strand

Uracil

RNA

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Binhtruong, CC BY‐SA 3.0, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonucleotide#mediaviewer/File:Ribonucleotide_General.png

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NEUROtiker, Public Domain, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonucleotide#mediaviewer/File:Uridinmonophosphat_protoniert.svg  

Uracil replaces Thymine

mRNA – Messenger RNA

Carries the instructions from the nucleus to the ribosome

rRNA – Ribosomal RNA

Made in the nucleolus and makes up part of the ribosome

tRNA – Transfer RNA

Carries the amino acids to the ribosome

Types of RNA

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Sponk, CC BY‐SA 3.0, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Difference_DNA_RNA‐EN.svg 

Sponk, CC BY‐SA 3.0, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Difference_DNA_RNA‐EN.svg 

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