138251985 Best SQL Plsql Material

8/13/2019 138251985 Best SQL Plsql Material

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INTRODUCTION

SQL is divided into the following

1 Data Definition Language (DDL)

1 Data Manipulation Language (DML)

1 Data Retieval Language (DRL)

1 Tansa!tion Contol Language (TCL)

1 Data Contol Language (DCL)

DDL "" !eate# alte# dop# tun!ate# ena$e

DML "" inset# update# delete

DRL "" sele!t

TCL "" !o$$it# oll%a! savepoint

DCL "" gant# evo&e

CR'T' TL' S*NT+

Ceate ta%le ,table_name- (col1 datatype1, col2 datatype2 coln datatypen).

'/0 SQL-!eate ta%le student (no nu$%e (1)# na$e va!ha (23)# $a&s nu$%e

(4)).

INS'RT

This will %e used to inset the e!ods into ta%le5

6e have two $ethods to inset5

1 7 value $ethod1 7 addess $ethod

a) USIN8 9LU' M'T:OD

S7nta/0

1


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!) INS'RTIN8 DT INTO SA'CIBI'D COLUMNS USIN8 9LU' M'T:OD

S7nta/0

inset into ,table_name)(col1, col2, col3 Coln) values (value1, value2,

value3 .

Valuen).

'/0

SQL-inset into student (no# na$e) values (4# ;Ra$esh;).

SQL-inset into student (no# na$e) values (@# ;Madhu;).

d) INS'RTIN8 DT INTO SA'CIBI'D COLUMNS USIN8 DDR'SS M'T:OD

S7nta/0

inset into ,table_name)(col1, col2, col3 coln) values (&col1, &col2

.&coln);

This will po$pt 7ou fo the values %ut fo eve7 inset 7ou have to use fowad

slash5

'/0

SQL-inset into student (no# na$e) values (


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o

Sele!t col1, col2, colnfo$ ,table_name-.

'/0

SQL-sele!t E fo$ student.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """""" """"""""

2 Sudha 233

1 Sa&eth 133

2 >agan 433

1 Naen @33

4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu

9isu

Rattu

SQL-sele!t no# na$e# $a&s fo$ student.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """""" """"""""

2 Sudha 233

1 Sa&eth 133

2 >agan 433

1 Naen @33

4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu

9isu

Rattu

SQL-sele!t no# na$e fo$ student.

NO NM'

""" """""""

2 Sudha


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1 Sa&eth

2 >agan

1 Naen

4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu 9isu

Rattu

CONDITIONL S'L'CTIONS ND

OA'RTORS

6e have two !lauses used in this

1 6hee

1 Ode %7

USIN8 6:'R'

S7nta/0

sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,condition-.

the following ae the diffeent t7pes of opeatos used in whee !lause5

1 ith$eti! opeatos

1 Co$paison opeatos

1 Logi!al opeatos

1 ith$eti! opeatos "" highest pe!eden!e

G# "# E# ?

2 Co$paison opeatos

H# H# -# ,# -H# ,H# ,-

2 %etween# not %etween

3 in# not in

5


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2 null# not null

2 li&e

2 Logi!al opeatos

3 nd

4 O "" lowest pe!eden!e

3 not

a) USIN8H# -# ,# -H# ,H# H# ,-

'/0

SQL-sele!t E fo$ student whee no H 1.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

1 Sa&eth 133

1 Naen @33

SQL-sele!t E fo$ student whee no , 1.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""""

2 Sudha 233

2 >agan 433

SQL-sele!t E fo$ student whee no - 1.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""""

4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu

9isu

Rattu

SQL-sele!t E fo$ student whee no ,H 1.


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NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""""

2 Sudha 233

1 Sa&eth 133

2 >agan 433

1 Naen @33

SQL-sele!t E fo$ student whee no -H 1.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

1 Sa&eth 133 1 Naen @33

4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu

9isu

Rattu

SQL-sele!t E fo$ student whee no H 1.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""""

2 Sudha 233

2 >agan 433

4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu

9isu

Rattu

SQL-sele!t E fo$ student whee no ,- 1.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""""

2 Sudha 233

7


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2 >agan 433

4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu

9isu

Rattu

%) USIN8 ND

This will gives the output when all the !onditions %e!o$e tue5

S7nta/0

sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,condition1- and ,condition2- and 55

,conditionn-.

'/0

SQL-sele!t E fo$ student whee no H 1 and $a&s -H 133.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""

1 Sa&eth 133

1 Naen @33

!) USIN8 OR

This will gives the output when eithe of the !onditions %e!o$e tue5

S7nta/0

sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,condition1- and ,condition2- o 55

,conditionn-.

'/0

SQL-sele!t E fo$ student whee no H 1 o $a&s -H 133.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

1 Sa&eth 133

2 >agan 433


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1 Naen @33

d) USIN8 'T6''N

This will gives the output %ased on the !olu$n and its lowe %ound#

uppe%ound5

S7nta/0

sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,col- %etween ,lower bound- and

,upper

bound-.

'/0

SQL-sele!t E fo$ student whee $a&s %etween 133 and @33.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

1 Sa&eth 133

2 >agan 433

1 Naen @33

e) USIN8 NOT 'T6''N

This will gives the output %ased on the !olu$n whi!h values ae not in its lowe

%ound#

uppe%ound5

S7nta/0

sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,col- not %etween ,lower bound- and,upper

bound-.

'/0

SQL-sele!t E fo$ student whee $a&s not %etween 133 and @33.

9


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NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

2 Sudha 233

f) USIN8 IN

This will gives the output %ased on the !olu$n and its list of values spe!ified5

S7nta/0

sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,col- in (value1, value2, value3

valuen).

'/0

SQL-sele!t E fo$ student whee no in (2# 1# 4).

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

2 Sudha 233

1 Sa&eth 133

2 >agan 433

1 Naen @33 4 Ra$esh

g) USIN8 NOT IN

This will gives the output %ased on the !olu$n whi!h values ae not in the list

of

values spe!ified5

S7nta/0

sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,col- not in (value1, value2, value3

valuen).

'/0


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SQL-sele!t E fo$ student whee no not in (2# 1# 4).

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

@ Madhu

9isu

Rattu

h) USIN8 NULL

This will gives the output %ased on the null values in the spe!ified !olu$n5

S7nta/0

sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,col- is null.

'/0

SQL-sele!t E fo$ student whee $a&s is null.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

4 Ra$esh @ Madhu

9isu

Rattu

i) USIN8 NOT NULL

This will gives the output %ased on the not null values in the spe!ified !olu$n5

S7nta/0

sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,col- is not null.

'/0

SQL-sele!t E fo$ student whee $a&s is not null.

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NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

2 Sudha 233

1 Sa&eth 133

2 >agan 433 1 Naen @33

J) USIN8 LIF'

This will %e used to sea!h though the ows of data%ase !olu$n %ased on the

patten

7ou spe!if75

S7nta/0

sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,col- li&e ,pattern-.

'/0

i) This will give the ows whose $a&s ae 2335

SQL-sele!t E fo$ student whee $a&s li&e 233.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

2 Sudha 233

ii) This will give the ows whose na$e stat with KS;5

SQL-sele!t E fo$ student whee na$e li&e =S=.

NO NM' MRFS """ """"""" """""""""

2 Sudha 233

1 Sa&eth 133

iii) This will give the ows whose na$e ends with Kh;5


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SQL-sele!t E fo$ student whee na$e li&e =h=.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

1 Sa&eth 133

4 Ra$esh

i9) This will give the ows whose na$e;s se!ond lette stat with Ka;5

SQL-sele!t E fo$ student whee na$e li&e =a=.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""

1 Sa&eth 133

2 >agan 433

1 Naen @33

4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu

Rattu

9) This will give the ows whose na$e;s thid lette stat with Kd;5

SQL-sele!t E fo$ student whee na$e li&e =d=.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

2 Sudha 233

@ Madhu

9i) This will give the ows whose na$e;s se!ond lette stat with Kt; fo$

ending5

SQL-sele!t E fo$ student whee na$e li&e =t=.

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NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

1 Sa&eth 133

Rattu

9ii) This will give the ows whose na$e;s thid lette stat with Ke; fo$

ending5

SQL-sele!t E fo$ student whee na$e li&e =e=.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""" 1 Sa&eth 133

4 Ra$esh

9iii) This will give the ows whose na$e !otains 1 a;s5

SQL-sele!t E fo$ student whee na$e li&e =a a =.

NO NM' MRFS """ """"""" """"""""""

2 >agan 433

E *ou have to spe!if7 the pattens in lieusing undes!oe ( )5

USIN8 ORD'R *

This will %e used to odeing the !olu$ns data (as!ending o des!ending)5

S7nta/0

Sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- ode %7 ,col- des!.


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7 default oa!le will use as!ending ode5

If 7ou want output in des!ending ode 7ou have to use de!c&e7wod afte the

!olu$n5

'/0

SQL-sele!t E fo$ student ode %7 no.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

2 Sudha 233

2 >agan 433

1 Sa&eth 133s

1 Naen @33 4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu

9isu

Rattu

SQL-sele!t E fo$ student ode %7 no des!.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

Rattu

9isu

@ Madhu

4 Ra$esh

1 Sa&eth 133

1 Naen @33

2 Sudha 233

2 >agan 433

USIN8 DML

USIN8 UADT'

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This !an %e used to $odif7 the ta%le data5

S7nta/0

Update ,table_name- set ,col1- H value2# ,col2- H value1 whee

,condition-.

'/0

SQL-update student set $a&s H 33.

If 7ou ae not spe!if7ing an7 !ondition this will update entie ta%le5

SQL-update student set $a&s H 33 whee no H 1.

SQL-update student set $a&s H 33# na$e H =9enu= whee no H 2.

USIN8 D'L'T'

This !an %e used to delete the ta%le data te$poail75

S7nta/0

Delete ,table_name- whee ,condition-.

'/0

SQL-delete student.

If 7ou ae not spe!if7ing an7 !ondition this will delete entie ta%le5

SQL-delete student whee no H 1.

USIN8 DDL


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USIN8 LT'R

This !an %e used to add o e$ove !olu$ns and to $odif7 the pe!ision of the

datat7pe5

a) DDIN8 COLUMN

S7nta/0

alte ta%le ,table_name- add ,col datatype-.

'/0

SQL-alte ta%le student add sdo% date.

%) R'MO9IN8 COLUMN

S7nta/0

alte ta%le ,table_name- dop ,col datatype-.

'/0

SQL-alte ta%le student dop !olu$n sdo%.

!) INCR'SIN8 OR D'CR'SIN8 AR'CISION OB COLUMN

S7nta/0

alte ta%le ,table_name- $odif7 ,col datatype-.

'/0

SQL-alte ta%le student $odif7 $a&s nu$%e().

E To de!ease pe!ision the !olu$n should %e e$pt75

d) MFIN8 COLUMN UNUS'D

S7nta/0

alte ta%le ,table_name- set unused !olu$n ,col-.

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This will %e used to dop the data%ase o%Je!t.

S7nta/0

Dop ta%le ,table_name-.

'/0

SQL-dop ta%le student.

USIN8 R'NM'

This will %e used to ena$e the data%ase o%Je!t.

S7nta/0

ena$e ,oldtable_name- to ,new_table_name-.

'/0

SQL-ena$e student to stud.

USIN8 TCL

USIN8 COMMIT

This will %e used to save the wo&5

Co$$it is of two t7pes5

1 I$pli!it

1 '/pli!it

a) IMALICIT

This will %e issued %7 oa!le intenall7 in two situations5

1 6hen an7 DDL opeation is pefo$ed5

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1 6hen 7ou ae e/iting fo$ SQL E ALUS5

%) '+ALICIT

This will %e issued %7 the use5

S7nta/0

Co$$it o !o$$it wo&.

E 6hen eve 7ou !o$$itted then the tansa!tion was !o$pleted5

USIN8 ROLLCF

This will undo the opeation5

This will %e applied in two $ethods5

1 Upto pevious !o$$it

1 Upto pevious oll%a!&

S7nta/0

Roll o oll wo&.

O

Roll%a!& o oll%a!& wo&.

E 6hile po!ess is going on# if suddenl7 powe goes then oa!le will oll%a!& the

tansa!tion5

USIN8 S9'AOINT

*ou !an use savepoints to oll%a!& potions of 7ou !uent set of tansa!tions5

S7nta/0

Savepoint ,!avepoint_name-.

'/0

SQL-savepoint s2.

SQL-inset into student values(2# Ka;# 233).

SQL-savepoint s1.


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SQL-inset into student values(1# K%;# 133).

SQL-savepoint s4.

SQL-inset into student values(4# K!;# 433).

SQL-savepoint s@.

SQL-inset into student values(@# Kd;# @33).

efoe oll%a!&


NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""""

2 a 233 1 % 133

4 ! 433

@ d @33

SQL-oll%a!& to savepoint s4.

O

SQL-oll%a!& to s4.

This will oll%a!& last two e!ods5


NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""""

2 a 233

1 % 133

21


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USIN8 DCL

DCL !o$$ands ae used to ganting and evo&ing the pe$issions5

USIN8 8RNT

This is used to gant the pivileges to othe uses5

S7nta/0

8ant ,privile"e!- on ,ob#ect_name- to ,u!er_name- with gant option.

'/0

SQL-gant sele!t on student to sudha. "" 7ou !an give individual pivilege SQL-gant sele!t# inset on student to sudha. "" 7ou !an give set of pivileges

SQL-gant all on student to sudha. "" 7ou !an give all pivileges

The sudha use has to use dot $ethod to a!!ess the o%Je!t5

SQL-sele!t E fo$ sa&eth5student.


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The sudha use !an not gant pe$ission on student ta%le to othe uses5 To get

this

t7pe of option use the following5

SQL-gant all on student to sudha with gant option.

Now sudha use also gant pe$issions on student ta%le5

USIN8 R'9OF'

This is used to evo&e the pivileges fo$ the uses to whi!h 7ou ganted the

pivileges5

S7nta/0

Revo&e ,privile"e!- on ,ob#ect_name- fo$ ,u!er_name-.

'/0

SQL-evo&e sele!t on student fo$ sudha. "" 7ou !an evo&e individual

pivilege

SQL-evo&e sele!t# inset on student fo$ sudha. "" 7ou !an evo&e set of

pivileges

SQL-evo&e all on student fo$ sudha. "" 7ou !an evo&e all pivileges

USIN8 LIS'S

CR'T' 6IT: S'L'CT

6e !an !eate a ta%le using e/isting ta%le along with data5

S7nta/0

Ceate ta%le ,new_table_name- col1, col2, col3 ... coln as sele!t E fo$

,old_table_name-.

'/0

SQL-!eate ta%le student2 as sele!t E fo$ student.

Ceating ta%le with 7ou own !olu$n na$es5

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SQL-!eate ta%le student1(sno# sna$e# s$a&s) as sele!t E fo$ student.

Ceating ta%le with spe!ified !olu$ns5

SQL-!eate ta%le student4 as sele!t no#na$e fo$ student.

Ceating ta%le with out ta%le data5

SQL-!eate ta%le student1(sno# sna$e# s$a&s) as sele!t E fo$ student whee

2 H 1.

In the a%ove whee !lause give an7 !ondition whi!h does not satisf75

INS'RT 6IT: S'L'CT

Using this we !an inset e/isting ta%le data to a anothe ta%le in a single tip5 ut

the ta%le stu!tue should %e sa$e5

S7nta/0

Inset into ,table1- sele!t E fo$ ,table2-.

'/0

SQL-inset into student2 sele!t E fo$ student.

Inseting data into spe!ified !olu$ns

SQL-inset into student2(no# na$e) sele!t no# na$e fo$ student.

COLUMN LIS'S

S7nta/0

$elect %or"inal_col %alia!_name 'rom %tablena$e-.

'/0

SQL-sele!t no sno fo$ student.

o

SQL-sele!t no Psno fo$ student.


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TL' LIS'S

If 7ou ae using ta%le aliases 7ou !an use dot $ethod to the !olu$ns5

S7nta/0

Sele!t ,alia!_name-5,col1-# ,alia!_name-5,col2- ,alia!_name-5,coln-

fo$

,table_name- ,alia!_name-.

'/0

SQL-sele!t s5no# s5na$e fo$ student s.

USIN8 M'R8'

M'R8'

*ou !an use $ege !o$$and to pefo$ inset and update in a single !o$$and5

'/0

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D'ATNO DNM' LOC

"""""""" """""""" """"

23 a!!ounting new 7o&

13 esea!h dallas

43 sales Chi!ago@3 opeations %oston

a) CR'T' STUD'NT TL'

SQL-Ceate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1)#na$e va!ha(1)#$a&s nu$%e(4)).

%) MULTI INS'RT 6IT: LL BI'LDS

SQL-Inset all

Into student values(2#;a;#233)

Into student values(1#;%;#133)

Into student values(4#;!;#433)

Sele!t Efo$ dept whee deptnoH23.

"" This insets 4 ows

!) MULTI INS'RT 6IT: SA'CIBI'D BI'LDS

SQL-inset all

Into student (no#na$e) values(@#;d;)

Into student(na$e#$a&s) values(;e;#@33)




d) MULTI INS'RT 6IT: DUALICT' RO6S

SQL-inset all

27


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Into student values(2#;a;#233)

Into student values(1#;%;#133)


Sele!t Efo$ dept whee deptno - 23.

"" This insets ows %e!ause in the sele!t state$ent etieves 4 e!ods (4

insets fo

ea!h ow etieved)

e) MULTI INS'RT 6IT: CONDITIONS S'D

SQL-Inset all

6hen deptno - 23 then Into student2 values(2#;a;#233)

6hen dna$e H KSL'S; then

Into student1 values(1#;%;#133)

6hen lo! H KN'6 *ORF; then

Into student4 values(4#;!;#433)

Sele!t Efo$ dept whee deptno-23.

"" This insets @ ows %e!ause the fist !ondition satisfied 4 ti$es# se!ond

!ondition

satisfied on!e and the last none5

f) MULTI INS'RT 6IT: CONDITIONS S'D ND 'LS'

SQL- Inset all

6hen deptno - 233 then

Into student2 values(2#;a;#233)

6hen dna$e H KS; then




'lse

Into student values(@#;d;#@33)


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Sele!t Efo$ dept whee deptno-23.

"" This insets 4 e!ods %e!ause the else satisfied 4 ti$es

g) MULTI INS'RT 6IT: CONDITIONS S'D ND BIRST

SQL- Inset fist

6hen deptno H 13 then


6hen dna$e H KR'S'RC:; then



Into student4 values(4#;!;#433) Sele!t Efo$ dept whee deptnoH13.

"" This insets 2 e!od %e!ause the fist !lause avoid to !he!& the e$aining

!onditions on!e the !ondition is satisfied5

h) MULTI INS'RT 6IT: CONDITIONS S'D# BIRST ND 'LS'

SQL- Inset fist 6hen deptno H 43 then


6hen dna$e H KR; then




'lse

Into student values(@#;d;#@33)


"" This insets 2 e!od %e!ause the else !lause satisfied on!e

29


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i) MULTI INS'RT 6IT: MULTIL' TL'S

SQL- Inset all






EE *ou !an use $ulti ta%les with spe!ified fields# with dupli!ate ows# with

!onditions#

with fist and else !lauses5

BUNCTIONS

Bun!tions !an %e !ategoied as follows5


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1 Single ow fun!tions

1 8oup fun!tions

SIN8L' RO6 BUNCTIONS

Single ow fun!tions !an %e !ategoied into five5 These will %e applied fo ea!h

ow and podu!es individual output fo ea!h ow5

1 Nu$ei! fun!tions

1 Sting fun!tions

1 Date fun!tions

1 Mis!ellaneous fun!tions

1 Convesion fun!tions

NUM'RIC BUNCTIONS

1 %s

1 Sign

1 St

1Mod

1 Nvl

1 Aowe

1 '/p

1 Ln

1 Log

1 Ceil

1 Bloo

1 Round

1 Tun&

1 itand

1 8eatest

1 Least

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1 Coales!e

a) S

%solute value is the $easue of the $agnitude of value5

%solute value is alwa7s a positive nu$%e5

S7nta/0 a%s (value)

'/0

SQL-sele!t a%s()# a%s(")# a%s(3)# a%s(null) fo$ dual.

S() S(") S(3) S(NULL)

"""""""""" """""""""" """""""""" """""""""""""

3

%) SI8N

Sign gives the sign of a value5

S7nta/0 sign (value)

'/0

SQL-sele!t sign()# sign(")# sign(3)# sign(null) fo$ dual.

SI8N() SI8N(") SI8N(3) SI8N(NULL)

"""""""""" """""""""" """""""""" """"""""""""""

2 "2 3

!) SQRT

This will give the suae oot of the given value5

S7nta/0 st (value) "" hee value $ust %e positive5


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'/0

SQL-sele!t st(@)# st(3)# st(null)# st(2) fo$ dual.

SQRT(@) SQRT(3) SQRT(NULL) SQRT(2)

"""""""""" """""""""" """"""""""""""" """"""""""

1 3 2

d) MOD

This will give the e$ainde5

S7nta/0 $od (value, divi!or)

'/0

SQL-sele!t $od(V#@)# $od(2#)# $od(null# null )# $od(3#3)# $od("V#@) fo$

dual.

MOD(V#@) MOD(2#) MOD(NULL#NULL) MOD(3#3) MOD("V#@)

"""""""""""" """""""""" """"""""""""""""""""" """"""""""" """""""""""""

4 2 3 "4

e) N9L

This will su%stitutes the spe!ified value in the pla!e of null values5

S7nta/0 nvl (null_col, replacement_value)

'/0

SQL-sele!t E fo$ student. "" hee fo 4dow $a&s value is null

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

2 a 233

1 % 133

4 !

33


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SQL-sele!t no# na$e# nvl($a&s#433) fo$ student.

NO NM' N9L(MRFS#433)

""" """"""" """""""""""""""""""""

2 a 233

1 % 133

4 ! 433

SQL-sele!t nvl(2#1)# nvl(1#4)# nvl(@#4)# nvl(#@) fo$ dual.

N9L(2#1) N9L(1#4) N9L(@#4) N9L(#@)

"""""""""" """""""""" """""""""" """"""""""

2 1 @

SQL-sele!t nvl(3#3)# nvl(2#2)# nvl(null#null)# nvl(@#@) fo$ dual.

N9L(3#3) N9L(2#2) N9L(null#null) N9L(@#@)

"""""""""" """""""""" """"""""""""""""" """"""""""

3 2 @

f) AO6'R

Aowe is the a%ilit7 to aise a value to a given e/ponent5

S7nta/0 powe (value, eponent)

'/0

SQL-sele!t powe(1#)# powe(3#3)# powe(2#2)# powe(null#null)# powe(1#"

)

fo$ dual.

AO6'R (1# ) AO6'R (3# 3) AO6'R (2# 2) AO6'R (NULL# NULL)

AO6'R (1#")


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"""""""""""""" """""""""""""" """"" """"""""" """""""""""""""""""""""

"""""""""""""""

41 2 2

53421

g) '+A

This will aise e value to the give powe5

S7nta/0 e/p (value)

'/0

SQL-sele!t e/p (2)# e/p (1)# e/p (3)# e/p (null)# e/p ("1) fo$ dual.

'+A(2) '+A(1) '+A(3) '+A(NULL) '+A("1)

"""""""" """"""""" """""""" """"""""""""" """"""""""

15V2W1W2W4 V54W32 2 524441W4

h) LN

This is %ased on natual o %ase e logaith$5

S7nta/0 ln (value) "" hee value $ust %e geate than eo whi!h is positive

onl75

'/0

SQL-sele!t ln (2)# ln (1)# ln (null) fo$ dual.

LN (2) LN (1) LN (NULL)

""""""" """"""" """"""""""""

3 542@V2W2

Ln and '/p ae e!ipo!al to ea!h othe5

'+A(4) H 1353W4

LN(1353W4) H 4

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i) LO8

This is %ased on 23 %ased logaith$5

S7nta/0 log (23# value)"" hee value $ust %e geate than eo whi!h is positive

onl75

'/0

SQL-sele!t log(23#233)# log(23#1)# log(23#2)# log(23#null) fo$ dual.

LO8(23#233) LO8(23#1) LO8(23#2) LO8(23#NULL)

""""""""""""""" """"""""""" """""""""""" """""""""""""""""

1 543231 3

LN(value) H LO8('+A(2)# value)

SQL-sele!t ln(4)# log(e/p(2)#4) fo$ dual.

LN (4) LO8('+A(2)#4)

""""""" """""""""""""""""

253W211 253W211

J) C'IL

This will podu!e a whole nu$%e that is geate than o eual to the spe!ified

value5

S7nta/0 !eil (value)

'/0

SQL-sele!t !eil ()# !eil (52)# !eil (")# !eil ("52)# !eil (3)# !eil (null) fo$

dual.


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C'IL () C'IL (52) C'IL (") C'IL ("52) C'IL (3) 'IL(NULL)

""""""""" """"""""""" """""""""" """""""""""" """""""" """"""""""""""

" " 3

&) BLOOR

This will podu!e a whole nu$%e that is less than o eual to the spe!ified

value5

S7nta/0 floo (value)

'/0

SQL-sele!t floo ()# floo (52)# floo (")# floo ( "52)# floo (3)# floo(null)

fo$

dual.

BLOOR () BLOOR (52) BLOOR (") BLOOR ("52) BLOOR (3) BLOOR

(NULL)

""""""""""" """"""""""""" """""""""""" """""""""""""" """""""""""

""""""""""""""""

" " 3

l) ROUND

This will ounds nu$%es to a given nu$%e of digits of pe!ision5

S7nta/0 ound (value, preci!ion)

'/0

SQL-sele!t ound (214514@)# ound (214514@# 1)# ound (214514@)# 1)

fo$ dual.

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ROUND (214514@) ROUND (214514@# 3) ROUND (214514@# 1) ROUND

(214514@#1)

""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""

"""""""""""""""""""""""

214 214 214514

21451@

SQL-sele!t ound (214514@#"2)# ound (214514@#"1)# ound(214514@#"4)#

Round (214514@#"@) fo$ dual.

ROUND (214514@#"2) ROUND (214514@#"1) ROUND(214514@#"4)

ROUND(214514@#"@)"""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""

""""""""""""""""""""""""

213 233 3

3

SQL-sele!t ound (214#3)# ound(214#2)# ound(214#1) fo$ dual.

ROUND (214#3) ROUND(214#2) ROUND(214#1)

""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""

214 214 214

SQL-sele!t ound ("214#3)# ound("214#2)# ound("214#1) fo$ dual.

ROUND ("214# 3) ROUND ("214# 2) ROUND ("214#1)

"""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""

"214 "214 "214

SQL-sele!t ound(214#"2)# ound(214#"1)# ound(214#"4)# ound("214#"2)#

ound(

"214#"1)# ound("214#"4) fo$ dual.


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ROUND(214#"2) ROUND(214#"1) ROUND(214#"4) ROUND("214#"2) ROUND("

214#"1)

ROUND("214#"4)

""""""""""""" """"""""""""" """"""""""""" """""""""""""" """"""""""""""

""""""""""""""""""""""""""

213 233 3 "213 "233 3

SQL- sele!t ound(null#null)# ound(3#3)# ound(2#2)# ound("2#"2)# ound("

1#"1)

fo$ dual.

ROUND(NULL#NULL) ROUND(3#3) ROUND(2#2) ROUND("2#"2)ROUND("1#"1)

""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""" """""""""""""" """"""""""""""""

""""""""""""""""

3 2 3 3

$) TRUNC

This will tun!ates o !hops off digits of pe!ision fo$ a nu$%e5

S7nta/0 tun! (value, preci!ion)

'/0

SQL-sele!t tun!(214514@)# tun!(214514@#1)# tun!(214514@#1) fo$

dual.

TRUNC(214514@) TRUNC(214514@#1) TRUNC(214514@#1)""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""

214 214514 214514

SQL-sele!t tun!(214514@#"2)# tun!(214514@#"1)# tun!(214514@#"4)#

tun!(214514@#"@) fo$ dual.

39


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TRUNC(214514@#"2) TRUNC(214514@#"1) TRUNC(214514@#"4)

TRUNC(214514@#"@)

"""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""

""""""""""""""""""""""""

213 233 3 3

SQL-sele!t tun!(214#3)# tun!(214#2)# tun!(214#1) fo$ dual.

TRUNC(214#3) TRUNC(214#2) TRUNC(214#1)

"""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""

214 214 214

SQL-sele!t tun!("214#3)# tun!("214#2)# tun!("214#1) fo$ dual.

TRUNC("214#3) TRUNC("214#2) TRUNC("214#1)

""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""

"214 "214 "214

SQL- sele!t tun!(214#"2)# tun!(214#"1)# tun!(214#"4)# tun!("214#"2)#

tun!(

"214#1)# tun!("214#"4) fo$ dual.

TRUNC(214#"2) TRUNC(214#"1) TRUNC(214#"4) TRUNC("214#"2) TRUNC("214#1)

TRUNC("

214#"4)

""""""""""""" """"""""""""" """"""""""""" """""""""""""" """""""""""""

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

213 233 3 "213 "214 3

SQL-sele!t tun!(null#null)# tun!(3#3)# tun!(2#2)# tun!("2#"2)# tun!("1#"1)

fo$


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dual.

TRUNC(NULL#NULL) TRUNC(3#3) TRUNC(2#2) TRUNC("2#"2) TRUNC("

1#"1)

""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""" """"""""""""" """""""""""""""

""""""""""""""""

3 2 3 3

n) ITND

This will pefo$ %itwise and opeation5

S7nta/0 %itand (value1, value2)

'/0

SQL-sele!t %itand(1#4)# %itand(3#3)# %itand(2#2)# %itand(null#null)# %itand("

1#"4)

fo$ dual.

ITND(1#4) ITND(3#3) ITND(2#2) ITND(NULL#NULL)

ITND("1#"4)

"""""""""""""" """"""""""""""" """""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1 3 2

"@

o) 8R'T'ST

This will give the geatest nu$%e5

S7nta/0 geatest (value1, value2, value3 valuen)

'/0

SQL-sele!t geatest(2# 1# 4)# geatest("2# "1# "4) fo$ dual.

41


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8R'T'ST(2#1#4) 8R'T'ST("2#"1#"4)

"""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""

4 "2

1 If all the values ae eos then it will displa7 eo5

1 If all the paa$etes ae nulls then it will displa7 nothing5

1 If an7 of the paa$etes is null it will displa7 nothing5

p) L'ST

This will give the least nu$%e5

S7nta/0 least (value1, value2, value3 valuen)

'/0

SQL-sele!t least(2# 1# 4)# least("2# "1# "4) fo$ dual.

L'ST(2#1#4) L'ST("2#"1#"4)

"""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""

2 "4

4 If all the values ae eos then it will displa7 eo5



) COL'SC'

This will etun fist non"null value5

S7nta/0 !oales!e (value1, value2, value3 valuen)

'/0

SQL- sele!t !oales!e(2#1#4)# !oales!e(null#1#null#) fo$ dual.

COL'SC'(2#1#4) COL'SC'(NULL#1#NULL#)


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""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

2 1

STRIN8 BUNCTIONS

18 Init!ap

18 Uppe

18 Lowe

18 Length

18 Rpad

18 Lpad

18 Lti$

18 Rti$

18 Ti$

18 Tanslate

18 Repla!e

18 Sounde/

18 Con!at ( K XX K Con!atenation opeato)

18 s!ii

18 Ch

18 Su%st

18 Inst

18 De!ode

18 8eatest

18 Least

18 Coales!e

a)INITCA

This will !apitalie the initial lette of the sting5

S7nta/0 init!ap (!trin")

43


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'/0

SQL-sele!t init!ap(=!o$pute=) fo$ dual.

INITCA

"""""""""""

Co$pute

%) UAA'R

This will !onvet the sting into uppe!ase5

S7nta/0 uppe (!trin")

'/0

SQL-sele!t uppe(=!o$pute=) fo$ dual.

UAA'R

"""""""""""

COMAUT'R

!) LO6'R

This will !onvet the sting into lowe!ase5

S7nta/0 lowe (!trin")

'/0

SQL-sele!t lowe(=COMAUT'R=) fo$ dual.

LO6'R

"""""""""""

!o$pute


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d) L'N8T:

This will give length of the sting5

S7nta/0 length (!trin")

'/0

SQL-sele!t length(=!o$pute=) fo$ dual.

L'N8T:

"""""""""""

W

e) RAD

This will allows 7ou to pad the ight side of a !olu$n with an7 set of !haa!tes5

S7nta/0 pad (!trin", len"t *, paddin"_car+)

'/0

SQL-sele!t pad(=!o$pute=#2#=E=)# pad(=!o$pute=#2#=EY=) fo$ dual.

RAD(=COMAUT'R= RAD(=COMAUT'R=

"""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""

!o$puteEEEEEEE !o$puteEYEYEYE

"" Default padding !haa!te was %lan& spa!e5

f) LAD

This will allows 7ou to pad the left side of a !olu$n with an7 set of !haa!tes5

S7nta/0 lpad (!trin", len"t *, paddin"_car+)

'/0

45


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SQL-sele!t lpad(=!o$pute=#2#=E=)# lpad(=!o$pute=#2#=EY=) fo$ dual.

LAD(=COMAUT'R= LAD(=COMAUT'R=

""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""

EEEEEEE!o$pute EYEYEYE!o$pute

"" Default padding !haa!te was %lan& spa!e5

g) LTRIM

This will ti$ off unwanted !haa!tes fo$ the left end of sting5

S7nta/0 lti$ (!trin" *,unwanted_car!+)

'/0

SQL-sele!t lti$(=!o$pute=#=!o=)# lti$(=!o$pute=#=!o$=) fo$ dual.

LTRIM( LTRIM

"""""""" """""""""

$pute pute

SQL-sele!t lti$(=!o$pute=#=pute=)# lti$(=!o$pute=#=o$pute=) fo$ dual.

LTRIM(=C LTRIM(=C

"""""""""" """"""""""

!o$pute !o$pute

"" If 7ou haven;t spe!if7 an7 unwanted !haa!tes it will displa7 entie

sting5

h) RTRIM

This will ti$ off unwanted !haa!tes fo$ the ight end of sting5

S7nta/0 ti$ (!trin" *, unwanted_car!+)


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'/0

SQL-sele!t ti$(=!o$pute=#=e=)# ti$(=!o$pute=#=te=) fo$ dual.

RTRIM( RTRIM

"""""""" """""""""

!o$put !o$pu

SQL-sele!t ti$(=!o$pute=#=!o$put;)# ti$(=!o$pute=#=!o$pute=) fo$

dual.

RTRIM(=C RTRIM(=C

"""""""""" """"""""""

!o$pute !o$pute "" If 7ou haven;t spe!if7 an7 unwanted !haa!tes it will displa7 entie

sting5

i) TRIM

This will ti$ off unwanted !haa!tes fo$ the %oth sides of sting5

S7nta/0 ti$ (unwanted_car! fo$!trin")

'/0

SQL-sele!t ti$( =i= fo$ =indiani=) fo$ dual.

TRIM(

"""""

ndian

SQL-sele!t ti$( leading=i= fo$ =indiani=) fo$ dual."" this will

wo& as LTRIM

TRIM(L

""""""

47


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ndiani

SQL-sele!t ti$( tailing=i= fo$ =indiani=) fo$ dual. "" this will wo& as

RTRIM

TRIM(T

""""""

Indian

J) TRNSLT'

This will epla!e the set of !haa!tes# !haa!te %7 !haa!te5

S7nta/0 tanslate (!trin", old_car!, new_car!)

'/0

SQL-sele!t tanslate(=india=#=in=#=/7=) fo$ dual.

TRNS

""""""""

/7d/a

&) R'ALC'

This will epla!e the set of !haa!tes# sting %7 sting5

S7nta/0 epla!e (!trin", old_car! *, new_car!+)

'/0

SQL-sele!t epla!e(=india=#=in=#=/7=)# epla!e(Kindia;#;in;) fo$ dual.

R'ALC' R'ALC'

""""""""""" """""""""""


49/338

+7dia dia

l) SOUND'+

This will %e used to find wods that sound li&e othe wods# e/!lusivel7 used in

whee

!lause5

S7nta/0 sounde/ (!trin")

'/0

SQL-sele!t E fo$ e$p whee sounde/(ena$e) H sounde/(=SMIT=).

'MANO 'NM' >O M8R :IR'DT' SL D'ATNO

"""""""" """""""" """"" """"" """""""""""" """"""""" """"""""""

V4 SMIT: CL'RF V31 2V"D'C"W3 33 13

$) CONCT

This will %e used to !o$%ine two stings onl75

S7nta/0 !on!at (!trin"1, !trin"2)

'/0

SQL-sele!t !on!at(=!o$pute=#= opeato=) fo$ dual.

CONCT(=COMAUT'R=

"""""""""""""""""""""""""

!o$pute opeato

If 7ou want to !o$%ine $oe than two stings 7ou have to use !on!atenation

opeato(XX)5

SQL-sele!t =how= XX = ae= XX = 7ou= fo$ dual.

49


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=:O6=XX=R'

"""""""""""""""

how ae 7ou

n) SCII

This will etun the de!i$al epesentation in the data%ase !haa!te set of the

fist

!haa!te of the sting5

S7nta/0 as!ii (!trin")

'/0

SQL-sele!t as!ii(=a=)# as!ii(=apple=) fo$ dual.

SCII(==) SCII(=AAL'=)

"""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""

V V

o) C:R

This will etun the !haa!te having the %ina7 euivalent to the sting in eithe

the

data%ase !haa!te set o the national !haa!te set5

S7nta/0 !h (number)

'/0

SQL-sele!t !h(V) fo$ dual.

C:R

"""""

a


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p) SUSTR

This will %e used to e/ta!t su%stings5

S7nta/0 su%st (!trin", !tart_cr_count *, no_o'_car!+)

'/0

SQL-sele!t su%st(=!o$pute=#1)# su%st(=!o$pute=#1#)#

su%st(=!o$pute=#4#V)

fo$ dual.

SUSTR( SUST SUSTR"""""""""" """"""" """"""""o$pute o$put $pute

1 If no_o'_car!paa$ete is negative then it will displa7 nothing5

1 If %oth paa$etes e/!ept!trin"ae null o eos then it will displa7

nothing5

1 If no_o'_car!paa$ete is geate than the length of the sting then

it ignoes and !al!ulates %ased on the oginal sting length5

1 If!tart_cr_countis negative then it will e/ta!t the su%sting fo$

ight end5

2 1 4 @ V W

C O M A U T ' R

"W "V " " "@ "4 "1 "2

) INSTR

This will allows 7ou fo sea!hing though a sting fo set of !haa!tes5

S7nta/0 inst (!trin", !earc_!tr *, !tart_cr_count *, occurrence+ +)

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'/0

SQL-sele!t inst(=info$ation=#=o=#@#2)# inst(=info$ation=#=o=#@#1) fo$ dual.

INSTR(=INBORMTION=#=O=#@#2) INSTR(=INBORMTION=#=O=#@#1)

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

@ 23

1 If 7ou ae not spe!if7ing!tart_cr_countand occurrencethen it will

stat

sea!h fo$ the %eginning and finds fist o!!uen!e onl75

2 If %oth paa$etes!tart_cr_countand occurrenceae null# it will

displa7

nothing5

) D'COD'

De!ode will a!t as value %7 value su%stitution5

Bo eve7 value of field# it will !he!&s fo a $at!h in a seies of if?then tests5

S7nta/0 de!ode (value,, ten1, i'2, ten2, . el!e).

'/0

SQL-sele!t sal# de!ode(sal#33#=Low=#333#=:igh=#=Mediu$=) fo$ e$p.

SL D'COD'

""""" """""""""

33 Low

133 Mediu$

1333 Mediu$ 433 Mediu$

4333 Mediu$

333 :igh

@333 Mediu$

333 :igh


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2W33 Mediu$

2133 Mediu$

1333 Mediu$

1V33 Mediu$

1133 Mediu$ 4133 Mediu$

SQL-sele!t de!ode(2#2#4)# de!ode(2#1#4#@#@#) fo$ dual.

D'COD'(2#2#4) D'COD'(2#1#4#@#@#)""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""" 4

1If the nu$%e of paa$etes ae odd and diffeent then de!ode will

displa7

nothing5

2 If the nu$%e of paa$etes ae even and diffeent then de!ode will

displa7 last

value5

3 If all the paa$etes ae null then de!ode will displa7 nothing5

3 If all the paa$etes ae eos then de!ode will displa7 eo5

s) 8R'T'ST

This will give the geatest sting5

S7nta/0 geatest (!trn"1, !trin"2, !trin"3 !trin"n)

'/0

SQL- sele!t geatest(=a=# =%=# =!=)# geatest(=satish=#=sinu=#=sa&eth=) fo$ dual.

8R'T 8R'T

""""""" """""""

! sinu

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t) L'ST

This will give the least sting5

S7nta/0 geatest (!trn"1, !trin"2, !trin"3 !trin"n)

'/0

SQL- sele!t least(=a=# =%=# =!=)# least(=satish=#=sinu=#=sa&eth=) fo$ dual.

L'ST L'ST

""""""" """""""

a sa&eth



u) COL'SC'

This will gives the fist non"null sting5

S7nta/0 !oales!e (!trn"1, !trin"2, !trin"3 !trin"n)

'/0 SQL-sele!t !oales!e(=a=#=%=#=!=)# !oales!e(null#=a=#null#=%=) fo$ dual.

COL'SC' COL'SC'

""""""""""" """""""""""

a a


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DT' BUNCTIONS

39 S7sdate

39 Cuentdate

39 Cuentti$esta$p

39 S7sti$esta$p

39 Lo!alti$esta$p

39 D%ti$eone

39 Sessionti$eone

39 To!ha

39 Todate39 dd$onths

39 Months%etween

39 Ne/tda7

39 Lastda7

39 '/ta!t

39 8eatest

39 Least

39 Round

39 Tun!

39 Newti$e

39 Coales!e

Oa!le default date fo$at is DD"MON"**5

6e !an !hange the default fo$at to ou desied fo$at %7 using the following

!o$$and5

SQL-alte session set nlsdatefo$at H KDD"MONT:"****;.

ut this will e/pie on!e the session was !losed5

a) S*SDT'

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This will give the !uent date and ti$e5

'/0

SQL-sele!t s7sdate fo$ dual.

S*SDT'

"""""""""""

1@"D'C"3

%) CURR'NTDT'

This will etuns the !uent date in the session;s ti$eone5

'/0

SQL-sele!t !uentdate fo$ dual.

CURR'NTDT'

""""""""""""""""""

1@"D'C"3

!) CURR'NTTIM'STMA

This will etuns the !uent ti$esta$p with the a!tive ti$e one info$ation5

'/0

SQL-sele!t !uentti$esta$p fo$ dual.

CURR'NTTIM'STMA

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1@"D'C"3 345@15@254W44 M G3043

d) S*STIM'STMA


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This will etuns the s7ste$ date# in!luding fa!tional se!onds and ti$e one of

the

data%ase5

'/0

SQL-sele!t s7sti$esta$p fo$ dual.

S*STIM'STMA

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1@"D'C"3 345@5425W433 M G3043

e) LOCLTIM'STMA

This will etuns lo!al ti$esta$p in the a!tive ti$e one info$ation# with noti$e

one info$ation shown5

'/0

SQL-sele!t lo!alti$esta$p fo$ dual.

LOCLTIM'STMA"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1@"D'C"3 345@@52W531WV@ M

f) DTIM'ZON'

This will etuns the !uent data%ase ti$e one in UTC fo$at5 (Coodinated

Univesal

Ti$e)

'/0

SQL-sele!t d%ti$eone fo$ dual.

DTIM'ZON'""""""""""""""" "3V033

g) S'SSIONTIM'ZON'

57


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This will etuns the value of the !uent session;s ti$e one5

'/0

SQL-sele!t sessionti$eone fo$ dual.

S'SSIONTIM'ZON'

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

G3043

h) TOC:R

This will %e used to e/ta!t vaious date fo$ats5

The availa%le date fo$ats as follows5

S7nta/0 to!ha (date# 'ormat)

DT' BORMTS

D "" No of da7s in wee&

DD "" No of da7s in $onth

DDD "" No of da7s in 7ea

MM "" No of $onth

MON "" Thee lette a%%eviation of $onth

MONT: "" Bull7 spelled out $onth

RM "" Ro$an nu$eal $onth

D* "" Thee lette a%%eviated da7

D* "" Bull7 spelled out da7

* "" Last one digit of the 7ea

** "" Last two digits of the 7ea

*** "" Last thee digits of the 7ea

**** "" Bull fou digit 7ea

S**** "" Signed 7ea

I "" One digit 7ea fo$ ISO standad


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I* "" Two digit 7ea fo$ ISO standad

I** "" Thee digit 7ea fo$ ISO standad

I*** "" Bou digit 7ea fo$ ISO standad

*# *** "" *ea with !o$$a

*'R "" Bull7 spelled out 7eaCC "" Centu7

Q "" No of uates

6 "" No of wee&s in $onth

66 "" No of wee&s in 7ea

I6 "" No of wee&s in 7ea fo$ ISO standad

:: "" :ous

MI "" Minutes

SS "" Se!onds

BB "" Ba!tional se!onds

Mo AM "" Displa7s M o AM depending upon ti$e of da7

5Mo A5M "" Displa7s 5M o A5M depending upon ti$e of da7

Do C "" Displa7s D o C depending upon the date

5Do 5C "" Displa7s D o C depending upon the date

BM "" Aefi/ to $onth o da7# suppesses padding of $onth o

da7

T: "" Suffi/ to a nu$%e

SA "" suffi/ to a nu$%e to %e spelled out

SAT: "" Suffi/ !o$%ination of T: and SA to %e %oth spelled out

T:SA "" sa$e as SAT:

'/0

SQL-sele!t to!ha(s7sdate#=dd $onth 7777 hh0$i0ss a$ d7=) fo$ dual.

TOC:R(S*SDT'#=DD MONT: ****::0MI

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1@ de!e$%e 133 31034014 p$ sun

SQL-sele!t to!ha(s7sdate#=dd $onth 7ea=) fo$ dual.

59


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TOC:R(S*SDT'#=DDMONT:*'R=)

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1@ de!e$%e two thousand si/

SQL-sele!t to!ha(s7sdate#=dd f$$onth 7ea=) fo$ dual.

TOC:R(S*SDT'#=DD BMMONT: *'R=)

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1@ de!e$%e two thousand si/

SQL-sele!t to!ha(s7sdate#=ddth DDT:=) fo$ dual.

TOC:R(S

""""""""""""

1@th 1@T:

SQL-sele!t to!ha(s7sdate#=ddspth DDSAT:=) fo$ dual.

TOC:R(S*SDT'#=DDSAT:DDSAT:

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

twent7"fouth T6'NT*"BOURT:

SQL-sele!t to!ha(s7sdate#=ddsp Ddsp DDSA =) fo$ dual.

TOC:R(S*SDT'#=DDSADDSADDSA=)

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

twent7"fou Twent7"Bou T6'NT*"BOUR

i) TODT'

This will %e used to !onvet the sting into data fo$at5

S7nta/0 todate (date)


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'/0

SQL-sele!t to!ha(todate(=1@?de!?133=#=dd?$on?7777=)# =dd E $onth E

da7=)

fo$ dual.

TOC:R(TODT'(=1@?D'C?13

""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1@ E de!e$%e E Sunda7

"" If 7ou ae not using to!ha oa!le will displa7 output in default date

fo$at5

J) DDMONT:S

This will add the spe!ified $onths to the given date5

S7nta/0 add$onths (date, no_o'_mont!)

'/0

SQL-sele!t add$onths(todate(=22"Jan"23=#=dd"$on"7777=)# ) fo$

dual.

DDMONT:S

""""""""""""""""

22">UN"3

SQL-sele!t add$onths(todate(=22"Jan"23=#=dd"$on"7777=)# ") fo$

dual.

DDMONT:

"""""""""""""""

22"U8"W

1 If no_o'_mont!is eo then it will displa7 the sa$e date5

61


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1 If no_o'_mont!is null then it will displa7 nothing5

&) MONT:S'T6''N

This will give diffeen!e of $onths %etween two dates5

S7nta/0 $onths%etween (date1, date2)

'/0

SQL-sele!t $onths%etween(todate(=22"aug"23=#=dd"$on"7777=)#

todate(=22"

Jan"23=#=dd"$on"7777=)) fo$ dual.

MONT:S'T6''N(TODT'(=22"U8"23=#=DD"MON"

****=)#TODT'(=22">N"23=#=DD"MON"****=))

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

""""""

V

SQL-sele!t $onths%etween(todate(=22"Jan"23=#=dd"$on"7777=)#

todate(=22"

aug"23=#=dd"$on"7777=)) fo$ dual.

MONT:S'T6''N(TODT'(=22">N"23=#=DD"MON"

****=)#TODT'(=22"U8"23=#=DD"MON"****=))

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

""""""""

"V

l) N'+TD*

This will podu!e ne/t da7 of the given da7 fo$ the spe!ified date5


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S7nta/0 ne/tda7 (date, day)

'/0

SQL-sele!t ne/tda7(todate(=1@"de!"133=#=dd"$on"7777=)#=sun=) fo$ dual.

N'+TD*(

"""""""""""""

42"D'C"3

"" If the da7 paa$ete is null then it will displa7 nothing5

$) LSTD*

This will podu!e last da7 of the given date5

S7nta/0 lastda7 (date)

'/0

SQL-sele!t lastda7(todate(=1@"de!"133=#=dd"$on"7777=)#=sun=) fo$ dual.

LSTD*(

"""""""""""""

42"D'C"3

n) '+TRCT

This is used to e/ta!t a potion of the date value5

S7nta/0 e/ta!t ((7ea X $onth X da7 X hou X $inute X se!ond)# date)

'/0

SQL-sele!t e/ta!t(7ea fo$ s7sdate) fo$ dual.

'+TRCT(*'RBROMS*SDT')

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

133

63


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"" *ou !an e/ta!t onl7 one value at a ti$e5

o) 8R'T'ST

This will give the geatest date5

S7nta/0 geatest (date1, date2, date3 daten)

'/0

SQL-sele!t geatest(todate(=22"Jan"3=#=dd"$on"77=)#todate(=22"$a"

3=#=dd"

$on"77=)#todate(=22"ap"3=#=dd"$on"77=)) fo$ dual.

8R'T'ST(

"""""""""""""

22"AR"3

p) L'ST

This will give the least date5

S7nta/0 least (date1, date2, date3 daten)

'/0

SQL-sele!t least(todate(=22"Jan"3=#=dd"$on"77=)#todate(=22"$a"3=#=dd"

$on"

77=)#todate(=22"ap"3=#=dd"$on"77=)) fo$ dual.

L'ST(

"""""""""""""

22">N"3

) ROUND


65/338

Round will ounds the date to whi!h it was eual to o geate than the given

date5

S7nta/0 ound (date, (da7 X $onth X 7ea))

If the se!ond paa$ete was yearthen ound will !he!&s the $onth of the given

date in

the following anges5

>N "" >UN

>UL "" D'C

If the $onth falls %etween >N and >UN then it etuns the fist da7 of the

!uent 7ea5

If the $onth falls %etween >UL and D'C then it etuns the fist da7 of the ne/t

7ea5

If the se!ond paa$ete was montthen ound will !he!&s the da7 of the given

date in

the following anges5

2 "" 2

2 "" 42

If the da7 falls %etween 2 and 2 then it etuns the fist da7 of the !uent

$onth5

If the da7 falls %etween 2 and 42 then it etuns the fist da7 of the ne/t

$onth5

If the se!ond paa$ete was daythen ound will !he!&s the wee& da7 of the

given date

in the following anges5

SUN "" 6'D

T:U "" SUN

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If the wee& da7 falls %etween SUN and 6'D then it etuns the pevious sunda75

If the wee&da7 falls %etween T:U and SUN then it etuns the ne/t sunda75

1 If the se!ond paa$ete was null then it etuns nothing5

1 If the 7ou ae not spe!if7ing the se!ond paa$ete then ound will esets

the ti$e to the %egining of the !uent da7 in !ase of use spe!ified date5

1 If the 7ou ae not spe!if7ing the se!ond paa$ete then ound will esets

the ti$e to the %egining of the ne/t da7 in !ase of s7sdate5

'/0

SQL-sele!t ound(todate(=1@"de!"3@=#=dd"$on"77=)#=7ea=)#

ound(todate(=22"$a"

3=#=dd"$on"77=)#=7ea=) fo$ dual.

ROUND(TO ROUND(TO

"""""""""""" """""""""""""""

32">N"3 32">N"3

SQL-sele!t ound(todate(=22"Jan"3@=#=dd"$on"77=)#=$onth=)#

ound(todate(=2W"

Jan"3@=#=dd"$on"77=)#=$onth=) fo$ dual.

ROUND(TO ROUND(TO

""""""""""""" """""""""""""""

32">N"3@ 32"B'"3@

SQL-sele!t ound(todate(=1"de!"3=#=dd"$on"77=)#=da7=)#

ound(todate(=1"de!" 3=#=dd"$on"77=)#=da7=) fo$ dual.

ROUND(TO ROUND(TO

"""""""""""""" """"""""""""""

1@"D'C"3 42"D'C"3


67/338


68/338

3@=#=dd"$on"77=)#=$onth=) fo$ dual.

TRUNC(TO TRUNC(TO

""""""""""""" """""""""""""

32">N"3@ 32">N"3@

SQL-sele!t tun!(todate(=1"de!"3=#=dd"$on"77=)#=da7=)#

tun!(todate(=1"de!"

3=#=dd"$on"77=)#=da7=) fo$ dual.

TRUNC(TO TRUNC(TO

""""""""""""" """"""""""""""

1@"D'C"3 1@"D'C"3

SQL- sele!t to!ha(tun!(todate(=1@"de!"3=#=dd"$on"77=))# =dd $on 7777

hh0$i0ss

a$=) fo$ dual.

TOC:R(TRUNC(TODT'(=

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1@ de! 133 21033033 a$

s) N'6TIM'

This will give the desied ti$eone;s date and ti$e5

S7nta/0 newti$e (date, current_time-one, de!ired_time-one)

vaila%le ti$eones ae as follows5

TIM'ZON'S

ST?DT "" tlanti! standad?da7 light ti$e

ST?DT "" eing standad?da7 light ti$e

CST?CDT "" Cental standad?da7 light ti$e

'ST?'DT "" 'asten standad?da7 light ti$e


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8MT "" 8eenwi!h $ean ti$e

:ST?:DT "" las&a":awaii standad?da7 light ti$e

MST?MDT "" Mountain standad?da7 light ti$e

NST "" Newfoundland standad ti$e

AST?ADT "" Aa!ifi! standad?da7 light ti$e*ST?*DT "" *u&on standad?da7 light ti$e

'/0

SQL-sele!t to!ha(newti$e(s7sdate#=g$t=#=7st=)#=dd $on 7777 hh0$i0ss

a$=) fo$

dual.

TOC:R(N'6TIM'(S*SDT

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1@ de! 133 3102013 p$

SQL-sele!t to!ha(newti$e(s7sdate#=g$t=#=est=)#=dd $on 7777 hh0$i0ss

a$=) fo$

dual.

TOC:R(N'6TIM'(S*SDT

"""""""""""""""""""""""

1@ de! 133 30201 p$

t) COL'SC'

This will give the fist non"null date5

S7nta/0 !oales!e (date1, date2, date3 daten)

'/0

SQL-sele!t !oales!e(=21"Jan"3=#=24"Jan"=)# !oales!e(null#=21"Jan"3=#=14"

$a"

W=#null) fo$ dual.

69


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COL'SC'( COL'SC'(

""""""""""""" """"""""""""

21"Jan"3 21"Jan"3

MISC'LLN'OUS BUNCTIONS

59 Uid

59 Use

59 9sie

59 Ran&

59 Densean&

a) UID

This will etuns the intege value !oesponding to the use !uentl7 logged

in5

'/0

SQL- sele!t uid fo$ dual.

UID

""""""""""

42

%) US'R

This will etuns the login;s use na$e5

'/0

SQL-sele!t use fo$ dual.

US'R

""""""""""""""""

SF'T:


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!) 9SIZ'

This will etuns the nu$%e of %7tes in the e/pession5

'/0

SQL-sele!t vsie(214)# vsie(=!o$pute=)# vsie(=21"Jan"3=) fo$ dual.

9SIZ'(214) 9SIZ'(=COMAUT'R=) 9SIZ'(=21">N"3=)

""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""

4 W

d) RNF

This will give the non"seuential an&ing5

'/0

SQL- sele!t ownu$#sal fo$ (sele!t sal fo$ e$p ode %7 sal des!).

RO6NUM SL

"""""""""" """"""""""

2 333

1 4333 4 4333

@ 1V

1W3

1@3

V 233

W 233

2433

23 213

22 213

21 2233

24 2333

2@ 3

2 W33

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SQL- sele!t an&(1V) within goup(ode %7 sal des!) fo$ e$p.

RNF(1V)6IT:IN8ROUA(ORD'R*SLD'SC)

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

@

d) D'NS'RNF

This will give the seuential an&ing5

'/0

SQL- sele!t densean&(1V) within goup(ode %7 sal des!) fo$ e$p.

D'NS'RNF(1V)6IT:IN8ROUA(ORD'R*SLD'SC)

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

4

CON9'RSION BUNCTIONS

64 intonu$

64 Chatoowid

64 Rowidto!ha

64 Tonu$%e

64 To!ha

64 Todate

a) INTONUM

This will !onvet the %ina7 value to its nu$ei!al euivalent5

S7nta/0 %intonu$( binary_bit!)

'/0


73/338

SQL-sele!t %intonu$(2#2#3) fo$ dual.

INTONUM(2#2#3)

""""""""""""""""""""""""

1 If all the %its ae eo then it podu!es eo5

1 If all the %its ae null then it podu!es an eo5

%) C:RTORO6ID

This will !onvet a !haa!te sting to a!t li&e an intenal oa!le ow identifie

o owid5

!) RO6IDTOC:R

This will !onvet an intenal oa!le ow identifie o owid to !haa!te sting5

d) TONUM'R

This will !onvet a !ha o va!ha to nu$%e5

e) TOC:R

This will !onvet a nu$%e o date to !haa!te sting5

f) TODT'

This will !onvet a nu$%e# !ha o va!ha to a date5

8ROUA BUNCTIONS

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70 Su$

70 vg

70 Ma/

70 Min

70 Count

8oup fun!tions will %e applied on all the ows %ut podu!es single output5

a) SUM

This will give the su$ of the values of the spe!ified !olu$n5

S7nta/0 su$ (column)

'/0

SQL-sele!t su$(sal) fo$ e$p.

SUM(SL)

""""""""""

4W33

%) 98

This will give the aveage of the values of the spe!ified !olu$n5

S7nta/0 avg (column)

'/0

SQL-sele!t avg(sal) fo$ e$p.

98(SL)

"""""""""""""""

1VV52@1W


75/338

!) M+

This will give the $a/i$u$ of the values of the spe!ified !olu$n5

S7nta/0 $a/ (column)

'/0

SQL-sele!t $a/(sal) fo$ e$p.

M+(SL)

""""""""""

333

d) MIN

This will give the $ini$u$ of the values of the spe!ified !olu$n5

S7nta/0 $in (column)

'/0

SQL-sele!t $in(sal) fo$ e$p.

MIN(SL)

""""""""""

33

e) COUNT

This will give the !ount of the values of the spe!ified !olu$n5

S7nta/0 !ount (column)

'/0

75


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SQL- sele!t !ount(sal)#!ount(E) fo$ e$p.

COUNT(SL) COUNT(E)

"""""""""""""" """"""""""""

2@ 2@

CONSTRINTS

Constaints ae !ategoied as follows5

Do$ain integit7 !onstaints1 Not null

1 Che!&

'ntit7 integit7 !onstaints

1 Uniue


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1 Ai$a7 &e7

Refeential integit7 !onstaints

1 Boeign &e7

Constaints ae alwa7s atta!hed to a !olu$n not a ta%le5

6e !an add !onstaints in thee wa7s5

2 Colu$n level "" along with the !olu$n definition

2 Ta%le level "" afte the ta%le definition

2 lte level "" using alte !o$$and

6hile adding !onstaints 7ou need not spe!if7 the na$e %ut the t7pe onl7# oa!le

will intenall7 na$e the !onstaint5

If 7ou want to give a na$e to the !onstaint# 7ou have to use the !onstaint

!lause5

NOT NULL

This is used to avoid null values5

6e !an add this !onstaint in !olu$n level onl75

'/0

SQL-!eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) not null# na$e va!ha(23)# $a&s

nu$%e(4)).

SQL-!eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) !onstaint nn not null# na$e

va!ha(23)#

$a&s nu$%e(4)).

C:'CF

This is used to inset the values %ased on spe!ified !ondition5

77


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6e !an add this !onstaint in all thee levels5

'/0

COLUMN L'9'L

SQL-!eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) # na$e va!ha(23)# $a&s nu$%e(4)

!he!&

($a&s - 433)).

SQL-!eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) # na$e va!ha(23)# $a&s nu$%e(4)

!onstaint !h !he!&($a&s - 433)).

TL' L'9'L

SQL-!eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) # na$e va!ha(23)# $a&s nu$%e(4)#

!he!&

($a&s - 433)).


!onstaint !h !he!&($a&s - 433)).

LT'R L'9'L

SQL-alte ta%le student add !he!&($a&s-433).

SQL-alte ta%le student add !onstaint !h !he!&($a&s-433).

UNIQU'

This is used to avoid dupli!ates %ut it allow nulls5

6e !an add this !onstaint in all thee levels5

'/0

COLUMN L'9'L


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SQL-!eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) uniue# na$e va!ha(23)# $a&s

nu$%e(4)).

SQL-!eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) !onstaint un uniue# na$e

va!ha(23)#

$a&s nu$%e(4)).

TL' L'9'L


uniue(no)).


!onstaint un uniue(no)).

LT'R L'9'L

SQL-alte ta%le student add uniue(no).

SQL-alte ta%le student add !onstaint un uniue(no).

ARIMR* F'*

1 This is used to avoid dupli!ates and nulls5 This will wo& as !o$%ination of

uniue and not null5

1 Ai$a7 &e7 alwa7s atta!hed to the paent ta%le5

1 6e !an add this !onstaint in all thee levels5

'/0

COLUMN L'9'L

SQL-!eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) pi$a7 &e7# na$e va!ha(23)# $a&s

nu$%e(4)).

SQL-!eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) !onstaint p& pi$a7 &e7# na$e

va!ha(23)#

$a&s nu$%e(4)).

79


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TL' L'9'L


pi$a7 &e7(no)).


!onstaint p& pi$a7 &e7(no)).

LT'R L'9'L

SQL-alte ta%le student add pi$a7 &e7(no).

SQL-alte ta%le student add !onstaint p& pi$a7 &e7(no).

BOR'I8N F'*

1 This is used to efeen!e the paent ta%le pi$a7 &e7 !olu$n whi!h allows

dupli!ates5

1 Boeign &e7 alwa7s atta!hed to the !hild ta%le5

1 6e !an add this !onstaint in ta%le and alte levels onl75

'/0

TL' L'9'L

SQL- !eate ta%le e$p(e$pno nu$%e(1)# ena$e va!ha(23)# deptno

nu$%e(1)#

pi$a7 &e7(e$pno)# foeign &e7(deptno) efeen!es dept(deptno)).


nu$%e(1)#

!onstaint p& pi$a7 &e7(e$pno)# !onstaint f& foeign &e7(deptno)

efeen!es

dept(deptno)).

LT'R L'9'L


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SQL-alte ta%le e$p add foeign &e7(deptno) efeen!es dept(deptno).

SQL-alte ta%le e$p add !onstaint f& foeign &e7(deptno) efeen!esdept(deptno).

On!e the pi$a7 &e7 and foeign &e7 elationship has %een !eated then 7ou !an

not e$ove an7 paent e!od if the dependent !hilds e/ists5

USIN8 ON D'LT' CSCD'

7 using this !lause 7ou !an e$ove the paent e!od even it !hilds e/ists5

e!ause when eve 7ou e$ove paent e!od oa!le auto$ati!all7 e$oves all its

dependent e!ods fo$ !hild ta%le# if this !lause is pesent while !eating foeign

&e7 !onstaint5

'/0

TL' L'9'L


nu$%e(1)#

pi$a7 &e7(e$pno)# foeign &e7(deptno) efeen!es dept(deptno) ondelete

!as!ade).


nu$%e(1)#

!onstaint p& pi$a7 &e7(e$pno)# !onstaint f& foeign &e7(deptno)

efeen!es

dept(deptno) on delete !as!ade).

LT'R L'9'L

SQL-alte ta%le e$p add foeign &e7(deptno) efeen!es dept(deptno) on

delete

!as!ade.

SQL-alte ta%le e$p add !onstaint f& foeign &e7(deptno) efeen!es

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dept(deptno) on

delete !as!ade.

COMAOSIT' F'*S

!o$posite &e7 !an %e defined on a !o$%ination of !olu$ns5

6e !an define !o$posite &e7s on entit7 integit7 and efeential integit7

!onstaints5

Co$posite &e7 !an %e defined in ta%le and alte levels onl75

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UNIQU' (TL' L'9'L)


uniue(no#na$e)).


!onstaint un uniue(no#na$e)).

UNIQU' (LT'R L'9'L)

SQL-alte ta%le student add uniue(no#na$e).

SQL-alte ta%le student add !onstaint un uniue(no#na$e).

ARIMR* F'* (TL' L'9'L)


pi$a7 &e7(no#na$e)).


!onstaint p& pi$a7 &e7(no#na$e)).

ARIMR* F'* (LT'R L'9'L)

SQL-alte ta%le student add pi$a7 &e7(no#an$e).

SQL-alte ta%le student add !onstaint p& pi$a7 &e7(no#na$e).

BOR'I8N F'* (TL' L'9'L)


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nu$%e(1)#

dna$e va!ha(23)# pi$a7 &e7(e$pno)# foeign &e7(deptno#dna$e)

efeen!es

dept(deptno#dna$e)).


nu$%e(1)#

dna$e va!ha(23)# !onstaint p& pi$a7 &e7(e$pno)# !onstaint f&

foeign

&e7(deptno#dna$e) efeen!es dept(deptno#dna$e)).

BOR'I8N F'* (LT'R L'9'L)

SQL-alte ta%le e$p add foeign &e7(deptno#dna$e) efeen!es

dept(deptno#dna$e).

SQL-alte ta%le e$p add !onstaint f& foeign &e7(deptno#dna$e) efeen!es

dept(deptno#dna$e).

D'B'RRL' CONSTRINTS

'a!h !onstaint has two additional atti%utes to suppot defeed !he!&ing of!onstaints5

1 Defeed initiall7 i$$ediate

1 Defeed initiall7 defeed

Defeed initiall7 i$$ediate !he!&s fo !onstaint violation at the ti$e of inset5

Defeed initiall7 defeed !he!&s fo !onstaint violation at the ti$e of !o$$it5

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SQL-!eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1)# na$e va!ha(23)# $a&s nu$%e(4)#

!onstaint un uniue(no) defeed initiall7 i$$ediate).

SQL-!eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1)# na$e va!ha(23)# $a&s nu$%e(4)#

!onstaint un uniue(no) defeed initiall7 defeed).

SQL-alte ta%le student add !onstaint un uniue(no) defea%le initiall7

defeed.

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SQL-set !onstaints all i$$ediate.

This will ena%le all the !onstaints violations at the ti$e of inseting5

SQL-set !onstaints all defeed. This will ena%le all the !onstaints violations at the ti$e of !o$$it5

OA'RTIONS 6IT: CONSTRINTS

Aossi%le opeations with !onstaints as follows5

3 'na%le

3 Disa%le

3 'nfo!e

3 Dop

'NL'

This will ena%le the !onstaint5 efoe ena%le# the !onstaint will !he!& the

e/isting data5

'/0

SQL-alte ta%le student ena%le !onstaint un.

DISL'

This will disa%le the !onstaint5

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SQL-alte ta%le student ena%le !onstaint un.

'NBORC'

This will enfo!e the !onstaint athe than ena%le fo futue insets o updates5


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This will not !he!& fo e/isting data while enfo!ing data5

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SQL-alte ta%le student enfo!e !onstaint un.

DROA

This will e$ove the !onstaint5

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SQL-alte ta%le student dop !onstaint un.

On!e the ta%le is dopped# !onstaints auto$ati!all7 will dop5

CS' ND D'BULT

CS'

Case is si$ila to de!ode %ut easie to undestand while going though !oding

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SQL-Sele!t sal#

Case sal

6hen 33 then Klow;

6hen 333 then Khigh;

'lse K$ediu$; 'nd !ase

Bo$ e$p.

SL CS'

""""" """"""""

33 low

133 $ediu$

1333 $ediu$

433 $ediu$

4333 $ediu$

333 high

@333 $ediu$

333 high

2W33 $ediu$

2133 $ediu$

1333 $ediu$

1V33 $ediu$

1133 $ediu$

4133 $ediu$

D'BULT

e'ault !an %e !onsideed as a su%stitute %ehavio of not null !onstaint when

applied to new ows %eing enteed into the ta%le5

6hen 7ou define a !olu$n with the de'ault&e7wod followed %7 a value# 7ou ae

a!tuall7 telling the data%ase that# on inset if a ow was not assigned a value fo

this !olu$n# use the default value that 7ou have spe!ified5

Default is applied onl7 duing insetion of new ows5


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SQL-!eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) default 22#na$e va!ha(1)).

SQL-inset into student values(2#=a=).

SQL-inset into student(na$e) values(=%=).


NO NM'

"""""" """""""""

2 a

22 %

SQL-inset into student values(null# K!;).


NO NM'

"""""" """""""""

2 a

22 % C

"" Default !an not oveide nulls5

STRCT DT T*A'S

So$e ti$es 7ou $a7 want t7pe whi!h holds all t7pes of data in!luding nu$%es#

!has and spe!ial !haa!tes so$ething li&e this5 *ou !an not a!hieve this using

pe"defined t7pes5

*ou !an define !usto$ t7pes whi!h holds 7ou desied data5

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Suppose in a ta%le we have addess !olu$n whi!h holds hno and !it7

info$ation5

6e will define a !usto$ t7pe whi!h holds %oth nu$ei! as well as !ha data5

CR'TIN8 DT

SQL-!eate t7pe add as o%Je!t(hno nu$%e(4)#!it7 va!ha(23)). ?

CR'TIN8 TL' S'D ON DT

SQL-!eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1)#na$e va!ha(1)#addess add).

INS'RTIN8 DT INTO DT TL'S

SQL-inset into student values(2#=a=#add(222#=h7d=)).

SQL-inset into student values(1#=%=#add(111#=%ang=)).

SQL-inset into student values(4#=!=#add(444#=delhi=)).

S'L'CTIN8 DT BROM DT TL'S


NO NM' DDR'SS(:NO# CIT*)

""" """"""" """""""""""""""""""""""""

2 a DDR(222# =h7d=)

1 % DDR(111# =%ang=)

4 ! DDR(444# =delhi=)

SQL-sele!t no#na$e#s5addess5hno#s5addess5!it7 fo$ student s.

NO NM' DDR'SS5:NO DDR'SS5CIT*

"""" """"""" """"""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""


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2 a 222 h7d

1 % 111 %ang

4 ! 444 delhi

UADT' 6IT: DT TL'S

SQL-update student s set s5addess5!it7 H =%o$%a7= whee s5addess5hno H 444.



"""" """"""" """"""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""

2 a 222 h7d

1 % 111 %ang 4 ! 444 %o$%a7

D'L'T' 6IT: DT TL'S

SQL-delete student s whee s5addess5hno H 222.



"""" """"""" """"""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""

1 % 111 %ang

4 ! 444 %o$%a7

DROAAIN8 DT

SQL-dop t7pe add.

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O>'CT 9I'6S ND M'T:ODS

O>'CT 9I'6S

If 7ou want to i$ple$ent o%Je!ts with the e/isting ta%le# o%Je!t views !o$e into

pi!tue5

*ou define the o%Je!t and !eate a view whi!h elates this o%Je!t to the e/isting

ta%le nothing %ut ob#ect view5

O%Je!t views ae used to elate the use defined o%Je!ts to the e/isting ta%le5

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2) ssu$e that the ta%le student has alead7 %een !eated with the following

!olu$ns

SQL?

1) Ceate the following t7pes

SQL- !eate t7pe add as o%Je!t(hno nu$%e(1)#!it7 va!ha(23)).?

SQL- !eate t7pe stud as o%Je!t(na$e va!ha(23)#addess add).?

4) Relate the o%Je!ts to the student ta%le %7 !eating the o%Je!t view

SQL- !eate view studentov(no#studinfo) as sele!t

no#stud(na$e#add(hno#!it7))

fo$ student.

@) Now 7ou !an inset data into student ta%le in two wa7s

a) 7 egula inset

SQL-Inset into student values(2#;sudha;#222#;h7d;).

%) 7 using o%Je!t view

SQL-Inset into studentov values(2#stud(Ksudha;#add(222#;h7d;))).

M'T:ODS

*ou !an define $ethods whi!h ae nothing %ut fun!tions in t7pes and appl7 in the

ta%les whi!h holds the t7pes.


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2) Defining $ethods in t7pes

SQL-Ceate t7pe stud as o%Je!t(na$e va!ha(23)#$a&s nu$%e(4)#

Me$%e fun!tion $a&sf($a&s in nu$%e) etun nu$%e#

Aag$a esti!tefeen!es($a&sf#wnds#nds#wnps#fnps)).? 1) Defining t7pe %od7

SQL-Ceate t7pe %od7 stud as

Me$%e fun!tion $a&sf($a&s in nu$%e) etun nu$%e is

egin

Retun ($a&sG233).

'nd $a&sf.

'nd.?

4) Ceate a ta%le using stud t7pe

SQL- Ceate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1)#info stud).

@) Inset so$e data into student ta%le

SQL-Inset into student values(2#stud(Ksudha;#233)).

) Using $ethod in sele!t

SQL-Sele!t s5info5$a&sf(s5info5$a&s) fo$ student s.

"" :ee we ae using the pag$a esti!tefeen!es to avoid the wites to the

Data%ase5

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9RR*S ND N'ST'D TL'S

9RR*S

va7ing aa7 allows 7ou to stoe epeating atti%utes of a e!od in a single ow

%ut with li$it5

'/0

2) 6e !an !eate vaa7s using oa!le t7pes as well as use defined t7pes5

a) 9aa7 using pe"defined t7pes

SQL-Ceate t7pe va as vaa7() of va!ha(23).?

%) 9aa7s using use defined t7pes

SQL-Ceate t7pe add as o%Je!t(hno nu$%e(4)#!it7 va!ha(23)).?

SQL-Ceate t7pe va as vaa7() of add.?

1) Using vaa7 in ta%le

SQL-Ceate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1)#na$e va!ha(23)#addess va).

4) Inseting values into vaa7 ta%le

SQL-Inset into student values(2#;sudha;#va(add(222#;h7d;))).

SQL- Inset into student

values(1#;Jagan;#va(add(222#;h7d;)#add(111#;%ang;))).

@) Sele!ting data fo$ vaa7 ta%le

SQL-Sele!t E fo$ student.

"" This will displa7 vaa7 !olu$n data along with vaa7 and adt.

SQL-Sele!t no#na$e# s5E fo$ student s2# ta%le(s25addess) s.

"" This will displa7 in geneal fo$at

) Instead of s5E 7ou !an spe!if7 the !olu$ns in vaa7

SQL-Sele!t no#na$e# s5hno#s5!it7 fo$ student s2#ta%le(s25addess) s.


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"" Update and delete not possi%le in vaa7s5

"" :ee we used ta%le fun!tion whi!h will ta&e the vaa7 !olu$n as input fo

podu!ing

output e/!luding vaa7 and t7pes5

N'ST'D TL'S

nested ta%le is# as its na$e i$plies# a ta%le within a ta%le5 In this !ase it is a

ta%le that is epesented as a !olu$n within anothe ta%le5

Nested ta%le has the sa$e effe!t of vaa7s %ut has no li$it5

'/0

2) 6e !an !eate nested ta%les using oa!le t7pes and use defined t7pes whi!h

has no

li$it5

a) Nested ta%les using pe"defined t7pes

SQL-Ceate t7pe nt as ta%le of va!ha(23).?

%) Nested ta%les using use defined t7pes

SQL-Ceate t7pe add as o%Je!t(hno nu$%e(4)#!it7 va!ha(23)).?

SQL-Ceate t7pe nt as ta%le of add.?

1) Using nested ta%le in ta%le

SQL-Ceate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1)#na$e va!ha(23)#addess nt)

nested ta%le

addess stoe as studentte$p.

4) Inseting values into ta%le whi!h has nested ta%le

SQL-Inset into student values (2#;sudha;#nt(add(222#;h7d;))). SQL- Inset into student values

(1#;Jagan;#nt(add(222#;h7d;)#add(111#;%ang;))).

@) Sele!ting data fo$ ta%le whi!h has nested ta%le

SQL-Sele!t E fo$ student.

"" This will displa7 nested ta%le !olu$n data along with nested ta%le and adt.

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SQL-Sele!t no#na$e# s5E fo$ student s2# ta%le(s25addess) s.

"" This will displa7 in geneal fo$at

) Instead of s5E 7ou !an spe!if7 the !olu$ns in nested ta%le

SQL-Sele!t no#na$e# s5hno#s5!it7 fo$ student s2#ta%le(s25addess) s.

) Inseting nested ta%le data to the e/isting ow SQL-Inset into ta%le(sele!t addess fo$ student whee noH2)

values(add(#;!hennai;)).

V) Update in nested ta%les

SQL-Update ta%le(sele!t addess fo$ student whee noH1) s set

s5!it7H;%o$%a7;

whee s5hno H 111.

W) Delete in nested ta%le

SQL- Delete ta%le(sele!t addess fo$ student whee noH4) s whee

s5hnoH444.

DT MOD'L

1 LLCOLLT*A'S

1 LLT*A'S

1 DCOLLT*A'S

1 DT*A'S

1 US'RCOLLT*A'S

1 US'RT*A'S


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BLS:CF QU'R*

Used to etieve the data whi!h has %een alead7 !o$$itted with out going fo

e!ove75

Blash%a!&s ae of two t7pes

1 Ti$e %ase flash%a!&

1 SCN %ased flash%a!& (SCN stands fo S7ste$ Change Nu$%e)

'/0

2) Using ti$e %ased flash%a!&

a) SQL-Sele!t Efo$ student.

"" This will displa7 all the ows

%) SQL-Delete student.

!) SQL-Co$$it. "" this will !o$$it the wo&5

d) SQL-Sele!t Efo$ student.

"" :ee it will displa7 nothing

e) Then e/e!ute the following po!edues

SQL-'/e! d%$sflash%a!&5ena%leatti$e(s7sdate"1?2@@3)

f) SQL-Sele!t Efo$ student.

"" :ee it will displa7 the lost data

"" The lost data will !o$e %ut the !uent s7ste$ ti$e was used

g) SQL-'/e! d%$sflash%a!&5disa%le

"" :ee we have to disa%le the flash%a!& to ena%le it again

1) Using SCN %ased flash%a!&

a) De!lae a vaia%le to stoe SCN

SQL-9aia%le s nu$%e

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%) 8et the SCN

SQL-'/e! 0s 0H e/e! d%$sflash%a!&5gets7ste$!hangenu$%e

!) To see the SCN

SQL-Aint s

d) Then e/e!ute the following po!edues SQL-'/e! d%$sflash%a!&5ena%leats7ste$!hangenu$%e(0s)

SQL-'/e! d%$sflash%a!&5disa%le

'+T'RNL TL'S

*ou !an use e/tenal ta%le featue to a!!ess e/tenal files as if the7 ae ta%les

inside the data%ase5

6hen 7ou !eate an e/tenal ta%le# 7ou define its stu!tue and lo!ation with in

oa!le5

6hen 7ou ue7 the ta%le# oa!le eads the e/tenal ta%le and etuns the esults

Just as if the data had %een stoed with in the data%ase5

CC'SSIN8 '+T'RNL TL' DT

To a!!ess e/tenal files fo$ within oa!le# 7ou $ust fist use the !eate die!to7

!o$$and to define a die!to7 o%Je!t pointing to the e/tenal file lo!ation

Uses who will a!!ess the e/tenal files $ust have the ead and wite pivilege onthe die!to75

'/0

CR'TIN8 DIR'CTOR* ND OS L'9'L BIL'

SQL-Slplus s7ste$?$anage

SQL-Ceate die!to7 sa&ethdi as K?9isd%?visd%?5153?e/tenal;. SQL-8ant all on die!to7 sa&ethdi to sa&eth.

SQL-Conn sa&eth?sa&eth

SQL-Spool dept5lst

SQL-Sele!t deptno XX K#; XX dna$e XX K#; XX lo! fo$ dept.

SQL-Spool off


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CR'TIN8 '+T'RNL TL'

SQL-Ceate ta%le depte/t

(deptno nu$%e(1)#

Dna$e va!ha(2@)#

Lo! va!ha(24))

Oganiation e/tenal ( t7pe oa!leloade

Default die!to7 sa&ethdi

!!ess paa$etes

( e!ods deli$ited %7 newline

Bields te$inated %7 P#

( deptno nu$%e(1)#

Dna$e va!ha(2@)#

Lo! va!ha(24)))

Lo!ation (K?9isd%?visd%?5153?dept5lst;)).

S'L'CTIN8 DT BROM '+T'RNL TL'

SQL-sele!t E fo$ depte/t.

This will ead fo$ dept5lst whi!h is a opeating s7ste$ level file5

LIMITTIONS ON '+T'RNL TL'S

a) *ou !an not pefo$ inset# update# and delete opeations

b) Inde/ing not possi%le

a) Constaints not possi%le

'N'BITS OB '+T'RNL TL'S

a) Queies of e/tenal ta%les !o$plete ve7 ui!&l7 even though a full ta%le

s!an id euied with ea!h a!!ess

a) *ou !an Join e/tenal ta%les to ea!h othe o to standad ta%les

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R'B D'R'B 9LU'

R'B

1 The ef fun!tion allows efeen!ing of e/isting ow o%Je!ts5

1 'a!h of the ow o%Je!ts has an o%Je!t id value assigned to it51 The o%Je!t id assigned !an %e seen %7 using ef fun!tion5

D'R'B

1 The deef fun!tion pefo$s opposite a!tion5

1 It ta&es a efeen!e value of o%Je!t id and etuns the value of the ow

o%Je!ts5

9LU'

1 'ven though the pi$a7 ta%le is o%Je!t ta%le# still it displa7s the ows in

geneal fo$at5

1 To displa7 the entie stu!tue of the o%Je!t# this will %e used5


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2) !eate vendotadt t7pe

SQL-Ceate t7pe vendoadt as o%Je!t (vendo!ode nu$%e(1)#

vendona$e

va!ha(1)# vendoaddess va!ha(23)).?

1) !eate o%Je!t ta%les vendos and vendos2

SQL-Ceate ta%le vendos of vendoadt.

SQL-Ceate ta%le vendos2 of vendoadt.

4) inset the data into o%Je!t ta%les

SQL-inset into vendos values(2# Ka;# Kh7d;).

SQL-inset into vendos values(1# K%;# K%ang;).

SQL-inset into vendos2 values(4# K!;# Kdelhi;).

SQL-inset into vendos2 values(@# Kd;# K!hennai;).

@) !eate anothe ta%le odes whi!h holds the vendoadt t7pe also5

SQL-Ceate ta%le odes (odeno nu$%e(1)# vendoinfo ef vendoadt).

O

SQL-Ceate ta%le odes (odeno nu$%e(1)# vendoinfo ef vendoadt

with

owid).

) inset the data into odes ta%le

The vendoinfo !olu$n in the following s7nta/es will stoe o%Je!t id of an7

ta%le

whi!h is efeen!ed %7 vendoadt o%Je!t ( %oth vendos and vendos2)5

SQL-inset into odes values(22#(sele!t ef(v) fo$ vendos v whee

vendo!ode

H 2)).

SQL-inset into odes values(21#(sele!t ef(v) fo$ vendos v whee

vendo!ode

H 1)).

SQL-inset into odes values(24#(sele!t ef(v2) fo$ vendos2 v2 whee

vendo!ode H 2)).

SQL-inset into odes values(2@#(sele!t ef(v2) fo$ vendos2 v2 whee

vendo!ode H 2)).

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) To see the o%Je!t ids of vendo ta%le

SQL-Sele!t ef(9) fo$ vendos v.

V) If 7ou see the vendoinfo of odes it will show onl7 the o%Je!t ids not the

values#

to see the values SQL-Sele!t deef(o5vendoinfo) fo$ odes o.

W) 'ven though the vendos ta%le is o%Je!t ta%le it will not show the adt along

with

data# to see the data along with the adt

SQL-Sele!t E fo$ vendos.

This will give the data without adt5

SQL-Sele!t value(v) fo$ vendos v.

This will give the !olu$ns data along with the t7pe5

R'B CONSTRINTS

1 Ref !an also a!ts as !onstaint5

1 'ven though vendos2 also holding vendoadt# the odes ta%le will

stoe the o%Je!t ids of vendos onl7 %e!ause it is !onstained to that

ta%le onl75

1 The vendoinfo !olu$n in the following s7nta/es will stoe o%Je!t ids ofvendos onl75

SQL-Ceate ta%le odes (odeno nu$%e(1)# vendoinfo ef vendoadt s!ope

is

vendos).

O

SQL-Ceate ta%le odes (odeno nu$%e(1)# vendoinfo ef vendoadt

!onstaint f&

efeen!es vendos).

O>'CT 9I'6S 6IT: R'B'R'NC'S


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To i$ple$ent the o%Je!ts and the ef !onstaints to the e/isting ta%les# what we

!an do[ Si$pl7 dop the %oth ta%les and e!eate with o%Je!ts and ef !onstaints5

ut 7ou !an a!hieve this with out dopping the ta%les and without losing the data

%7 !eating o%Je!t views with efeen!es5

'/0

a) Ceate the following ta%les

SQL-Ceate ta%le student2(no nu$%e(1) pi$a7 &e7#na$e

va!ha(1)#$a&s

nu$%e(4)).

SQL-Ceate ta%le student1(no nu$%e(1) pi$a7 &e7#hno nu$%e(4)#!it7

va!ha(23)#id nu$%e(1)#foeign Fe7(id) efeen!es student2(no)). %) Inset the e!ods into %oth ta%les

SQL-inset into student2(2#;a;#233).

SQL-inset into student2(1#;%;#133).

SQL-inset into student1(22#222#;h7d;#2).

SQL-inset into student1(21#111#;%ang;#1).

SQL-inset into student1(24#444#;%o$%a7;#2).

!) Ceate the t7pe

SQL- !eate o epla!e t7pe stud as o%Je!t(no nu$%e(1)#na$e

va!ha(1)#$a&s

nu$%e(4)).?

d) 8eneating OIDs

SQL-Ceate o epla!e view student2ov of stud with o%Je!t identifie(o id)

(no) as

Sele!t E fo$ Student2.

e) 8eneating efeen!es

SQL-Ceate o epla!e view student1ov as sele!t no#hno#!it7#

$a&eef(student2ov#id) id fo$ Student1.

d) Que7 the following

SQL-sele!t Efo$ student2ov.

SQL-sele!t ef(s) fo$ student2ov s.

SQL-sele!t values(s) fo$ student2ov.

SQ-sele!t Efo$ student1ov.

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SQL-sele!t deef(s5id) fo$ student1ov s.

ARTITIONS

single logi!al ta%le !an %e split into a nu$%e of ph7si!all7 sepaate pie!es

%ased on anges of &e7 values5 'a!h of the pats of the ta%le is !alled a patition5

non"patitioned ta%le !an not %e patitioned late5

T*A'S

1 Range patitions

1 List patitions

1:ash patitions

1 Su% patitions

D9NT8'S

1 Redu!ing downti$e fo s!heduled $aintenan!e# whi!h allows $aintenan!e

opeations to %e !aied out on sele!ted patitions while othe patitions ae

availa%le to uses5

1 Redu!ing downti$e due to data failue# failue of a pati!ula patition willno wa7 affe!t othe patitions5

1 Aatition independen!e allows fo !on!uent use of the vaious patitions

fo vaious puposes5

D9NT8'S OB ARTITIONS * STORIN8 T:'M IN DIBB'R'NT TL'SAC'S

1 Redu!es the possi%ilit7 of data !ouption in $ultiple patitions5

1 a!& up and e!ove7 of ea!h patition !an %e done independentl75

DISD9NT8'S

1 ?Aatitioned ta%les !annot !ontain an7 !olu$ns with long o long aw

datat7pes# LO t7pes o o%Je!t t7pes5


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RN8' ARTITIONS

a) Ceatin

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