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AVIAN INFLUENZA:Zoonosis
Vicente C. Manalo, Jr., DVM
Maria Fidelis Manalo, MD,
MSc Epidemiology
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Avian Influenza
A Viral disease of Domestic and
Wild Birds characterized by the
full range of responses fromalmost no signs of the disease
to very high mortality. The
incubation period is also highlyvariable, and ranges from a few
days to a week (3 to 7 days).
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Aetiology of Avian Influenza
Influenzavirus A genus of theOrthomyxoviridae family.
They are enveloped, negativestranded RNA viruses.
Influenza A viruses can bedivided into 15 Haemagglutinin(H) antigens. 9 Neuraminidase
(N) antigens. Extreme antigenic variability
brought about by genetic
reassortment in host cells.
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Influenza Viruses
2 Pathotypes:
HPAI LPAI
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Ecology of Avian
Influenza Viruses
The greatest variety of AvianInfluenza viruses has been isolatedfrom wild birds, particularly from
waterfowls. Serve as reservoirs and gene pools
These birds perpetuate only virusesof low pathogenecity
Natural host of AI viruses to whichthe viruses are well adapted.
Waterfowls are resistant to the
disease induced by HPAI viruses.
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Ecology of Avian
Influenza Viruses Domestic Poultry does not appear
to be the natural host of theseviruses, therefore the degree of
adaptation to the host is low and
this could possibly explain why
documented virus mutation has
virtually always occurred in
domestic poultry
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Highly Pathogenic Avian InfluenzaWorldwide Occurrences
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Recent News Indonesia: Poultry Disease Outbreak
Devastating Regional Sector. An article in the Jakarta Post on Dec. 18:
Many poultry farmers forced out ofbusiness in the face of the currentoutbreak of ND. A spokesperson for 1 ofthe Sleman and Kulonprogo Regencydistrict sector said: Out of 25 members ofthe neighborhood unit, only 3 still havechickens. The others birds are all dead. He
added that only 25 % of farmers in his areaare still operating. The virus had alsospread to other areas of the regency. Someestimates suggest that a number of district
have lost up to 80 % of their poultry
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South KoreaLatest Developments
The Government is doing its best to
support the industry but public are notbuying poultry or eggs despiteassurances that this form of AI does notpose a health hazard.
First confirmed case of bird fluDec.15, 2003: 49 suspected farms 14 cases confirmed positive for AI
7 cases are from ducks
1 from broiler breeder2 from broilers
4 from layers
17 cases were negative
The other 18 farms are being tested
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TaiwanLatest
Developments
Taipei (Reuters, Jan 5,2004)
Taiwan reported its first caseof a highly contagious bird flu
Wednesday (Dec. 31,2003), but
said six ducks smuggled from
mainland China that had tested
positive (H5N1) had been
destroyed.
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Avian Influenza
Differential Diagnosis
Infectious Bronchitis
TRT/APV
Newcastle Disease
Respiratory virusesMixed
infections
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Avian InfluenzaDiagnosis
1. Clinical Signs
2. Virus Isolation andCharacterisation
3. Serology
4. PCR
5. Histopathology and
Immunochemistry
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3 Categories of TransmissionIntercontinental
Transport of live poultry, frozen poultry meat and
untreated hatching eggs over long distances. Trade opoultry by-products unheated and egg products andpossibly frozen poultry semen. Least importance arefree living migrating birds
International
Trade of commercial poultry including live birds,vehicles, crates, containers. Also, internationalexhibitions, shows, bird markets and similar events.Least important are birds which displays seasonalmigration pattern.
Local Farm personnel, technical crew (debeaker,
vaccinators, catchers, etc.). Also, contaminatedpoultry manure and waste stuff as well as airborneparticle and dust. Significant are live birds in closevicinity to poultry houses
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BIOSECURITY DEFINITION : all procedures
used to prevent the introduction
of disease
OBJECTIVES :
- prevent the entry of disease
- control the spread of
disease
BIOSECURITY IS EVERYONES
RESPONSIBILITY!
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BENEFITS OF BIOSECURITY HELPS KEEP OUT diseases
REDUCES THE RISK of zoonoticdiseases
LIMITS THE SPREAD of diseases
HELPS PROTECT the public health IMPROVES the overall flock health
CUTS COSTS of disease treatment
REDUCES LOSSES and improvesprofitability
BETTER BIOSECURITY PROVIDES :Peace of mind, a healthier flock anda more viable business!
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HOW DISEASES SPREAD MOVEMENT of people, animals,
equipment, vehicles
CONTACT with neighboring
flock
CONTACT with insects, rodents,
stray animals and pets
CONTAMINATED water & feeds
INADEQUATE cleaning and
disinfection
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BIOSECURITY INFORMATION STRICTLY limit and control access
to the farmfencing w/ a controlledentry point
KEEP an all-in, all-out flockmanagement
PROVIDE a security ordecontamination area
REQUIRE all persons entering thefarm to sign a visitors logbook;vehicle plate numbers must also be
recorded
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BIOSECURITY INFORMATION CLEAN & DIRTY areas should bewell-defined
THOROUGHLY clean and disinfect
all equipment & vehicles entering
AND leaving the farm
BETTER NOT to borrow equipment
or vehicles from other farms
DONT USE same vehicles for
transporting birds, feeds,
equipment or waste products
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BIOSECURITY INFORMATION CLEAN, PROTECTIVE clothing and
footwear must be worn in the farm
HAVE a designated cleaning &disinfecting area
WHEN DISINFECTING, remove alldirt & solid matter firstDirt &manure cannot be disinfected!
KEEP the farm surroundings clean& tidy
FOOTBATH must be provided inevery poultry house; footbath
should be kept clean
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BIOSECURITY INFORMATION KEEP WILD BIRDS off the poultry
housesbird-proofing
KEEP other animals, pets or other
livestock out of the farm PEST & RODENT control program
PROPER DISPOSAL of damaged
eggs, dead birds, litter or manure REGULARLY clean & disinfect all
equipment & vehicles before andafter use
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BIOSECURITY INFORMATION AFTER EVERY CYCLE,thoroughly clean & disinfect all
houses & equipment
ONCE CLEANED, a farm shouldbe closed & left idle; the longerthe down time, the better theresults.
IMPLEMENTING A STABLEBIOSECURITY PROGRAM ISINDEED AN EFFORT WORTHMAKING!
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MINIMUM BIOSECURITYSTANDARDS
No Visitors A sign-in log
Clean clothing and sanitized footwear Properly maintained foot pans with
disinfectant solution Rodent and insect control
No other animals, esp. wild birds Vaccination All in, all out
Sanitize hands
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IMPORTANTREMINDERS
MAKE a flock health plan thatincludes basic biosecurity measures
ENSURE that all records are
accurate & up-to-date ALL poultry personnel should be
trained
LOOK OUT for signs of diseaseearly detection is key! REPORT immediately if disease is
suspected
BE VIGILANT!
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Reminders
Effective Bird Proofing
Working Pest Control Program
For Rodents and Fly
No other animals especially
waterfowl
Signin Log Book
Power Sprayer at the farm gate
Separate foot wear/Foot Dip
Sanitation/disinfection
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Prevention
Surveillance / Monitoring
Vaccination
Biosecurity
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Control
Biosecurity Quarantine
Intensify disinfecting measures
Monitoring/Surveillance Stamping Out / Depopulation
DIVA Vaccination - only for LPAI
and not for HPAI because itmight prolong the shedding ofthe virus
Proper Disposal
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Avian Influenza Pictures and
Video Clips were taken from
A Color Atlas and Text on AvianInfluenza and CD ROM Avian
Influenza
Ilaria Capua and Franco Mutinelli Published by Papi Editore
