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Presented by :-Kunal Kumar2nd yearSec-B

Biofuels are a wide range of fuels which are someway derived from biomass.The term covers solid biomass,liquid fuels & varios biogases.Biofuel is gaining increased public & scientific attention due to factors such asOil price hikesNeed of increased energy securityGreen house emission from fossil fuels

Generations of Biofuels First generation biofuelsFirst generation biofuels are biofuels made from sugar,starch and vegetable oils.

BioalcoholsBiologically producedalcohols, most commonlyethanol and less commonly butanol, are produced by the action ofmicroorganisms.

Ethanol is most common biofuel worldwide.

Ethanol provides replacement for gasoline because it is directly used in gasoline engine.

Ethanol can also be used in petrol engine after mixing with gasoline.

Ethanol is also used to fuel bioethanolfireplaces.

Green dieselIt is also known as renewable diesel.

It is sourced from various oils such as canola,tallow,jatropa.

It is different from biodiesel.

Green diesel is mainly used in Ireland.

Bio-dieselBiodiesel is the most common biofuel in Europe.

It is produced from oils or fats using transesterification.

Biodiesel can be used in anydiesel engine when mixed with mineral diesel.

Biodiesel is also anoxygenated fuel, meaning that it contains a reduced amount of carbon and higher hydrogen and oxygen content than fossil diesel.

BiogasBiogas is methane(CH4) produced by biodegradation of waste materials.

The solid by product, digestate,can be used as biofuel or a fertilizer.

Solid biofuelsIt is densified form of biomass.Ex-sawdust,dried manure,charcoal.

Densification includes grinding the raw biomass to an appropriate particulate size (known as hogfuel), which depending on the densification type can be from 1 to 3cm (1 in), which is then concentrated into a fuel product.

A derivative of solid biofuel isbiochar which can substitute wood charcoal since wood stock is becoming scarce.

Second generation biofuels second-generation biofuel refers to the non-food crops i.e. waste biomass,stalks of wheat,corn,wood.

Second generation (2G) biofuels usebiomass to liquidtechnology, includingcellulosic biofuels.

Scientists working in New Zealand have developed a technology to use industrial waste gases fromsteel millsas a feedstock for a microbial fermentation process to produce ethanol.

Third generation biofuels

Algae fuel, also called oilgae or third generation biofuel, is a biofuel fromalgae. Algae are low-input, high-yieldfeedstocks to produce biofuels.

With the higher prices of fossil fuels (petroleum), there is much interest inalgaculture(farming algae).

TheUnited States Department of Energy estimates that if algae fuel replaced all the petroleum fuel in the United States, it would require only 15,000 square miles.

Fourth generation biofuelsThere is no one established definition of "fourth-generation biofuels, Some fourth generation technology pathways include:pyrolysis,gasification, upgrading,solar-to-fuel, and genetic manipulation of organisms tosecrete hydrocarbons.

Second, third, and fourth generation biofuels are also called advanced biofuels.

Biofuels in indiaJatropha incentives of india(green diesel) is a part ofIndia's goal to achieve energy independence by the year 2012.

Large plots of waste land have been selected for Jatropha cultivation and will provide much needed employment to the rural poor of India.

TheIndian Railwayshas started to use the jatropha oilto power its diesel engines with great success. Currently it is used to run locomotivesfrom Thanjavur to Nagore section and Tiruchirapalli to Lalgudi.

Issues with biofuel production and use

There are various social, economic, environmental and technical issues with biofuel production and use,they are:Effect of oilprice riseThe food vs fuel debatePoverty reduction potentialCarbon emission levels

Air Concerns Biomass processing technologies and biofuels use have the potential to increase emissions of ozone precursors. Increase in Nox emissions Excessive inhalation of ethanol is harmfulCombustion of ethanol would result in increased atmospheric concentrations of carcinogens Emission of relatively large sized particulate matter

Soil Concerns Burning biomass deprives local eco-systems of nutrientsProduction of dedicated energy crops renders land fallowReduced land availability for cattle grazingIncreased use of pesticides and fertilizers to produce energy crops contaminate ground and surface water Affects fish and wildlife

Environmental BenefitsReduction of waste Extremely low emission of greenhouse gases compared to fossil fuels Ethanol is Carbon neutral and forms a part of the carbon cycle Growing variety of crops increases bio-diversity

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